MALNAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

HASSAN – 573 202, KARNATAKA

(An Autonomous Institution under VTU, Belgaum)

In partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering
PROJECT REPORT
On
“PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH
GRANITE DUST POWDER IN CONCRETE”
By
JEEVAN B M 4MC17CV017
SAGAR H S 4MC17CV070
PRADEEP GOWDA A R 4MC17CV034
ZUBAIR NABI 4MC17CV069
VIII SEMESTER

Under the guidance of

Dr. H S NARASHIMHAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MALNAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Hassan-573202
2020-2021
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GRANITE DUST

POWDER” carried out by students of MALNAD COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING in partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering in Department of Civil Engineering

during the year 2020-2021.

Students Name and USN:

1. JEEVAN B M (4MC17CV017)
2. SAGAR H S (4MC17CV070)
3. PRADEEP GOWDA A R (4MC17CV034)
4. ZUBAIR NABI (4MC17CV069)

Signature of the Guide Signature of HOD

 DECLARATION

It is to declare that all the corrections/suggestions indicated have been

incorporated in the report. We also declare that, to the best of our
knowledge and belief, the matter embodied in this project has not been
submitted previously for the award of any degree or in any other
university. The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of work prescribed for the said Degree. We also
certify that we have followed the guidelines provided by the institute in
preparing the report and we have given the due credits to the sources by
citing them in the references section.

Signature of the Students

1.

JEEVAN B M (4MC17CV017)

2.

SAGAR H S (4MC17CV070)

3.

PRADEEP GOWDA A R (4MC17CV034)

4.

ZUBAIR NABI (4MC17CV069)

 ABSTRACT
Concrete is used as the major material in construction industry. Nowadays production of
waste byproducts increasing day by day. The concept of partial replacement of cement
with waste byproduct when the waste material is capable of retaining or increasing the
strength of the concrete is studied in this investigation. Granite dust powder is the waste
material obtained from granite polishing industries. Since the size of GDP (granite dust
powder) particles are very fine its disposal in open lands may cause serious respiratory
diseases. Therefore the material is used by partially replacing cement in concrete that
helps in both economically and environmentally as its cost is very less compared to the
cost of cement and minimizing its disposal to environment. Addition of GDP to concrete
increases the physical strength of that concrete up to some quantity and further addition
of GDP decreases the strength. In the present study, in concrete mix of M20 grade, the
cement is replaced with Granite Powder by 10%, 20% and 30% partially.
The design concrete mix is prepared as per the provisions of IS 10262:2009 using the
basic material properties and is tested in its fresh and hardened state. The fresh concrete
is tested for its density and checking the slump value, where as the hardened concrete is
tested for density, compression strength, split tensile strength and also a NDT is
conducted using ultra sonic pulse velocity testing machine for different ages of concrete
such as 3days, 7days, 28days and 91 days.
All the above tests are conducted for both conventional concrete as well as GDP (granite
dust powder) mixed concrete following the procedure given in IS codes and the obtained
results are compared with each other to know the behavior of GDP mixed concrete.

KEYWORDS: waste byproduct, partial replacement, granite dust powder, behavior.

i
 CONTENTS
Page. No

Abstract i

List of Tables ii
List of Figures iii
List of Charts iii
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 01
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 02-04
CHAPTER-3 OBJECTIVES 05
CHAPTER-4 METHODOLOGY 06
4.1 Collection of Materials 07-09
4.1.1 Cement 07
4.1.2 Granite Dust Powder 07
4.1.3 Fine Aggregates 08
4.1.4 Coarse Aggregates 08
4.1.5 Water 09

4.2 Tests on materials required for Mix Design 10-14

4.2.1 Tests on Cement 10
4.2.1.1 Specific Gravity Test 10

4.2.1.2 Density Test 10

4.2.2 Tests on Granite Dust Powder 10

4.2.2.1 Specific Gravity Test 10

4.2.2.2 Density Test 10

4.2.3 Tests on Fine Aggregates 11-12

4.2.3.1 Specific Gravity Test 11

4.2.3.2 Fineness Modulus Test 11

4.2.3.3 Surface moisture and Water absorption capacity 12

 4.2.4 Tests on Coarse Aggregates 12-14
4.2.4.1 Specific Gravity Test 12

4.2.4.2 Fineness Modulus Test 12-14

4.2.4.3 Surface moisture and Water absorption capacity 14

4.3 Mix Design 15-18

4.3.1 Mix Design for Conventional concrete mix 15-16
4.3.2 Mix Design for GDP mixed concrete mix 16-18

4.4 Tests on Fresh concrete 19

4.4.1 Slump Cone Test 19
4.4.2 Density Test 19

4.5 Tests on Hardened concrete 20-22

4.5.1 Compressive Strength Test 20
4.5.2 Split Tensile Strength Test 20
4.5.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test 21
4.5.4 Density Test 22

