Department of Electrical Engineering Internship Training Report

THE BRIHANMUMBAI ELECTRIC SUPPLY & TRANSPORT

III. Introduction & History :-
The Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport (BEST) (also known as the Bombay
Electric Supply & Transport, the official name until 1995) is a civic transport and electricity
provider public body based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was originally set up in 1873 as a
tramway company called "Bombay Tramway Company Limited". The company set up a captive
thermal power station at the Wadi bunder (Dockyard Road) in November 1905 to generate
electricity for its trams and positioned it to also supply electricity to the city and re-branded itself
to "Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways (BEST)" Company. In 1926, BEST also became an
operator of motor buses. In 1947, the BEST became an undertaking of the Municipal Corporation
and rebranded itself to "Bombay Electric Supply & Transport (BEST)". In 1995 the organisation
was renamed to "Brihanmumbai Electric Supply & Transport (BEST)" alongside Bombay being
renamed to Mumbai. It now operates as an autonomous body under the Municipal Corporation.

7th June 1905 : - Government of Bombay granted a license for the generation and
distribution of electric supply.

11th September 1905 :- The Company started generating electric power with a small generating
station near Wadi Bunder.

June 1911 :- A much larger steam generating station was erected

near Kussara Basin Road at Dockyard.

1925 : -This station was later closed down, as its operation

was found uneconomical in comparison to the
purchase of power from the hydroelectric generating
stations of Tata Group of companies.

7th August 1947 :- Bombay Municipal Corporation took over the entire
Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Co. Ltd. &
renamed it to Bombay Electric Supply & Transport
(B.E.S. & T.) Undertaking.

Since 1926, the BEST has been receiving supply in bulk from the Tata Electric
Companies, whose generating stations are connected with those of the Maharashtra State Power
Generation Company Limited & Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (Maharashtra Zone)
which forms a part of Western Grid. The generating stations are connected by 400/220/132/110
KV transmission line to western grid. Power from this system is supplied at 400/220/110 KV by
overhead lines and underground cables to TATA’s receiving stations in Mumbai. The power cables
are laid underground, which reduces pilferage and other losses that plague most other parts of India.
The nominal rating of power supplied by BEST is 3-phase, 50 Hz, 220/110 kV. Unlike the transport
company, the electricity department services only the Mumbai City area, and not the suburbs. It
provides power to 5 million residential and commercial establishments and over 33,000 street lights
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within the city limits. As of 2000, BEST supplies a total of 700 MW (938,715 hp), with a
consumption of 3,216 GWh (11,578 TJ).The electricity department has 6,000 employees. The city
has four 110-kV, twenty-two 33-kV and 22-kV substations. BEST has a distribution loss of around
10% (2001), among the lowest in India.

IV. Administrative set up of B.E.S.T. :-

The Brihanmumbai Electrical Supply and Transport Undertaking provides two important
services to the population of Greater Mumbai. It supplies electricity within the city of Bombay viz.
The area from Colaba in the south to Sion-Mahim creek in the North. It provides public transport
to Brihanmumbai and CIDCO area in the North East (Vashi, CBD, Koparkhairne etc.), up to
Bhayander & Thane.
To promote and sustain both the services, there are departments such as Public
Relations, Legal, Accounts, Audit, Personnel etc. which are grouped under the General
Administrative Branch which are directly under the General Manager. And other department such
as Traffic Operations, Transportation Engineering, Civil Engineering, Materials Management,
Electronic Data Processing, Stores are directly under Add. G.M. The Supply Branch are having
different departments and are categorized as per their functions ;

i.DEPARTMENTS FOR OPERATING FUNCTION :-

Distribution & Commercial establishments.
i) Customer Care
ii) Operation & Maintenance
iii) Erection
iv) Construction
v) Street Lighting Maintenance
vi) Street Lighting Construction

ii.DEPARTMENTS FOR COMMON SUSTAINING FUNCTIONS :-

i) Meters & Relays
ii) Material Testing & Standard
iii) Planning (Network),Planning (Material)
iv) Energy Audit
v) Project
vi) Consumer Advisory Services
vii) Training & Industrial Engineering.
viii) Computer Application (digitization)
ix) Vigilance
x) Telecommunication & Electronics
xi) MERC (Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission)
xii) Power
xiii) CGRF (Consumer Grievance Redressal Forum )
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xiv) APDRP (Accelerated Power Development Reforms Program)

Departments under Category 1 are the executing and operating ones and divided into
different zones as per area and workload. Commercial department and Erection departments are
divided into two zones: North zone & South zone. The north zone is to the north of Haji Ali, Tardeo
Road, Mumbai Central Bridge, Bellasis Road, Mirza Galib Road, Nesbit Road. Dockyard Station,
Kussara Bassein Road. The south of this demarcation is South Zone.

