1.

LAWS OF MOTION

Q. 1. Fill in the blanks.

1) In case of …………… motion, an object covers equal distance in equal interval of time.

2) Negative acceleration is also called ……………….

3) The first kinematical equation gives relation between …………. and time.

4) For all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity – time graph is a ………………

5) S.I. unit of acceleration is ………………………

6) When body is at rest, at the staring of motion, its initial velocity (u) is ……………………

7) When a body is moving along a regular octagonal path, the body has to change its direction

Of motion ………………… times.

8) Deceleration is ………………… to direction of velocity.

9) The distance covered by a body in unit time is called ………………..

10) Slope of distance – time graph gives ……….. in case of uniform motion.

11) The direction of velocity of an object performing uniform circular motion along the …………..

Direction of its position.

12) In SI system …………………. Is unit of force.

13) Force is a ……………… quantity.

14) …………… force does not change the state of rest or of motion of an object.

15) The acceleration produced when a force of 1000 N acts on a body of mass 500 kg is …………..

16) ……………. Was first to measure speed by relating distance and time.

Answers :

Q.2 Write the following statements are true or false.

1) The distance and displacement are equal only if motion is along a straight path. – True
2) A body can have constant velocity and still have varying speed. - False
3) The velocity of a body is given by the distance covered by it in unit time in a given direction.True
4) C.G.S. unit of speed is m/s. - False
5) Average speed of a moving body can be zero. - False
6) Circular motion is an example of accelerated motion. - True
7) Earth moves around the sun with uniform velocity. - False
8) Uniform acceleration means that the body is moving with uniform velocity. - False
9) A freely falling body has uniform acceleration. - True
10) A train pulling out of a station is in uniform speed. - False
11) If a bus in motion is suddenly stopped, the passengers fall backward. - False
12) An isolated force does not exist. - True
 Q.3 Define the following:
1) Motion : A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surrounding.
2) Speed : The distance covered by a body in unit time is called speed. Speed =
3) Velocity : The displacement that occurs in unit time is called velocity.
Velocity =
4) Acceleration : ( ) : The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration
Acceleration (a) = . Acceleration is a vector quantity.
5) 1 Newton : The force which causes a mass of 1 kg to move with an acceleration of 1 m/s2 is
called 1 Newton force.
6) 1 Dyne : The force which causes a mass of 1 gm to move with an acceleration of 1 cm/s 2
is called 1 Dyne force.
7) Momentum (P) : Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object.
P = m v. Momentum is a vector quantity.

Q.4 Answer the following in one sentence.