CHAPTER-5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23-29

5.1 Tests on Fresh concrete results 23
5.2 Tests on Hardened concrete results 23-27

5.2.1 Compressive Strength Test results 23-24

5.2.2 Split Tensile Strength Test results 25
5.2.3 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test results 25-26
5.2.4 Density Test results 26-27

CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSION 30
CHAPTER-7 REFERENCES 31
 LIST OF TABLES
Table
Description Page No.
No.
1 Physical properties of cement 10
2 Physical properties of granite dust powder 10
3 Percentage passing of fine aggregates 11
4 TABLE 4 of IS 383-1970 11
5 Physical properties of Fine aggregates 12
6 Percentage passing for coarse aggregates 13
7 TABLE 2 of IS 383-1970 for 20mmdownsize 13
8 Physical properties of coarse aggregates 14
9 Quantities of materials per m³ of concrete 18
10 TABLE 2 of IS:13311 (PART I)-1992 21
11 Workability (slump value) of fresh concrete 23
12 Density of fresh concrete 23
13 Compressive strength-age of concrete 3 days 23
14 Compressive strength- age of concrete 7 days 24
15 Compressive strength-age of concrete 28 days 24
16 Compressive strength-age of concrete 91 days 24
17 Split tensile strength-age of concrete 28 days 25
18 Ultrasonic pulse velocity-age of concrete 3 days 25
19 Ultrasonic pulse velocity-age of concrete 7 days 25
20 Ultrasonic pulse velocity-age of concrete 28 days 26
21 Ultrasonic pulse velocity-age of concrete 91 days 26
22 Density of hardened concrete-age of concrete 3 days 26
23 Density of hardened concrete-age of concrete 7 days 27
24 Density of hardened concrete-age of concrete 28days 27
25 Density of hardened concrete-age of concrete 91days 27

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Description Page No.

1 Cement 7
2 Granite dust powder 7
3 Fine aggregates (M-Sand) 8
4 Coarse aggregates 8
5 Potable water 9
6 Trimming of concrete (slump cone) 19
7 Measuring slump value 19
8 Moulds used for finding density 19
9 Cube specimens 20
10 Testing of a cube specimen in CTM 20
11 Cylinder specimen 20
12 Testing of cylinder specimen 20
13 Pulse velocity testing machine 21
14 Pulse velocity testing 21
15 Finding the weight of hardened cube specimen 22

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart No. Description Page No.

1 Particle size distribution of fine aggregates 12

2 Particle size distribution of coarse aggregates 13
3 Variation of density of fresh concrete 28
4 Variation of compressive strength 28
5 Variation of split tensile strength 28
6 Variation of pulse velocity 29
7 Variation of hardened concrete density 29

iii
 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GRANITE DUST POWDER IN CONCRETE

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely composite construction material mainly made up of
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water used in Civil Engineering
applications such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, power plants, flooring, etc
because of its low cost, long durability, ability to sustain extreme weather condition.
Compared to other building materials, concrete can be formed into a variety of shapes
and sizes right at the construction site or in the form of precast elements (precasted
concrete). The increase in the use of cement due to the expansion of the construction
industry worldwide will lead to rapid depletion of natural resources. To overcome this
some industrial byproducts may be used as the partial substitution which are disposed
into the environment causes environmental pollution also. At present the total carbon
dioxide emission globally by cement industries is 7%. Using waste materials in
concrete will also be an eco-friendly method of disposal of industrial wastes that
otherwise would cause land, water and air pollution. The cost of construction
materials is also increasing incrementally every year leading to increase of overall
construction cost. In India the cost of cement during 1995 was Rs. 1.25per kg but now
the price is increased nearly 6 to 7 times. Therefore it is necessary for other cheaper
substitutes with comparatively good yielding strength.
In this study India’s one of major industrial waste obtained from granite polishing
industries i.e. granite dust powder is used as partial replacement to cement. The waste
is brought from the industrial area near Hassan city. Here the fresh concrete properties
such as density, workability (slump value) and hardened concrete properties like
compressive strength, split tensile strength, density along with ultrasonic pulse
velocity are examined and compared with that of conventional concrete. The hardened
concrete properties are obtained at different ages of concrete such as 3, 7, 28 and 91
days of curing. All the tests are conducted as per the codal provisions only using
150mm*150mm*150mm cubes for compression test, 150mm diameter and 300mm
height cylinder for split tensile strength and a ultrasonic pulse velocity testing
machine. Some of the physical properties of the ingredient materials is also found out
which is used for designing the concrete mixes with and without GDP.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Soman. K, Dr. K. A. Abubaker (2014)
“Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by
Granite Quarry Dust”
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT),
September-2014
The research work carried out included an experimental investigation on strength
properties of concrete made with 2.5% to 20% replacement of cement by quarry
dust of less than 75 micron particle size. The tests were carried out to find the
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength on specimens.
Results showed that up to 7.5 % replacement of cement by quarry dust there was
no reduction in compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural
strength.