iii.FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS :-

I) DEPARTMENTS FOR OPERATING FUNCTION :-

i. Customer Care :-

The application for electrical connection (alterations and additions) are received,
processed to check compliances / conformity with rules, regulations, conditions and safety
precautions. It ensures that when satisfactory arrangements have been made the supply is connected
under suitable tariff and that service installations are made. Similarly, it deals with the reading of
meters, billing the consumers and collecting the electricity duty. Also, it deals with any dispute
arising out of faulty meters. Customer Care department is divided ward-wise into 9 different offices.

ii. Erection :-

The execution of schemes & services is done to meet new loads, proposed development or
to strengthen electrical distribution system, which is done by this department. For operational
convenience the area of supply has been divided into South and North Zones. The area towards North
of the dividing line upto Sion & Mahim is covered by Erection (North) Division. The area towards the
South of the dividing line upto Navy Nagar is covered by Erection (South) Division. The dividing line
being along the central line of Tardeo Road, Bellasis Road, Shephard Road and Dockyard Road.
The department shall also be responsible for execution of service work orders engaged by
the Commercial (S) Department. The Department shall also assist the Operation & Maintenance
Department in effecting repairs which involve laying of long lengths of cables and replacement of
Transformers, Switchgears, L.V. Boards, etc. under fault. The department shall also be responsible for
managing the transport fleet of supply branch for transportation of material for site jobs where ever
necessary.

iii. Operation & Maintenance :-

There are 5 departments for Operation & Maintenance works. They are divided into
North-West, North East, Central North, Central South & South.
It ensures continuity of supply at proper voltage and attending any breakdown to install
normalcy. Also, preventive maintenance are carried out so as to avoid breakdown in the system.

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The Operation and Maintenance Department is also divided into many sections for efficient
working and maintenance of each block. They are divided into :-

a) Substation Maintenance Section

b) Receiving Station Maintenance Section
c) System Control Section
d) Fault Control Section
e) L.V. loads section
f) Cable Fault Repairs
g) Pillar Maintenance
h) Testing Section

a) Substation Maintenance Section

This section regularly checks and maintains the substations in a particular section. The
section is divided into different zones. There a large number of Substations in a Particular
area, therefore a this section is further divided into two Sub-Sections.
1) Static – I & 2) Static- II
1) Static – 1
The works of this section include Inspection and Reporting the same to the Static-II
section. This section looks after the Substation Cleanliness, the Transformer Oil, the
Silica gel in Breather. Thus it is like the Non – Technical Section and its work is to just
inform the Faults or Complaints to the Static-II section.
2) Static – II
The works of this section is to repair the Maintenance work of substations suggested by
the Static – I section. This section does the works of Preventive and Breakdown
maintenance of the Sub-Station. This includes working of the Heaters in Circuit
Breaker, L.V. Boards faults, Cable Termination in Switchgears, Chattering in a
Substation, etc.

b) Receiving Station Maintenance Section

This section regularly does the overhauling of Primary and Secondary switchgears in the
Receiving Stations after every three months. Its functions are just like Sub-station
maintenance section. Its look after the Transformers Firefighting Systems, Switchgear, and
various parts of receiving stations. These inspection are carried out monthly of each
Receiving Stations and further the faults are repaired by them.

c) System Control Section

The System Control Section handles the Faults in EHV and HV cables. The Fault Inspection
and Verifying the Fault after repairs is done by this Section. A Fault engineer is under this
section who does this works. The System Control Receives the fault message from the Fault
Control Section and it Further Carries out the works according to the rules.

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d) Fault Control Section

The Fault Control Section looks after the L.V. and Service faults. The Message of faults
are received by them by the Consumer or fuse control section. The Mains engineer is under
this Section who does the inspection of the Faults and carries out the necessary work related
to it. This section informs the System Control section if the faults are related to EHV cables.
This Section maintains a daily reports of the Faults repaired and occurred during the day.

e) L.V. Loads Section

This section does the work of maintaining the Load distribution in a particular area. The
Low Voltage distribution of Electrical Energy is looked after this section. This Section
provides outages for the Substation Maintenance section for carrying out the Maintenance
or Repair works in a Sub-Station.

f) Cable Fault Repairs

Cable Fault Repairs section looks after the repairs works of fault occurred in L.V. Cables
and service cables. The Erection lays the Cable for new substations and this section repairs
the cable if any fault occurs in this section. The Cable faults are verified by the Testing
engineer who tests the fault and commands the Repairs section for the works.