1) Under what conditions can a body travel a certain distance and yet its resultant displacement
be zero?
Ans: If the starting point of a body and its finishing point is same then the body travels a certain dis
distance but its displacement is zero.
2) Define speed. State its S.I. unit and C.G.S. unit.
Ans: The distance covered by a body in unit time is called speed.
3) Give example for uniform speed.
Ans: The movement of the earth about its axis and the movement of watch hands are example
of uniform speed.
4) When do you say that a body is in uniform motion?
Ans: When the velocity of a body changes by an equal amount in equal intervals of time, then the
body is in uniform motion.
5) Write the formula of the speed of a body ( magnitude of velocity ) moving along circular path.
Ans: u = circumference / time, where r = radius of the circular path; t = time taken for one round
of circular path.
6) What is meant by uniform circular motion?
Ans: When a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion.
7) Name the type of motion in which a body has constant speed but not constant velocity.
Ans: In uniform circular motion, a body has constant speed but not constant velocity.
8) What does the slope of a velocity – time graph indicate ?
Ans: The slope of a velocity – time graph indicates acceleration.
9) What will happen if the force is removed completely when an object acquires a certain speed?
Ans: If the force is removed completely when an object acquires a certain speed, the object will
move continuously with constant speed.
10) State two factors which determine the momentum of a body.
Ans: Two factors which determine the momentum of a body are mass and velocity.
 Q.5 Give scientific reasons:
1) When an objects falls freely to the ground, its acceleration is uniform.
Ans: 1. A body has a uniform acceleration if it travels in a straight line and its velocity increases by
equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
2. When the body falls in downward direction, it moves in a straight line and the velocity changes
at uniform rate. Hence, when a body falls freely on the ground the motion is having an uniform
acceleration.
2) It is easier to stop a tennis ball as compared to a cricket ball, when both are travelling with the
same velocity.
Ans: 1. The mass of the tennis ball is less than that of the cricket ball.
2. Thus, momentum (p = mv) is greater for cricket ball since the velocity is same. Hence, it is
easier to stop a tennis ball than a cricket ball.
3) A fruit falls down from a tree when the branch is shaken.
Ans: 1. The fruit falls due to inertia of rest.
2. When the tree is shaken, the branches move in one direction but the fruits tend to remain
at their previous positions due to inertia of rest.
3. This causes break at the point where fruits are in contact with the branches and fruits fall
down.
4) A bullet shot from a gun goes well inside a wooden block but a bullet thrown by hand does not.
shot Ans: 1. A bullet shot from a gun moves with a large speed and rotates as it moves ahead.
2. Due to this combined motion, the bullet exerts large force and penetrates the wooden block
3. When bullet is thrown with hand, the speed acquired by bullet is very less to exert force on
the wooden block and penetrate it. Thus, bullet shot from a gun goes well inside a wooden
block.
5) When we travel by bus we experience a backward jerk when the bus starts moving from its
position of rest.
Ans: 1. When we travel by a bus and the bus starts moving suddenly from a rest position, we get
a backward jerk because when bus is at rest, our body is also at rest inside the bus.
2. As the bus is put in motion, the portion of our body which is in contact with the bus acquires
velocity.
3. But the upper part of the body tries to remain in the state of rest and so we fall back.
6) While playing tug-of-war, (a) the center of the rope becomes static (b) any one team wins the
game.
1. While playing tug-of-war, so long as the forces applied by both the sides are equal, i.e.
Balanced, the center of the rope is static in spite of the applied forces.
2. On the other hand, when the applied forces become unequal, i.e. unbalanced, a net force
gets applied in the direction of the greater force and the center of the rope shifts in that
direction.
7) Even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction force are equal and their directions are
opposite, their effects do not get cancelled.
Ans: 1. When two equal and opposite forces act on the same body then the forces cancel each other
2. However, in case of forces of action and reaction, both the forces act on two different object
8) The velocity of an object at rest is considered to be uniform.
Ans: 1. A body is said to be in a state of uniform motion if it moves with a constant speed.
2. Object at rest has constant speed and is equal to zero m / s. Hence, an object at rest can
be considered to have uniform motion.
Q.6 Write mechanism of firing of a rocket.
Ans: 1. Newton’s third law states that to every action force has an equal and opposite reaction
force which acts simultaneously.
2. When the fuel in the rocket is ignited, it burns as a result of chemical reaction. The exhaust
gases escape with force through a small opening at the tail end of rocket.
3. This exhaust gas exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the rocket. It is this
reaction force which makes the rocket move in forward direction.
Q.7 Distinguish between:
1. Distance and Displacement

Distance Displacement
1. Distance is the total length path covered Displacement is the shortest distance between
by body the initial and final points of movement.
2. Distance is scalar quantity Displacement is vector quantity
3. Distance travelled is always positive Displacement may be positive, negative or
zero.

Distance Displacement

2. Speed and Velocity

Speed Velocity
1. Speed is the distance travelled by a body in unit Velocity is the displacement travelled by the
time. body in a given direction in unit time.
2. Speed is a scalar quantity. Velocity is a vector quantity.
3. Speed = Velocity =

4 It is always positive or zero but never negative. It may be positive, zero or negative.
3. Uniform motion and non uniform motion

Uniform motion Non uniform motion

1. A body is said to have uniform motion if it A body is said to have non uniform motion if it
covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.
2. The distance – time graph for uniform The distance – time graph for a non-uniform
motion is a straight line. motion is a curved line.
E.g. : Soldiers marching in a parade. E. g. : Motion of vehicles in a crowded street.