 Dr.Venkatesh, Srinivasa. C. H. (2015)

“Optimization of Granite Powder used as Partial Replacement to Cement in
the Design of Ready Mix Concrete of M20 Grade using IS 10262:2009”
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), January-
2015.
In this experimental investigation, the workability and compressive strength were
studied on concrete with partial replacement of cement by granite powder. The
mix proportions were carried out with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and
40% of replacement of cement with granite powder. Manufactured sand was used
as fine aggregate. The test is conducted for M20 grade of concrete and the results
are as follows
 An initial slump of 145mm for 35% replacement, 140mm for 40%
replacement and 180mm for 20% replacement were observed.
 The observed compaction factor at 20%, 35% and 40% replacement were 0.9,
0.9, 0.93.
 Compressive strengths of 30.14MPa and 24.46MPa were obtained for 20%
and 25% replacement respectively. Therefore he concluded that 20% will be
the ideal replacement.
 The cost of construction can be minimized by using Granite Powder which
was available at free of cost.

 Allam. M. E, Bakhoum. E. S, Ezz. H and Garas. G. L (2016)

“Influence of using Granite Waste on the Mechanical properties of Green
Concrete”
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, March-2016.
Here the behavior of green concrete having partial replacement of cement or sand
with granite waste was studied. Split tensile strength, flexural strength and pull out
tests were carried out to evaluate the relevant properties of concrete mixes. In the
form of fine powder granite waste, the cement was replaced using 5%, 10% and
15% by weight in concrete mixture. In addition in the form of granules granite
waste, the sand was replaced using 10%, 17.5% and 25% by weight.
With 5% of granite fines as partial replacement of cement, the split tensile
strength was 20% higher, the flexural strength was 19% lower and bond strength
was slightly lower by 1%, whereas 10% replacement of granules to sand in
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concrete led to significant increase in split tensile strength and flexural strength
while bond strength was slightly affected when compared to control mix.

 K. Amaravathi, T. Naresh Kumar, Dr. Y. Sreeramulu, Mr. Y. Dwaraka (2018)

“Behavior of Concrete with Granite Polishing Powder on Partial
Replacement of Cement”
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research & Development,
August-2018.
The objective of this thesis is to find optimum percentages up to which this
pozzolanic waste material can replace OPC-53 grade cement obtain the maximum
test results. It is proposed to study the cement is partial replaced the material of
0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight of cement, curing periods as 14, 28, 56
and 90 days.
The tests results showed that the compressive strength increases with replacement
of 5% of Granite polishing power with natural cement. Similarly split tensile
strength also increases at the same replacement.

 Dr. Sridevi. G, Mr. Kalpana. S, Mr. Shivaraj. J. Mr. Nagaraj. M (2018)

“Experimental Investigation of Concrete Strength with Partial Replacement
of Cement by Granite byproduct”
Global Journal of Engineering Science and Researches (GJESR), 2018
In the present study, in concrete mix of M30 grade, the cement is replaced with
Granite Powder by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The compressive strength and Split
tensile strength of Cube and Cylinder Specimens were determined after curing
them for different periods. The cubes and Cylinders samples were tested after
curing them for a period of 7, 14 and 28 days.
The test results revealed that there is an increase in the Compressive strength and
Split Tensile Strength up to 20% replacement by Granite powder when compared
with the control concrete prepared without any mineral admixture. Further
addition of Granite Powder beyond 20% replacement resulted in slight decrease in
strength.

 Koneti Vamshi, Rajarapu Bhushaiah, Gangavarapu Manohar, Kakani Krupasagar,

Shaik Mohammad, Rama Harshitha (2019)
“Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Granite Powder and Fine
Aggregate with Saw Dust”
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), March-
2019.
In this paper, granite slurry and saw dust were used as partial substitute in varying
proportions 10%, 20% and 30% by weight to cement and 3%, 5% and 7% by
weight to fine aggregates respectively in concrete and tested for compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
The results shows that compressive strength and split tensile strength were
increased with replacement of granite powder by 10% and saw dust by 3% in
concrete.