g) Pillar Maintenance Section

Pillar Maintenance section looks after the Auxiliary Distribution Pillars used for
distribution of service lines. The ADP’s maintenance is the very important because it is not
protected and it is always facing bad conditions due to different weathers. So its important
to check the Earthing and the Cable terminations in the ADP’s constantly after every month.
So if the ADP’s need to be changed the Pillar Maintenance section looks does it and
installing and repairs is done by this department.

h) Testing Section
The Testing Section tests the various faults in the cable in both EHV, HV and LV lines.
The faults declared by the Fault Engineer and Mains Engineer are tested by the Testing
section. A Testing Engineer is in this department who test the Different faults in the Cables.
Also after the repairs work on the cable, the test engineer again check the cable and verifies
whether the fault is repaired or not.

iv. Construction :-

All works related to Receiving Stations are executed by this department, which includes
laying of 33 cables, installation of Receiving Stations equipment’s like switchgear, power
transformer and other accessories. The repairs works of all the EHV and HV cables are done by
this department. The Fault in cables coming from TATA’s Receiving station are repaired and
maintained by this department. The department is also responsible for helping Operation and
Maintenance Department during monsoon sessions due to increase in faults.
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v. Street Lighting (Construction) :-

This department plans, develops and executes various sanctioned schemes connected
with new, extension / alteration of street lighting systems. The Street Lighting (Construction)
Division looks after the work of design, planning and execution of street lighting schemes. Liaison
with the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai and various Government Authorities such as
Traffic Police, MSRDC ltd., MMRDA, etc. The division also look afters preparing specifications
procurement & inspection of the street lighting materials and dealing with advertising firms for
installation kiosks on Street lighting Poles. It has also started the job of maintaining the pole
inventory and billing MCGM for the same.
There are four sections looking after works of the Street Lighting Construction namely
Design and Liaison (DL), Stores (S), Workshop (W/S), and Kiosk (K) Section. An ‘A’ Grade
officer heads each section. There are three chowkeys headed by one Assistant Engineer each who
is responsible for the execution of schemes forwarded to them by Design & Liaison Section.

vi. Street Lighting (Maintenance) :-

This department looks after maintenance of street lighting in B.E.S.T. supply area. The works
of this section includes the changing of the Street lamps and Changing the Street brackets and carry
out the repairs on the fault occurred in streetlights and Street Light Pillars. Like ADP’s , SLP’s also
are always facing bad conditions thus the maintenance of it is very important. So to look after this
the Maintenance section is assigned the work.

II) DEPARTMENTS FOR COMMON SUSTAINING FUNCTION :-

i. Meters & Relays :-

This department procures, tests & maintains energy meters of all service installations of
our supply area. It also maintains metering equipments and protection system of Receiving Stations
and Substations. The meters section verifies the Meters before installation. The Meters testing and
verification and then sending the to installation is done by this department. The complaints of a
particular meter is solved in front of the Consumer by this department. There was also a repairs
section under this department for repairing the Analog meters but since government has made it
compulsory to use Digitalized Meters rather than Analog meters, therefore the repairs section now
works with this section in maintaining and testing the meters.

ii. Material Testing & Standards :-

This department aims at formulating in-plant standards for technical and administrative
procedure and reviewing specifications for certain items, ascertaining and ensuring quality of
materials to specifications. The objective of the department is to test and check the quality of
materials procured in the Electric Supply Branch and certain electrical items used in Electrification
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of Undertaking’s premises by Electrical works department and confirm whether these materials are
supplied as per the required specifications with respect to Indian Standards and or B.E.S.T.
Undertakings specification.

iii. Planning :-

This department forecast demand on the system and organization, commit resources to
match them best, by research and development as and when necessary. This department also designs
11 KV Distribution Substations. It also prepares specifications for different equipments, which are
to be procured from different suppliers for Distribution Sub-Stations (DSS). Its also responsible for
the preparations of the Site plans, Layout Plans, Mains Scheme plan, Route Plans, Service,
Extension, Street Lighting Service and Miscellaneous sketches.

iv. Project :-

This department deals with designing of 110 KV, 33 KV and 22 KV Receiving Stations.
It also prepares specifications for different equipment, which are to be procured from different
suppliers for receiving stations.

v. Training & Industrial Engineering Department :-

These departments aims at recruitment, training and development of manpower and

performing studies for improvement of working conditions and economize with the help of
techniques of the Industrial Engineering discipline. This section schedule the Training programs of
the Trainee. The first guidance and basic overview of the company are provided by the officer in
this department.

vi. Computer Application (Digitization) :-

This is a newly created department for transferring all the block plans and all the data
of Planning department on the computer. Since due to digitalization and for the security of the data,
everything drawn on the paper is converted into digital data and stored. So for this purpose there is
a separated department for this. This department convert all the written data in digital data and
maintains it. The various Site plans & Layout diagrams are converted and stored in digital form by
this section. Hence its assure data security.

vii. Vigilance :-
This deals with the detection and taking action for theft and unauthorized use of
electricity by consumers. The Meters department is helping this department to avoid thefts of
electricity.