3. Balanced and Unbalanced force

Balanced forces Unbalanced forces
1. When two equal forces exert the force When two unequal forces exert the force
opposite to each other they are called as opposite to each other they are called as
balanced forces unbalanced forces .
2. The net force acting on the body is zero. The net force acting on the body is always non-
zero.
3. Balanced forces can’t do any movement Unbalanced forces can do any movement or
or work. work..
5 Force and Momentum

Force Momentum
1. It is given by the product of mass and It is given by the product of mass and velocity of
acceleration of an object. an object.
2. It is measured in units newton (N) or dyne. It is measured units in kg m/s or g cm/s.
Q.5 Complete the given chart/table.
1. Complete the following table.
U (m/s) a (m/s2) t (sec) V =u+at (m/s)
i 2 4 3 -
Ii - 5 2 20

i U (m/s) A (m/s2) T (sec) S=ut+1/2 at 2 (m)

ii 5 12 3 -
iii 7 - 4 92

U (m/s) A (m/s2) S (m)

v. 4 3 - 82
vi. - 5 8.4 102

Q.6 Derive first kinematical equations graphically. or

Q.6 Derive Equation describing the relation between velocity and time by graphical method.
+ Ans. Equation describing the relation between velocity and time :
The object starts from the point D in the graph with velocity. Its velocity keeps increasing and after
time, it reaches the point B on the graph.
initial velocity of object = = OD =AE

The final velocity of the object = = OC

Time = = OE and CD = AB =
Acceleration ( ) = Slope of seg BD

Acceleration (a) =

Acceleration (a) =

=
=
= CD ……………… ( OC – OD = CD )
and = CD ) ……….. 1
Draw a line parallel to Y axis passing through B. This will cross the X axis in E. Draw a line parallel to X-
axis passing through D. This will cross the line BE at A.
From the graph……… BE = AE + AB
= OD + CD ……….. (AB = CD and AE = OD -------opp. Sides of rectangle )
v = + ………….. from (1 )
v= + This is the first equation of motion.

Q.7 Equation describing the relation between displacement and time.

Or Derive second kinematical equations graphically.
Ans: Let us suppose that an object in uniform acceleration ‘a’ and it has covered the distance ‘S’
within time ‘t’. From the graph in figure the distance covered by the object during time ‘t’ is given by
the area of quadrangle DOEB.
 S = Area of quadrangle DOEB = Area (rectangle DOEA) + Area of triangle (DAB)

S = (length × breadth) + ( ½ [ base × height] )

S = (AE x OE) + ( ½ [ AB x DA] )

But, AE = OE = , (OE = DA = ) and AB = …. ( AB = CD)

s = u + ½ at x t
2

This is the second equation of motion

Q.8 Derive third kinematical equations graphically or

derive the equation describing the relation between displacement and velocity.

Ans - We have seen that from the graph in figure we can determine the distance covered
by the object in time t from the area of the quadrangle DOEB. DOEB is a trapezium. So
we can use the formula for its area.
s = area of trapezium DOEB
s = ½ × sum of lengths of parallel sides × height of trapezium
s = ½ (OD + BE ) × OE
But, OD = , BE = and OE =

= ½ × ( + ) × ------ (i)

But, =

= ------ (ii)

=½×( + )× - from (i) and (ii)

=½×( + )×( + )
= ( + )×( + )
= 2– 2
2
= 2
2 2
=
This is the third equation of motion

Q.8 Derive the equation of Force ( F = ma )

Ans - Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of an object. P = m v.
Momentum is a vector quantity.
‘The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force and the
change of momentum occurs in the direction of the force.’

Suppose an object of mass m has an initial velocity u. When a force F is applied in

the direction of its velocity for time t, its velocity becomes v.
The initial momentum of the object = mu,
Its final momentum after time t = mv

Rate of change of momentum =

Rate of change of momentum =
 Rate of change of momentum =
According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the applied force.
Rate of change of momentum α Applied force
Where is constant of proportionality
If F = 1 unit, a= 1unit and m = 1unit
, Substituting k=1
We get
x
This equation is known as the force equation or the equation of motion.
2

NUMERICALS

2
1) Calculate the force needed to increase the velocity of a car if acceleration of car is ,
and the mass of the car is 1000 kg.
Solution: Acceleration (a) = 5m/s2 and Mass (m) = 1000 kg, Force (F) =?
We know that,
F = 1000 kg x 5m/s2
F = 5000 kg m/s2
, required Force = 5000 Kg m/s2 or 5000 N

2) If a car is moving with uniform acceleration at 6 m/s2 from rest, how long will it take to
cover the distance 3000 m?
Acceleration (a) = 6 m/s2,Initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s Displacement (S) =3000 m and time = ?

According to second equation of motion

2

Car will take 10 sec to cover distance 3000 m.