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 Jerin Jose, Akhil Sunil, Gijo Paul, Sundra Rojas and Texla Felix (2020)
“Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Granite Waste Powder”
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology (IJIRSET), April-2020.
In this case study, the effects of blending of granite dust powder with cement on
the performance of fresh and hardened concrete, the possibility of using granite
dust powder in concrete was examined. Replacement of cement was done in
different percentage and they were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by weight of cement. For
each replacement compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural
strength was conducted. These test were conducted after 28 days curing.
From the test result, they concluded that 15% replacement of cement with granite
dust powder is optimum.

 T. Venkatachalam, Rohan Davis, Nisari K.M, Aswathy P.M, Sruthi Suresh (2020)
“An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement and Fine
Aggregate by Granite Powder and Glass Powder”
International Journal of Innovative Trends in Engineering (IJITE), June-2020.
In this investigation granite powder and glass powder used as partial substitute in
proportions varying from 10%, 20%,30% by weight to cement and sand in the
concrete tested for compressive strength. Concrete cube measuring
150*150*150mm is evaluated at 3, 7, 14, 28 days similarly tensile strength of
cylinder is detected measuring 150*300mm of cylinder evaluated for 3, 7, 14, 28
days in the CTM machine.
In order to increase the compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete
cement is replaced by Granite powder as 20 % and fine aggregate by Glass
powder by 20 % in M20 grade concrete. It is concluded that Granite powder and
Glass powder can be effectively used in concrete.

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CHAPTER-3
OBJECTIVES
 Preparation of concrete mixes by partial replacement of cement by varying
percentages of granite dust powder (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%).
 To find the physical properties of the materials used which are required for
designing the concrete mixes.
 To compare the properties of fresh concrete such as density and workability of
GDP concrete with conventional concrete.
 To compare the properties of hardened concrete such as density, compressive
strength and split tensile strength of GDP concrete with conventional concrete
at different ages (3days, 7days, 28days, 91 days).
 To study the strength of hardened concrete using NDT (ultrasonic pulse
velocity test).
 To encourage the use of granite powder to overcome the environmental
impacts caused.
 To minimize the cost of construction.
 To reduce the ill effects on human health.
 Proper utilisation of industrial waste without wasting it.

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CHAPTER-4

METHODOLOGY

Collection of materials

Tests on materials required for Mix design

Mix design

Tests on fresh concrete

Tests on hardened concrete

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

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4.1 COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

4.1.1 Cement:
Cement is by far the most important constituent of concrete, in that it forms the
binding medium for the discrete ingredients (pozzolanic material). It sets, hardens and
adheres to other materials to bind them together.
In this study, Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade whose specifications conforming
to IS 12269-2013 was used throughout. OPC 53 grade cement is a prime brand
cement with high C3S (Tri Calcium Silicate) which made it more pozzolanic resulting
in high strength, more durable and serviceable. Different tests were conducted on it to
ensure that it conforms the requirements of Indian Standard Specification. Bharathi
brand cement is used in the work.

Fig 1: Cement

4.1.2 Granite Dust Powder:

Granite dust powder is an industrial waste which is obtained from the granite
polishing industry in a powder form. GDP is a fine material, with particle size less
than 90μm. This waste can be used as a filler material (substituting cement) in the
concrete mix while maintaining its physical and mechanical properties.

The granite dust powder used in our study is locally collected as slurry in granite
polishing process using water cutting in the industry near Industrial area of Hassan,
oven dried and used as partial substitute to cement. Two tests are conducted on GDP.

Fig 2: Granite Dust Powder

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4.1.3 Fine Aggregates:

The aggregates passing through 4.75mm IS sieve and retained on 0.15mm IS sieve are
called as fine aggregates. They play an important role in concrete as they are mixed to
fill the voids between the coarse aggregates.
Locally available Manufacture Sand was used in the study conforming to zone I as per
IS 383-1970. Various tests are conducted to know their properties as per Indian
Standard Specification.

Fig 3: Fine aggregates (M-Sand)

4.1.4 Coarse Aggregates:

The aggregates retained on 4.75mm IS sieve are called as coarse aggregates. Crushed
stone and natural gravel are the common material used as coarse aggregate for
concrete.
In the present case, angular aggregates of 20mm downsize conforming to IS 383-1970
was used. Different tests conducted on coarse aggregates as per the specifications.