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viii. Telecommunication & Electronics :-

This deals with the installation and maintenance of VHF sets, microwave system,
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), electronic equipment, intercom for the
Supply Branch and telephones of the Undertaking.

ix. MERC (Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission) :-

Title: “Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (Electricity Supply Code and other
conditions of Supply) Regulation, 2005”.

All departments of BEST Supply, Consulting with MERC and regarding action are implemented
as per MERC guidelines.

x. DE (Power) :-

The main function of the department is to procure power during

shortage of electric power on behalf of TPC & Reliance Energy

xi. CGRF (CONSUMER GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL FORUM ):-

Redressal of consumer’s grievance pertaining to billing, electric supply etc.

xii. APDRP (Accelerated Power Development Reforms Program) :-

This program comes under Govt regulatory committee. There are three
DPR (Details Project Repair ) i.e. DPR 2001-02 DPR 2002-03 ,DPR 0304.The Govt of India
sanctioned the amount for above DPR so as to bridge gap between supply and demand of electric
power.

V. B.E.S.T. Supply System :-

i. The Electric Supply Branch of B.E.S. & T. Undertaking (Of the Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai) is an Electric Supply Licensee within the island of Mumbai.
ii. We purchase electrical energy from the Licensee, from TATA’s five Receiving Sub
Stations located at Carnac, Parel, Dharavi, Mahalaxmi & Backbay. The power is
transmitted by means of 110KV, 33KV, & 22 KV cables to 62 BEST Receiving Stations
and distributed within the island of Mumbai, which is the area from Colaba in the South to
Sion-Mahim Creek in the North.

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF THE B.E.S. & T. ELECTRIC SUPPLY

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Fig No.1 :- Single line Diagram of B.E.S.T. Electric supply.

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VI. Receiving stations :-

i.110 KV RECEIVING STATIONS :-

With a rising demand, it is found economical to purchase energy at 110KV from Tata’s
Receiving Station. Therefore, we have commissioned four 110KV Receiving Station at :-

NAME OF RSS VOLTAGE MVA NOS. OF

LEVEL OF CAPACITY X’MER
X’MER OF X’MER
BACKBAY RSS 110\33 KV 100 MVA 2 NOS.

110\11KV 45 MVA 1 NO

SAKHAR 110\11 KV 45 MVA 2 NOS.

BHAVAN RSS
KHETWADI 110\33 KV 100 MVA 2 NOS.
RSS
AMBIKA MILL 110\33 KV 100 MVA 2 NOS.
RSS

ii.11O KV SWITCHGEAR :-

145 KV GIS (SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear) is designed, manufactured tested, packed,
erected, commissioned for 110 KV receiving station. It has facility of BUS ZONE PROTECTION.
It has facility to extend in future if needed. The different makes of SF6 switchgear are TOSHIBA,
AEG, and NISSIN etc.

Fig No.2 :- 110 KV GIS Primary Switchgear.

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iii.33KV / 22KV RECEIVING STATIONS :-

In addition to these four 110KV Receiving stations, we receive electric supply at our
33KV Receiving Stations from Tata’s Receiving Stations through 33KV rated cables which are
either PILC or XLPE are of copper conductors, of sizes 0.3 sq.inch or 0.25 sq.inch. Recently, they
are using XLPE 185 sq.mm./3C copper cable for Receiving Power at 33 KV. Now they have also
started using 300sqmm/3C/Cu/XLPE cable recently. Total no of 33KV Receiving station are 23
Nos. & 22KV Receiving station are 16 Nos.

iv.33 KV SWITCHGEARS :-

Primary Breaker :-
The incoming 33 KV feeders is terminated at primary breaker, which feeds the primary side
of Power Transformer. This switchgear facilitates switching ON/OFF Power Transformers for
maintenance purpose. These Switchgears are normally Circuit Breaker of Sulphur Hexafluoride,
Gas Insulated Switchgear type in short called as SF6 OR GIS respectively.