3) Bus is moving with uniform velocity of 10 m/s, Driver quickly applies brakes to a complete
stop, with an retardation of 2m/s2. What is the displacement of car after applying brakes ?
Ans : final velocity, v = 0 m/s, initial velocity u = 10 m/s, acceleration, a = -2m/s2.
Displacement = S = ?
2 2
=
2
0 =
 0 =

=
2

The total displacement is 25 m.

5. Acids, Bases and Salts

Q.1 Fill in blanks and rewrite the complete statements.

1) pH scale helps in measuring ………… ion concentration of the solution.

a) Hydrogen b) hydroxyl c) oxygen d) nitrogen

2) When the pH value is between 0 to 7, the solution is ……………

a) acidic b) basic c) neutral d) alkaline

3) A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH likely to be ……………..

a) 1 b) 4 c) 5 d) 10

4) …………….. is rock salt.

a) sodium carbonate b) Impure sodium chloride
c) Pure sodium chloride d) Calcium carbonate

5) During electrolysis of NaCI solution …………… is liberated at anode.

a) sodium b) chlorine c) hydrogen d) oxygen

6) Sodium bicarbonate is known as ……………

a) sodium b) baking soda c) hydrogen d) rock salt

7) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is …………..

a) baking soda b) washing soda c) common salt d) bleaching powder

8) Chemical formula of washing soda is ………….

a) NaHCO3 b) CaOCI2 c) NaCI d) Na2CO3.10H2O

9) Sodium carbonate has …………… molecules of water of crystallization.

a) 10 b) 7 c) 5 d) 2

10) Chemical formula for bleaching powder is …………..

a) CaO b) CaOCI2 c) CaSO4.H2O d) CuCI2

Q. 2 Fill in blanks.

1) Phenolphthalein is synthetic type of indicator.

2) The strength of basic substance is represented by pOH.

3) pH scale ranges from zero to 14.

4) Acides and bases neutralize each other to form salt and water.

5) 10% NaCI is known as brine.

 6) Acids turns blue litmus red.

7) Litmus paper is obtained from Lichen plant.

8) pH stands for Power of hydrogen.

9) When the pH value is 7, the solution is neutral.

10) The bases that dissolve in water is known as alkali.

11) NaHCO3 is alkaline in nature.

12) Substances do not show their acidic properties without water.

Q. 3 Match the following.

Group A Group B
1. Litmus a) Universal indicator
2. Phenolphthalein b) Natural indicator
3. Onion c) Synthetic indicator
4. pH Scale d) Olfactory indicator
(1–b), (2–c), (3–d), (4–a)

Group A Group B
1. Sodium chloride b) Lime stone
2. Calcium oxychloride b) Washing soda
3. Sodium carbonate c) Baking soda
4. Sodium bicarbonate d ) Bleaching powder
e) Rock salt

Q. 4 Find the odd one out.

1. Chloride, nitrate, hydride, ammonium.
Ans : Ammonium.

2. Hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide, ammonia

Ans : Hydrogen chloride.

3. Acetic acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid.

Ans : Carbonic acid.

4. Ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate

Ans : Ammonium chloride.

5. Sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride.

Ans : Sodium carbonate.

6. Calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, sodium oxide.

Ans : Zinc oxide.

7. Crystalline blue vitriol, crystalline common salt, crystalline ferrous sulphate

Ans : Crystalline common salt.

8. Sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide, acetic acid, sodium acetate

Ans : Acetic acid.
 9. Turmeric, Beetroot, Litmus, Methyl orange
Ans : Methyl orange.

10. Phenolphthalein, Methyl orange, Vanilla, Eosin.

Ans : Vanilla.

11. HCI, HNO3, CH3COOH, H2SO4

Ans : CH3COOH.

12. Potassium hydroxide, Hydrochloric acid, Calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide

Ans : Hydrochloric acid.

13. Tamarind, Soap, Lemon, Vinegar.

Ans : Soap.

14. NaOH, Mg (OH)2 NH4OH, Ca(OH)2

Ans : NaOH.