Fig 4: Coarse aggregates

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4.1.5 Water:
Water acts as lubricant for the fine and coarse grained aggregates and reacts
chemically with cement to form the binding paste for the aggregate and
reinforcement. Water is also used for curing the concrete after it has been cast into the
forms. Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free form injurious
amount of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic material and other substance that
may be deleterious to concrete or steel.
In the present case, potable clean tap water was used for both casting and curing of
concrete.

Fig 5: Potable water

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4.2 TESTS ON MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MIX DESIGN

4.2.1 TESTS ON CEMENT
4.2.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
Specific gravity is the one of the major physical property of cement and first and
foremost data required for Mix Design. The test is conducted using Le-Chatelier
apparatus as per IS : 4031 (PART XI) - 1988.

4.2.1.2 DENSITY TEST

The test is conducted to know the density of cement. This test is conducted just to
compare the densities of cement and GDP.

Table 1: Physical properties of cement

Sl. No Property Obtained results

1. Specific gravity 3.15
2 Density (kg/m3) 1440

4.2.2 TESTS ON GRANITE DUST POWDER

4.2.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
As GDP is used as partial substitution its specific gravity also plays an important role
in finding its quantity in the concrete mix. The specific gravity of GDP is found out
similar to that of cement using Le-Chatelier apparatus as per IS : 4031 (PART XI) -
1988.

4.2.2.2 DENSITY TEST

The test is conducted to know the density of GDP. The densities of cement and GDP
are compared and the quantity of GDP to be taken for specific gravity test is
calculated.
Table 2: Physical properties of Granite Dust Powder.

Sl. No Property Obtained results

1 Specific gravity 2.67
2 Density (kg/m3) 1300

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4.2.3 TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATES

4.2.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
The test is conducted using pycnometer bottle as per the procedure given in IS : 2386
(PART III) – 1963.

4.2.3.2 FINENESS MODULUS TEST

This test is conducted to know the particle size distribution (grading of aggregates)
and fineness modulus of fine aggregates as per IS : 2386 (PART I) – 1963. The results
are compared with the values of Table 4 of IS : 383-1970 and the aggregates are
graded based on that. The sieves of corresponding sizes conforming to IS : 460-1985
are used.
Table 3: Percentage passing of Fine aggregates

Sieve size Mass of FA Cumulative %

% retained % passing
(mm) retained (g) retained ‘F’
4.75 1 0.1 0.1 99.9
2.36 165 16.5 16.6 83.4
1.18 408 40.8 57.4 42.6
0.6 117 11.7 69.1 30.9
0.3 273 27.3 96.4 3.6
0.15 23 2.3 98.7 1.3
pan 13 1.3 100 0

Table 4: TABLE 4 of IS 383-1970

PERCENTAGE PASSING FOR

IS SIEVE
DESIGNATION Grading Grading Grading Grading
Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV
10mm 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
0.6mm 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
0.3mm 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50

By comparing table 3 and table 4, the aggregates used were belongs to Grading Zone I

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Chart 1:

PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FINE AGGREGATES

120

100
PERCENTAGE PASSING

80

60
Y-Values
40

20

0
0.1 1 10
IS SIEVE SIZE in mm

4.2.3.3 SURFACE MOISTURE AND WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY

These tests are conducted to find the surface moisture content and water absorption
capacity of the aggregates using IS : 2386 (PART III) – 1963. These are required for
advanced mix design to apply moisture corrections.
Table 5: Physical properties of Fine aggregates

Sl. No Property Obtained results

1 Specific gravity 2.59
2 Fineness modulus 3.383
3 Surface moisture content (%) 0.5
4 Water absorption capacity (%) 3

4.2.4 TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATES

4.2.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
The test is conducted using pycnometer bottle as per the procedure given in IS : 2386
(PART III) – 1963.

4.2.4.2 FINENESS MODULUS TEST

This test is conducted to know the particle size distribution (grading of aggregates)
and fineness modulus of coarse aggregates as per IS : 2386 (PART I) – 1963. The
results are compared with the values of Table 2 of IS : 383-1970 and the aggregates
are graded based on that. The sieves of corresponding sizes conforming to IS : 460-
1985 are used.