Secondary Breaker :-
The secondary side of power transformer is connected to bus bar by means of 500
sq.mm/1C XLPE copper cables and terminated at secondary breaker. This breaker is directly
connected to bus bar. The breakers are of VCB and SF6 type. From bus bar, six or seven outgoing
feeders are taken out to feed HV network. These feeders are connected to bus bar by circuit breaker.
The feeder breakers are similar to secondary breaker. Two different bus sections of two power
transformers are connected by means of bus coupler. The bus coupler becomes useful when one of
the power transformer fails. In such cases, one bus section can be fed through other section by
switching IN bus coupler.

v.POWER TRANSFORMERS :-

110/33 KV Power Transformers :-

Voltage is stepped down from 110KV to 33KV and 33KV to 11Kv by means of 3 phases ,by
single ratio or dual ratio delta-star power transformers with vector group DYnl. All power
transformers are oil immersed, naturally cooled and are suitable for outdoor erection, although they
are installed indoors so as to provide extra protection from the weather and to improve maintenance
facilities. Power transformer capacities in different Receiving Stations are 10 MVA, 12.5 MVA or 16
MVA. The percentage impedance of all power transformers varies between 7.5% to 9% depending
upon tap position of ON Load Tap Changer (OLTC).The star point of each transformer is brought out
and is solidly earthed in case of 11KV. The secondary windings of these transformers are connected
to 11KV bus bar through switchgear, by means of transformer tails. The cable of the transformer tails
are 2 sets of single core XLPE Cables of size 400 sq.mm copper conductor for three phases and one
cable for neutral. The maximum symmetrical short-circuit level on the 11KV bus bars in the
Undertaking’s Receiving Stations is of the order of 350MVA.

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Fig No.3 :- ABB 40/50 MVA Power Transformer.

❖ Parts of Power Transformer

i) Main Tank: -
It consists of Transformer oil and winding. It also gives support to external
accessories.

Fig No. 4 :- Main Tank of a Distribution Transformer.

ii) Core and Windings: -

The core acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a low
reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made up of laminated soft iron core in
order to reduce eddy current loss and hysteresis loss. The consumption of a transformer
core depends on such as factors voltage, current, and frequency. The diameter of the
Transformer core is directly proportional to copper loss and is inversely proportional to
iron loss. Windings are made to over transformer core and are insulated from each other.
Winding consists of several turns of copper conductors bundled together and connected
together.

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Fig No. 5 :- Distribution Transformer Winding.

iii) HV Dividing Box: -
Cable coming from primary circuit breaker is connected to bushings of primary
winding.

iv) Radiator: -
For cooling of Transformer oil.

Fig No. 6 :- Radiator of Distribution Transformer.

v) OLTC: -
It is connected to primary winding having 17 steps for 33/11KV Transformer. Its
function is to maintain constant voltage at secondary side by changing tap position of
primary winding.The output voltage of transformers vary according to its input voltage and
the load. During loaded conditions, the voltage on the output terminal decreases, whereas
during off-load conditions the output voltage increases. In order to balance the voltage
variations, tap changers are used. Tap changers can be either on-load tap changers or off-
load tap changers. In an on-load tap changer, the tapping can be changed without isolating
the transformer from the supply. In an off-load tap changer, it is done after disconnecting
the transformer. Automatic tap changers are also available.

vi) Marshalling Box: -

It contains oil temperature meter and winding temperature meter. Transformer
marshalling box is provided to terminate all external connections from Transformer to
External switchgear / panel.
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vii) Conservator: -
It is connected to main tank at top. Use of conservator is to maintain oil level in
main tank.The conservator conserves the transformer oil. It is an airtight, metallic,
cylindrical drum that is fitted above the transformer. The conservator tank is vented to the
atmosphere at the top, and the normal oil level is approximately in the middle of the
conservator to allow the oil to expand and contract as the temperature varies. The
conservator is connected to the main tank inside the transformer, which is completely filled
with transformer oil through a pipeline.

Fig No. 7 :- Conservator of a Distribution Transformer.

viii) Breather: -
It is connected to conservator tank. It contains silica gel (Sodium bisulphate &
Sodium Silicates). It is use to supply moisture free & dust free air to conservator. It also
consists oil seal at bottom. The breather controls the moisture level in the transformer.
Moisture can arise when temperature variations cause expansion and contraction of the
insulating oil, which then causes the pressure to change inside the conservator. Pressure
changes are balanced by a flow of atmospheric air in and out of the conservator, which is
how moisture can enter the system.
If the insulating oil encounters moisture, it can affect the paper insulation or may
even lead to internal faults. Therefore, it is necessary that the air entering the tank is
moisture-free.
The transformer's breather is a cylindrical container that is filled with silica gel.
When the atmospheric air passes through the silica gel of the breather, the air's moisture is
absorbed by the silica crystals. The breather acts like an air filter for the transformer and
controls the moisture level inside a transformer. It is connected to the end of breather pipe.

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Fig No. 8 :- Breather of a Distribution Transformer.

ix) Buchholz Relay: -

It is connected between main tank and conservator. Use of this is to protect
Transformer from internal fault.The Buchholz Relay is a protective device container
housed over the connecting pipe from the main tank to the conservator tank. It is used to
sense the faults occurring inside the transformer. It is a simple relay that is operated by the
gases emitted during the decomposition of transformer oil during internal faults. It helps in
sensing and protecting the transformer from internal faults.