Q. 5 : Complete the analogy.

1. Acide : Sour to taste :: Bases : Bitter to taste

2. pH value of pure water : 7 :: pH value of concentrated sodium hydroxide : 14

3. Eosin : Synthetic indicator :: Extract of beet root : Natural indicator

4. In aquenous medium, acids : Generate H+ ions :: In aqueous medium,

bases : Generate OH – ions

5. During electrolysis of NaCI, chlorine gas : liberated at anode :: During

electrolysis of NaCI, Sodium : deposited at cathode

6. pH value 14 : strong base : pH value 6 : weak acid

7. pH value 10 : weak base :: pH value 1 : strong acid.

Q. 6. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Methyl orange gives yellow colour in NH4OH solution. - True.

2. A solution having a high concertration of hydrogen ions has low pH value. – True.

3. Sodium chloride in fused state conducts electricity. - True.

4. Sodium chloride is acidic in nature. - False.

5. All the bases dissolve in water. - False.

6. Acids have corrosive nature. - True.

Q. 6 : Define the following.

1. Indicators : The acidic and basic nature of the compounds van be indicated by some natural
as well as chemical substances. They are called indicators.

2. Strong acid : On dissolving in water, a strong acid dissociates almost completely and the
resulting aqueous solution contains mainly H+ ions and the concerned acidic radical.
 3. Weak acid : On dissolving in water a weak acid does not dissociate completely, and the
resulting aqueous solution contains H+ ion and the concerned acidic radical in small proportion
along with large proportion of the undissociated molecules of the acid.

- 4. Strong base : On dissolving in water, a strong base dissociates almost completely and the
resulting aqueous solution contains mainly OH – ions and the concerned basic radicals.

5. Weak base : On dissolving in water a weak base does not dissociate completely, and the
resulting aqueous solution contains a small proportion of OH- ions and the concerned basic
radical along with a large proportion of dissociated molecules of the base.

6. Neutralization reaction : The reaction between acid and base to form salt and water is termed
as neutralization.

7. Ionization : When compounds with ionic bonds dissolve in water they split it into ions. This
process is known as ionization.

8. Alkali : The bases which are highly soluble in water are called alkali.

Q. 7 : Classify the following oxides into three types and name the types.

1. CaO, MgO, CO2, SO3, Na2O, ZnO, AI2O3, Fe2O3

Ans: Oxides are classify under three types they are Acidic oxides, basic oxides and
Amphoteric oxides.

Acidic oxides Basic oxides Amphoteric oxides

CO2 CaO AI2O3
SO3 MgO
Na2O
Fe2O3
ZnO

2. Classify the acids according to their basicity and give one example of each type.
Ans: According to their basicity, acids are of three types.
1. Monobasic acids : e. g. : HCI, HNO3
2. Dibasic acids : e. g. H2SO4, H2CO3
3. Tribasic acids : e. g. H3PO4, H3BO3

3. Classify aqueous solutions of following substances according to their pH into three groups:
7, more than 7, less than 7.
Common salt, sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid, carbon dioxide, potassium
bromide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, vinegar, sodium carbonate, ammonia, sulphur
dioxide.

Ans: Less than 7 (acidic) : Vinegar, sodium acetate, hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride,
sulphurdioxide
7 (neutral): common salt, potassium bromide, carbon dioxide
More than 7 (basic) : calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate.

Q. 8. Answer the following in one sentence :

1. What colour do the following indicators turn when added to sodium hydroxide solution?
A) Litmus solution b) Methyl orange c) Phenolphthalein
Ans: a) Litmus solution turns blue in sodium hydroxide solution.
B) Methyl orange turns yellow in sodium hydroxide solution.
C) Phenolphthalein turns pink in sodium hydroxide solution.

2. Three solutions A, B and C have pH values of 6, 4 and 10 respectively. Which of the solutions
is highly acidic ? why ?
Ans: solution B is highly acidic because its pH value is 4. Whenever, a solution has a pH of less
than 7, it will be an acidic solution. Strongly acidic sub stance have a low pH value.

3. The pH of a cold drink is 5, what will be its action on blue and red litmus solutions?
Ans: Since, the pH value of cold drink is 5, it is an acidic solution. Therefore, blue litmus
turns red and red litmus remains the same.

4. When will the strength of acid increase?

Ans: The strength of acid will increase when an aqueous solution give out large number
of hydrogen ions.

5. If the concertration of OH- is increased, what will it increase or decrease?

Ans: If the concertation of OH- is increased the strength of basic solution increases.