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Table 6: Percentage passing for coarse aggregates

Cumulative
Sieve size Mass of CA % of mass
% retained % passing
(mm) retained (kg) retained
‘C’
25mm 0 0 0 100
20mm 0.191 3.82 3.82 96.18
16mm 1.522 30.44 34.26 65.74
12.5mm 2.435 48.7 82.95 17.04
10mm 0.555 11.1 94.06 5.94
6.3mm 0.27 5.4 99.46 0.54
4.75mm 0.027 0.54 100 0
pan 0 0 100 0

Table 7: TABLE 2 of IS 383-1970 for 20mm downsize

PERCENTAGE PASSING FOR GRADED AGGREGATE

IS SIEVE OF NOMONAL SIZE
DESIGNATION
40mm 20mm 16mm 12.5mm
25mm 100 100 100 100
20mm 30-70 95-100 100 100
16mm - - 90-100 -
12.5mm - - - 90-100
10mm 10-35 20-55 30-70 40-85
6.3mm 0-5 0-10 0-10 0-10
4.75mm - - - -
On comparing above 2 tables it can be seen that the coarse aggregates used are 20mm
downsized.

Chart 2:

PARTICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF COARSE

AGGREGATES
120
PERCENTAGE PASSING

100

80

60
Y-Values
40

20

0
1 10 100
IS SIEVE SIZE in mm

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4.2.4.3 SURFACE MOISTURE AND WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY

These tests are conducted to find the surface moisture content and water absorption
capacity of the aggregates using IS : 2386 (PART III) – 1963. These are required for
advanced mix design to apply moisture corrections.
Table 8: Physical properties of coarse aggregates

Sl. No Property Obtained results

1 Specific gravity 2.66
2 Fineness modulus 6.978
3 Surface moisture content (%) Nil
4 Water absorption capacity (%) 0.75

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4.3 MIX DESIGN ( IS : 10262-2009 )

4.3.1 MIX DESIGN FOR CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE MIX

Grade of concrete : M20

Grade of cement : OPC 53 Grade

Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
Specific gravity of fine aggregates : 2.59
Specific gravity of coarse aggregates : 2.66
Maximum size of coarse aggregates : 20mm
Grading of fine aggregates : Zone I

Surface moisture content of fine aggregates : 0.5%

Water absorption capacity of fine aggregates : 3%
Surface moisture content of coarse aggregates : Nil
Water absorption capacity of coarse aggregates : 0.75%
Type of exposure : Moderate
Maximum w/c ratio : 0.6

1. Target mean strength, fck’ = fck + 1.65(s) = 20+1.65(4) = 26.6 N/mm2.

2. W/C ratio, based on experience for M20 grade of concrete = 0.5.
3. Calculation of water content:
For 75mm slump, maximum water content as per code is 191.58 liters.
4. Calculation of cement content:
Cement content= (water content)/(W/C) = 191.58/0.5 = 383.16 kg/m3.
5. Calculation of fine aggregates and coarse aggregates :
Volume of coarse aggregates = 0.6
Volume of fine aggregates = 1-0.6 = 0.4
Mix proportion:
a. Volume of concrete = 1m³
b. Volume of cement = (383.16/3.15) × (1/1000) = 0.121 m³
c. Volume of water = (191.58/1) × (1/1000) = 0.191 m³
d. Volume of all aggregates = 1-0.121-0.191= 0.688 m³
e. Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.688×0.6×2.66×1000 = 1098.048 kg
f. Mass of fine aggregates = 0.688 × 0.4 × 2.59 × 1000 = 712.768 kg

Cement : FA : CA = 1 : 1.86 : 2.86

Water / cement ratio = W/C = 0.5

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After applying water absorption and surface moisture corrections, the corrected
mix proportion is
Cement : FA : CA = 1 : 1.869 : 2.865

Water / cement ratio = W/C = 0.568

4.3.2 MIX DESIGN FOR GDP MIXED CONCRETE MIX

Grade of concrete : M20
Grade of cement : OPC 53 Grade
Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
Specific gravity of granite dust powder : 2.67
Specific gravity of fine aggregates : 2.59

Specific gravity of coarse aggregates : 2.66

Maximum size of coarse aggregates : 20mm
Grading of fine aggregates : Zone I
Surface moisture content of fine aggregates : 0.5%
Water absorption capacity of fine aggregates : 3%
Surface moisture content of coarse aggregates : Nil
Water absorption capacity of coarse aggregates : 0.75%

Type of exposure : Moderate

Maximum w/c ratio : 0.6

1. Target mean strength, fck’ = fck + 1.65(s) = 20+1.65(4) = 26.6 N/mm2.

2. W/C ratio, based on experience for M20 grade of concrete = 0.5.
3. Calculation of water content:
For 75mm slump, maximum water content as per code is 191.58 liters.
4. Calculation of cementitious content:
Cementitious content= (water content)/(W/C) = 191.58/0.5 = 383.16 kg/m3.
An increase of 10% of cementitious content = 1.1 × 383.16 = 421.476 kg/m3
5. Water to cementitious content ratio = 191.58/421.476 = 0.454
6. Calculation of fine aggregates and coarse aggregates :
Volume of coarse aggregates = 0.6+0.01 = 0.61
Volume of fine aggregates = 1-0.61 = 0.39