Fig No. 9 :- Buchholz Relay of a Distribution Transformer.

x) Oil Search Relay: -

It is connected between OLTC and conservator. It protects OLTC from internal
fault. Oil Surge Relay-OSR is one of the auxiliary equipment of oil immersed type
transformer.
It is mainly used to limit the damage to the on load tap changer in case of failure.
OSR is placed in between OLTC(On Load Tap Changer) tank and OLTC conservator. Oil
surge relay responds only by rate of rise pressure resulting from internal arcing. When rate
of rise pressure oil cross certain value then alarm and trip contacts operate.

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xi) Oil Sample Valve: -

There are total three sample valves provided to main tank to take oil sample for
testing insulation level of oil at three different levels; top, bottom and middle.

xii) Secondary Dividing Box: -

In this box, outgoing cables of secondary is connected winding.

Fig No. 10 :- Secondary Terminal Box of a Distribution Transformer.

xiii) Oil Filtration Valve: -

There are two oil filtration valves. One is at the bottom and second is at the top.

xiv) Oil Drain Valve: -

Provided at the bottom of main tank to drain all the oil from main tank.

xv) Explosion Vent Or Pressure Release Device: -

Provided at the top of main tank. It protects Transformer from bursting.The
explosion vent is used to expel boiling oil in the transformer during heavy internal faults in
order to avoid the explosion of the transformer. During heavy faults, the oil rushes out of
the vent. The level of the explosion vent is normally maintained above the level of the
conservatory tank.

Fig No. 11 :- Explosion vent of a Distribution Transformer.

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vi.CAPACITOR BANK :-

To improve the power factor of the undertaking’s network nearly every 11 KV bus
section is fitted with a 2300 KVAR bank of static capacitors, each being connected directly to the
11 KV bus bars by means of its own circuit breakers. The reactor is connected in series with
capacitor so as to suppress higher harmonic currents, high frequency disturbances and over-voltage
consequently on switching ON capacitor. It also prevents large inrush currents and hazardous
restraining voltage, when a capacitor bank is switched in parallel with other equipment already in
operation on bus bar.The size of cable used for capacitor is 240 sq.mm/3C/AL/ XLPE or
300sq.mm/3C/AL PILC.

vii.H.V.CABLE NETWORK:-

i.The network is ring type operated in a radial network with an average of six or seven outgoing
feeders from each 11 KV transformer bus section of the receiving station. Each of these outgoing
feeders feeds 4 to 6 Substations in a radial chain.

ii.All 11 KV cables are generally of sizes 0.15 sq.inch to 0.3 sq.inch PILC copper conductor or
300/240/225 sq.mm. PILC/XLPE aluminums conductors which are laid underground.
Interconnection facility is available for getting duplicate supply, which can be used either in case
of breakdowns of equipment or for carrying out maintenance work. There are about 943099
consumers of various categories, namely Residential, Commercial, Industrial, etc which include
about 124 HV Consumers. LV Consumers are fed electricity through about 70828 services on
which about 11.06 lakh meters have been installed (As on 31st April 2008)

Fig No. 12 :- H.V. Network (Single line Diagram of Backbay RSS).

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Cables Used for H.V. Networks : -

185sq.mm/ 3C/ CU/XLPE : 33KV Network

500sq.mm/1C/AL/XLPE :Transformer Tails

300sq.mm/3C/ AL/ PILC : 11KV Network

70sq.mm/3C/ AL/PILC : HV Dividing Box of Distribution Transformer

95sq.mm/3C/AL/PVC : Capacitor Cable

400sq.mm/1C/Cu/XLPE : Transformer Tails

VII. Substations :-

i.11KV SUBSTATION :-

There are approximate 2017 distribution substations. Each substation comprises of 11 KV bus
bar with one or more incoming/outgoing feeders and one or more distribution transformers. Normally
each feeder cable is provided with an isolator at one end and is controlled by circuit breaker at other
end. The distribution transformers are 11 KV / 415 volts step down type transformers. From the 415
volts terminal of the transformer, the electrical energy flows to auxiliary distribution pillar or L.V.
Board through solid links. (No circuit breaker). There are 3 types of substations in our system :

i) Indoor Substations :-
In this type all the switchgears and transformers are in a substation building.

Fig No. 13 :- Indoor Substation.

ii) Outdoor Substations :-

In this type all the switchgears and transformers are installed in an open wall or fenced
plot.
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Fig No. 14 :- Outdoor Substation.

iii) Indoor-Outdoor :-
In this type switchgears are installed indoor and transformers outdoor.