6. What is special in a toothpaste which prevents tooth decay?

Ans: Many toothpaste contain bases to neutralize the mouth acid. So, using the
toothpaste (which are generally basic) for cleaning the teeth can neutralise the excess acid in
mouth and prevent tooth decay.

7. What will be the pH value for of salt strong base and weak acid ?
Ans: pH value for salt of strong bases will be 11 to 14. pH value for salt of weak acids
will be 4 to 6.

8. Name the plant which has stinging hair.

Ans: The leaves of Nettle plant have stinging hair.

Q. 9. Write down the changes that will be seen in each instance and explain the reason behind it.
1. 50 ml water is added to 50 ml solution of copper sulphate.
2+ 2
Ans:1.Copper sulphate dissolves in water to give Cu ions and SO 4 ions.

2. Two or three fillings of copper were added to 10 ml dilute nitric acid and stirred.
Ans: 1. Solution of sodium hydroxide turns into pink colour.
2. Phenolphthalein is an indicator and sodium hydroxide is a base.
3. Phenolphthalein gives pink colour in a base.

3. Two or three fillings pf copper were added to 10 ml dilute nitric acid and stirred.
Ans: 1. Copper is a metal, it reacts with dilute nitric acid to form copper nitrate and the
inflammable gas hydrogen.
2. During this reaction, the reactive metal displaces hydrogen from
the acid to release hydrogen gas.
3. At the same time, the metal is converted into basic
radical which combines with acidic radical from the acid to form the salt.
 2) Tamarind contains …………….
Acid 3) Baking soda is …………… in nature.
4) Butter milk contains …………… acid.
5) Milk of Magnesia is …………… in nature.
6) Substances which are sour to taste are termed as …..
7) Bases are …………. to touch. 8) If the
+
basic radical is H the type of compound is…….. 9) Anions are …………..
charged patricles. 10) The name of compound NH3 is
…………… 11) The bases which are soluble in water are called
as ……... 12) HCI is a …………… acid.
13) H3PO4 is a …………… acid.
14) When the concentration of solute is low in the solution, it is called as ……………. solution.
15) [ NaCl] = 1M
means the …………… of common salt is 1m. 16)
According to pH scale pure water has a pH of ……….. 17) With reference to
neutralization, metallic oxides are ………….. in nature. 18) CO2 gas turns …………….
milky. 19) Crystaline ferrous sulphate is …………. In
colour. 20) Molecular formula of blue vitriol is ……………..
21) Molecular formula of crystalline alum is …………….
Q.2. Rewrite the statements by selecting correct options 1) The solution
turns blue, litmus red, its pH is likely to be …………… a) 7 b) 4 c) 14
d) 9

2) An ionic compound NaCI is formed by ……………. a) Na+ and CI-

b) Na+ and CI+ c) Na-
andCI- d)Na-andCI+ 3) Molecular formula
for sodium oxide is …………… a) Na2O b) NaO2
c) NaO d) Na2O2

4) H2CO3 is …………… acid.

a) monobasic b) dibasic c) tribasic d) trtrabasic

5) pH of strong , acid is …………….. a) 0

b) 7 c) 8 d) 14 6) HCI + NaOH ˃ NaCI + H2O is a
……………. reaction. a) neutralization b) crystallizationc)
electrolysis d) dissociation
7) Molecular formula of Red oxide is …………….. a) Fe2O3
b) CuO c) Fe3O4 d) Na2O 8) The positive terminal electode is
called as ……………….. a) anode b) cathode c)
anion d) cation 9) ……………… produced in stomach helps in
 digestion. a) Hydrochloric acid b) Oxalic acid c) anion d)
cation

Q.3 State whether the following statements are true or false and if false, write the correct
statements. 1) The separation of H+ and
CI- in HCI is in presence of water is called as ionization. Ans - True
2) NaOH (s) water/dissociation Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Ans - True 3) H2SO4 is a weak acid. Ans - False
4) NaCI is an ionic compound. Ans - True
5) Turmeric is synthetic indicator. Ans - False
6) Metal + Dilute acid forms salt and water. 7) Copper
oxide is called red primer. 8) Oxide of non-
metal + Acid -------- Salt + Water. 9) Zinc oxide reacts with
sodium hydroxide to form sodium zincate. 10) AI 2O3 is an amphoteric oxide. Ans - True
11) Blue vitriol is ZnSO4 7H2O. Ans - False

12) NaCI in water does not conduct electricity. Ans – False 13)
Phenolphthalein is colourless in base. Ans : False 14) Molecular
formula for crystalline Ferrous sulphate is FeSO4 7H2O Ans: False.