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Mix proportion for 10% replacement (GDP-1):

a. Volume of concrete = 1m³
b. Volume of cement = (379.328)/(3.15×1000) = 0.120 m3
c. Volume of water = (191.58/1)×(1/1000) = 0.191 m³
d. Volume of granite dust powder = 42.147/(2.67×1000) = 0.0157 m3
e. Volume of all aggregates = 1-0.120-0.191-0.0157 = 0.6733 m3
f. Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.6733×0.61×2.66×1000 = 1092.49 kg
g. Mass of fine aggregates = 0.6733×0.39×2.59×1000 = 680.1 kg
Cement : FA : CA : GDP = 1 : 1.79 : 2.88 : 0.11
Water to cement ratio = W/C = 0.505

After applying water absorption and surface moisture corrections, the

corrected mix proportion is

Cement : FA : CA : GDP = 1 : 1.801 : 2.882 : 0.11

Water to cement content ratio = W/C = 0.573

Mix proportion for 20% replacement (GDP-2):

a. Volume of concrete = 1m³
b. Volume of cement = (337.18)/(3.15×1000) = 0.104 m3
c. Volume of water = (191.58/1)×(1/1000) = 0.191 m³
d. Volume of granite dust powder = 84.294/(2.67×1000) = 0.0315 m3
e. Volume of all aggregates = 1-0.104-0.191-0.0315 = 0.6733 m3
f. Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.6733×0.61×2.66×1000 = 1092.49 kg
g. Mass of fine aggregates = 0.6733×0.39×2.59×1000 = 680.1 kg
Cement : FA : CA : GDP = 1 : 2.01 : 3.24 : 0.22
Water to cement ratio = W/C = 0.568

After applying water absorption and surface moisture corrections, the

corrected mix proportion is

Cement : FA : CA : GDP = 1 : 2.02 : 3.24 : 0.22

Water to cement content ratio = W/C = 0.645
Mix proportion for 30% replacement (GDP-3):
a. Volume of concrete = 1m³
b. Volume of cement = (295.03)/(3.15×1000) = 0.093 m3
c. Volume of water = (191.58/1)×(1/1000) = 0.191 m³
d. Volume of granite dust powder = 121.441/(2.67×1000) = 0.0471 m3
e. Volume of all aggregates = 1-0.093-0.191-0.0471 = 0.6733 m3
f. Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.6733×0.61×2.66×1000 = 1092.49 kg
g. Mass of fine aggregates = 0.6733×0.39×2.59×1000 = 680.1 kg

Cement : FA : CA : GDP = 1 : 2.30 : 3.70 : 0.33

Water to cement ratio = W/C = 0.649

After applying water absorption and surface moisture corrections, the

corrected mix proportion is

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Cement : FA : CA : GDP = 1 : 2.32 : 3.24 : 0.33

Water to cement ratio = W/C = 0.738

Table 9: Quantities of materials per m3 of concrete

Sl. No Trial mixes Cement GDP in Water in

FA in kg CA in kg
in kg kg litres
1 CCM 383.160 0 716.33 1098.05 217.74
2 GDP-1 379.328 42.147 683.50 1092.49 216.87
3 GDP-2 337.180 84.294 683.50 1092.49 216.87
4 GDP-3 295.030 121.441 683.50 1092.49 216.87

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4.4 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

4.4.1 SLUMP CONE TEST
This is one of the test conducted to find the workability of fresh concrete both in field
as well as in laboratory. The test is conducted as per the provisions of IS : 1199 –
1959. A slump cone with bottom diameter and top diameter being 20cm and 10cm
respectively and height 30cm and a tamping rod of 16mm diameter and 0.6m long
were used. The results of the test are tabulated in Table 11.

Fig 6: Trimming of concrete Fig 7: Measuring slump value

4.4.2 DENSITY TEST

This test is conducted with major aim of checking the density of PCC and comparing
those of varies mixes. It is done while casting the specimens for compression test. The
results are in Table 12.

Fig 8: Moulds used for finding density

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4.5 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

4.5.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
This is one of the most important test conducted on hardened concrete as the concrete
is good in carrying compressive loads. The test is conducted as per the procedure
specified by IS : 516-1959 for making and curing of specimens. Moulds of size
(150×150×150) mm are used for casting the specimens. The test is carried out to find
the strength at different ages of concrete like 3 days, 7 days, 28 days and 91 days. The
test results are shown in Table.