Fig No. 11 :- Outdoor

ii.Distribution Transformer : -

Transformers are installed to step down the voltage from 11 KV to 415 V. In some cases
supply is given directly at 11 KV to H.V. consumers.
Distribution transformers of three phase, ONAN, double wound outdoor type with
vector group Dynll. The L.V. star point is solidly earthed. We also have dry type and sealed type
distribution transformers in our system. Earlier each distribution transformer was provided with off
load tap change gear with a 5 tap positions at about 230, 235, 240, 245 and 250 volts normally kept
at tap position No.3. However, we have stopped purchasing distribution transformer with taps. The
transformer ratings are 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 995 and 1600 KVA. Out of which 630, 995 and
1600 KVA have been standardized. Slowly, the transformers with the ratings 250, 315 and 400
KVA will be phased out from the system due to high load density in Mumbai City and less
availability of space for new substations.

Fig No. 15 :- Distribution Transformers Substation.

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iii.SWITCHGEARS :-
There are mainly two types of 11 KV switchgears in Substations of BEST Electric Supply
System :

i) Metal Clad & Draw out Truck Type: These switchgears are of two types –
Horizontal isolation and Vertical isolation. In the horizontal type, the circuit breaker
with CTs, PTs, relays, instruments are mounted on the movable truck, which is on
wheels. The fixed housing holds only the bus bars and cable termination. In the
vertical isolation type, only the OCB is lowered vertically and withdrawn
horizontally.

ii) Metal Clad (Ring Main Unit) : In this type the bus bars, conductors, insulators
and H.T. fuses are enclosed in the metal case filled with compound or oil either for
indoor or outdoor use. Reyrolled Co first manufactured this type. These breakers
are outdated. R.M.U’s of Crompton Greaves Lucy Ltd. and Southern Make are in
our system. ABB Make GIS R.M.U.’s are also introduced in the system. Now we
are converting OCB into VCB.

iv.CAPACITORS BANK :-

To improve the power factor of the low voltage network three-phase delta connected
low voltage capacitors of rating 28 KVAR Up to 630 KVA or above 630 KVA 56 KVAR, are
installed in most of the substations. These capacitors are connected to bus bars of L.V.boards
through 3-phase iron clad switch fuse unit by 95 sq.mm 3 core cables.

Fig No. 16 :-Capacitor Bank in a Substation.

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v.L.V. BOARD :-

The low voltage side termination of the transformer is connected to 415V bus
bars of L.V. Board / pillar by transformer tails. These are generally cables 500/400 sq.mm. Single
core, PVC or XLPE, aluminum/copper conductor cable (which are known as Transformer
Tails) through solid link. It is connected through solid link instead of HRC Fuses, as it becomes
easy to sectionalize the network in case of distributor blowing fuse. If transformer tails is provided
with HRC fuse it will lead difficulty in locating faulty distributor.
The sizes of L.V. Board used for distribution of Power are as follows: - 6W, 8W, 10W,
12W, 16W.Among these standard sizes are 6W, 10W, 12W.We are also connecting secondary of
transformer to L.V. directly by means of bus bar, which is known as Bus-Bar trunking. This reduces
breakdown of transformer tails. L.V. board / pillar has four to six outgoing L.V. distributors per 500
KVA of distribution transformer capacity.

Fig No. 17 :- L.V. Boards

vi.L.V. NETWORK:-

The incoming cable from distribution transformer are connected to L.V. board / pillar by
links. Distributors are provided with HRC / rewirable fuses (315A).
Typically, there is one outgoing distributor per 150 KVA capacity. There are intervening
distribution pillars, ADP which connect distributors forming a ring, but kept out at some pillar. The
declared L.V. voltage is 240 V (phase to neutral). The maximum distance of distributor from
distribution substation varies from 50 metres to 200 metres. The normal L.V. network voltages are
240V +/- 6% on single phase and 415V +\- 6% for three phase. BEST also looks after installation
and maintenance of about 40,323 streetlights in the city limits of Mumbai. The 100% streetlights
are controlled by Group Control by installation of street lighting pillars. The system peak power
factor is about 0.99 lag & average power factor is about 0.99 lag with the system load factor of
about 62%.
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Fig No. 18 :- L.V. Network

vii.SERVICES :-

Service cables are teed off from the distributors or directly connected to the distribution
pillars. The consumers are fed through energy meters and cutouts at the service installation
positions. At service position 400A / 200A / 100A cutouts are provided with 315A HRC fuses and
200A HRC fuses and 100A with rewirable fuses. Branch cutouts with rewirable fuses of 100A /
63A / 32A / 16A are provided on meter boards to protect meters and for isolating from the faults in
consumer’s installations.

Cables Used for L.V. Networks : -

120 sq.mm/4C/AL PVC.

70 sq.mm/4C/AL PVC.

25 sq.mm/4C/AL PVC.