Q.4 Find the odd one out and justify.

a) Chloride, nitrate, hydride, ammonium Ans: Ammonium. b)

Hydrogen chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium oxide, ammonia. Ans: Hydrogen chloride.
c) Acetic acid,
carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid Ans: Carbonic acid. d) Ammonium chloride, sodium
chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium sulphate. Ans: Ammonium chloride.
e) Sodium nitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride. Ans: Sodium
carbonate f) Calcium oxide,
magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, sodium oxide. Ans : Zinc oxide.
g) Crystalline blue vitriol, crystalline
common salt, crystalline ferrous sulphate, crystalline sodium carbonate. Ans : Crystalline common
salt. h) Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, acetic acid, sodium acetate.
Ans : Acetic acid. i)
NaHCO3, HCI, H2SO4, HNO3 Ans :
NaHCO3

Q.5 Answer the following is one or two sentences. 1) Name the

three types of ionic compounds. Ans: The three types of ionic
compounds are acids, bases and salts. 2) Name the two constituents of molecule
of an ionic compound. Ans: The two constituents molecule are cations (positive
ion/basic radical) and anions (negative ion / acidic radical ).
3) Name any three acids with their molecular formulae. Ans: 1) Sodium chloride –
NaCI 2) Potassium sulphate – K2SO4 3) Calcium hydroxide – Ca (OH)2
4) Name any three salts with their molecular
formulae. Ans: 1) Sodium chloride – NaCI 2) Potassium sulphate – K2SO4
3) Calcium chloride – CaCI2 5) Name
any two weak acids. Ans: 1) Acetic acid – CH3
COOH 2) Carbonic acid – H2CO3 6) Name any two strong acids. Ans:
 1) Hydrochloric acid – HCI 2) Sulphuric
acid – H2SO4 7) Name a weak bases.Ans: Ammonium hydroxide – NH4OH

8) Name any two acids with their basicity 2 ( dibasic ) Ans:

1) Sulphuric acid – H2SO4 2)
Carbonic acid – H2CO3

9) Name any two acids with their basicity 3 (tribasic) Ans : 1)

Boric acid – H3BO3 2) Phosphoric acid – H3PO

10) Name any two bases with their acidity 1 ( triacidic) Ans: 1)
Sodium hydroxide – NaOH 2)
Potassium hydroxide - KOH 11) Name any
two bases with their acidity 2 ( diacidic) Ans : 1) Calcium
hydroxide – Ca ( OH ) 2 2)
Barium hydroxide – Ba ( OH ) 2 11) Name
any two bases with their acidity 3 ( triacidic ) Ans : 1)
Aluminium hydroxide – AI ( OH )3
2) Ferric hydroxide – Fe ( OH )3

Q. 6 State the difference : 1)

Acides and bases

Acids Bases
i) A substance which liberates H+ ions when i) A substance which liberates OH- ions in water is
dissolved in water is an acid. called a base.
ii) Blue litmus turns red in an acid. ii) Red litmus turns blue in a base.
iii) The pH of an acid is less than 7. iii) The pH of a base is greater than 7.
iv) Acids are sour to taste e.g. HCI, H2SO4 iv) Bases are bitter to taste. e . g. NaOH, KOH.

2) Cations and anions

i) Cations are ions with a net positive charge.Anions are ions with a net negative charge.
Ii) Cations are generally formed by metals. Anions are generally formed by non-metals.
When metals donate electrons, they have When non – metals accept elec-trons, they
excess of protons, hence they form cations. have excess of electrons, hence they form
anions.
iii) Cations are attracted towards the cathode Anions are attracted towards the anode which
which are negatively charged electrodes. are positively charged electrodes.
iv) e. g. : Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ etc. e. g. : O2-, S2, CI-, Br- etc.

Q.6 Match the columns :

Column ‘ A ‘ Column ‘ B ‘
1) HNO3 a) Acetic acid
2) H3PO4 b) Carbonic acid
3) CH3COOH C) Phosphoric acid
4) H2CO3 c) Nitric acid