25 sq.mm/2C/AL PVC.

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VIII. Digitisation of block plans :-

i. There are about 803 block plans of the island city of Mumbai covering the entire area of
Electric Supply distribution system showing cables, joints, pillars, substations, buildings
etc. These block plans are required to be maintained and updated by Planning Department.
The original survey-sheets obtained from Collector’s Office are clothbound survey sheets
showing the roads and buildings and it takes about one month to mark our data on each of
the survey-sheets. The life of these survey-sheets is short i.e. about 2 to 3 years and are
required to be re-drawn.
ii. In order to have durable records, we have converted these sheets on a Polyester Based
(R3PM) Survey Sheets. However, it is observed that Polyester based survey sheets though
having longer life than clothbound survey sheets gets deteriorated due to frequent handling.
It is not possible to mark additional cables. In order to overcome this problem, it was
thought necessary to have these records transferred into computer by digitization. New all
block plans are transferred into computer.

IX. Cables used in b.e.s.t. electric supply system :-

Classification of cables based on insulating material used:-

1. XLPE: Cross-linked polyethylene.
2. PILC: Paper insulated lead cover.
3. PVC: Polyvinyl chloride.

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SR. TYPE OF SIZE OF CABLE VOLTAGE PURPOSE OF CABLE

NO. CABLE LEVEL
1. SUPER 630 sqmm \ 1C \ XLPE \Oil 110 KV TRANSMISSION
HIGH pressure\CU corrugated\ Lead
TENSION covered
(SHT)
2. EXTRA 500 sqmm \ 1C \ XLPE 33 KV 33KV X’MER TAILS
HIGH \CU ARMOURED TO
VOLTAGE SECONDARY
(EHV) BREAKER
EXTRA 300 sqmm \ 3C \ XLPE \ 33 KV SECONDARY C.B TO
HIGH PILC \ CU 33 KV RSS
VOLTAGE 185 sqmm \ 3C \ XLPE \
(EHV) PILC \ CU
3. HIGH 500 sqmm \ 1C \ XLPE \ 11 KV 11KV X’MER TAILS
VOLTAGE CU ARMOURED TO SECONDARY
CABLE BREAKER
HIGH 300 sqmm \ 3C \ PILC \ AL 11 KV FROM
VOLTAGE 240 sqmm \ 3C \ XLPE \ SECONDARY C.B
CABLE AL TO D.S.S

HIGH 70 sqmm \ 3C \ PILC \ AL 11 KV FROM ISOLATOR

VOLTAGE 50 sqmm \ 3C \ XLPE \ AL TO H.V. D.B OF
CABLE D.S.S
4. LOW 400 sqmm \ 1C \ XLPE \ 415 V 415 V X’MER TAILS
VOLTAGE CU TO ADP \ LVB
CABLE 500 sqmm \ 1C \ XLPE \
(LV) AL
LOW 300 sqmm \ 4C \ PVC \ AL 415 V DISTRIBUTOR\
VOLTAGE 120 \70 \25 \ sqmm \ 4C \ DIRECT SERVICES
CABLE PVC \ AL
(LV)
LOW 95 sqmm \ 3C \ PVC \ AL 415 V CAPACITOR BANK
VOLTAGE TO ADP \ LVB
CABLE 25 sqmm \ 2C \ PVC \ AL 230 V SERVICE FOR
(LV) 1 PHASE

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X. Conclusion :-

During six weeks training period, a lot of experience, knowledge and exposure that I have
handy. During my industrial training, there are many changes from the point of learning
environments and discussion among colleagues. It can directly increase the dedication and rational
attitude toward myself. Overall I would describe my training as a positive and instructive training.
I got to know the various section in the B.E.S.T. company and their works. Also the various
works of the departments and the different sections and how important are they to supply Electricity
un-interrupted. Because of this Industrial Training, I was able to visit the Receiving Stations and
Substations and was able to see the Transformers and different types of switchgears used in it. Also
I was very glad to see the 110KV Gas Insulated Primary Circuit Breaker which is situated in
Backbay Receiving station. I was also able to see the different cable joints like T-Joints, Transition
joint, etc. I saw many fault repairs of the cable carried out. The maintenance carried out of the
Transformers and Switchgears and also the different types and parts of Transformers were viewed.
Thus I was able to know the reason of Electricity supply for 24/7 in the Southern Mumbai region.
However, there are still some weaknesses that can be improved in the future. Therefore I
conclude that the industrial training program has provided many benefits to students even if there
are minor flaws that are somewhat disfiguring condition , so that this weakness can be rectified in
the future.
I can conclude that this industry is through training I received a lot of exposure in the
Electricity world. I would like to thank also the Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute giving
students find their own experience with having Industrial Training like this.

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