Fig 9: Cube specimens Fig 10: Testing of a specimen

4.5.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

The test is carried out to find the tensile strength of hardened concrete. The procedure
adopted while carrying the test was specified procedure by IS : 5816-1999. Test
specimens are casted using the cylindrical moulds of internal diameter 150mm and
height 300mm. This test is also conducted on different aged concrete (3 days, 7 days,
28 days and 91 days). Results are tabulated in Table.

Fig 11: Cylinder specimen Fig 12: Testing of specimen

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4.5.3 ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST

The above tests conducted on hardened concrete i.e. compressive strength and split
tensile strength test are destructive tests that destroys the concrete specimens.
Whereas this test is one of the non destructive tests that finds the strength of concrete
by passing electric waves through the specimen. The test is carried out by following
the procedure given in IS : 13311 (PART I) – 1992. The test results are compared
with table 2 of the same code book and concrete quality grading can be done. Results
of the test at different ages of concrete are tabulated in Table. Table 2 of IS : 13311
(PART I) – 1992 is given below.
Table 10: TABLE 2 of IS : 13311 (PART I) – 1992

Pulse velocity by Cross Probing in

Sl. No Concrete Quality Grading
km/s
1 Above 4.5 Excellent
2 3.5 to 4.5 Good
3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium
4 Below 3.0 Doubtful

Fig 13: Testing machine Fig 14: Pulse velocity testing

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4.5.4 DENSITY TEST

In this test the specimens casted for compressive strength test are
weighed and the densities at different ages are compared for various
mixes.

Fig 15: Finding the weight of hardened cube specimen

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CHAPTER-5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE RESULTS
Table 11: Workability (slump value) of fresh concrete

Sl. No Trial mixes Slump value in mm

1 CCM 75
2 GDP-1 73
3 GDP-2 78
4 GDP-3 71

Table 12: Density of fresh concrete

Sl. No Trial mixes Density in kg/m3

1 CCM 2410
2 GDP-1 2385
3 GDP-2 2368
4 GDP-3 2358

5.2 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE RESULTS

5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS

Table 13: Compressive strength – age of concrete 3 days

Average
Compressive
Trial Area in compressive
Sl. No Load in N strength in
mixes mm2 strength in
N/mm2
N/mm2
290000 12.88
1 CCM 22500 12.44
270000 12.00
350000 15.55
2 GDP-1 22500 15.46
346000 15.37
326000 14.48
3 GDP-2 22500 13.90
300000 13.33
245000 10.88
4 GDP-3 22500 11.22
260000 11.55

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Table 14: Compressive strength – age of concrete 7 days

Average
Compressive
Trial Area in compressive
Sl. No Load in N strength in
mixes mm2 strength in
N/mm2
N/mm2
332000 14.75
1 CCM 22500 14.35
314000 13.95
430000 19.11
2 GDP-1 22500 18.88
420000 18.66
382000 16.97
3 GDP-2 22500 16.92
380000 16.88
322000 14.31
4 GDP-3 22500 14.04
310000 13.77

Table 15: Compressive strength – age of concrete 28 days

Average
Compressive
Trial Area in compressive
Sl. No Load in N strength in
mixes mm2 strength in
N/mm2
N/mm2
606000 26.93
1 CCM 22500 27.06
612000 27.20
660000 29.33
2 GDP-1 22500 29.78
680000 30.22
580000 25.77
3 GDP-2 22500 25.86
584000 25.95
420000 18.66
4 GDP-3 22500 19.10
440000 19.55

Table 16: Compressive strength – age of concrete 91 days

Average
Compressive
Trial Area in compressive
Sl. No Load in N strength in
mixes mm2 strength in
N/mm2
N/mm2
758400 33.70
1 CCM 22500 34.10
776600 34.51
837100 37.39
2 GDP-1 22500 37.12
829400 36.86
735300 32.67
3 GDP-2 22500 32.33
720000 31.99
589400 26.18
4 GDP-3 22500 26.53
604800 26.88
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5.2.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS

Table 17: Split tensile strength – age of concrete 28 days

Split tensile strength in

Sl. No Trial mixes Load in N Area in mm2
N/mm2
1 CCM 193000 141371 2.73
2 GDP-1 227000 141371 3.20
3 GDP-2 178000 141371 2.52
4 GDP-3 150000 141371 2.13

5.2.3 ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST RESULTS

Table 18: Ultrasonic pulse velocity – age of concrete 3days

Trial Length in Velocity in Average velocity

Sl. No Time in µs
mixes m m/s in m/s
38.4 3906
1 CCM 0.15 4030.5
36.1 4155
35.4 4237
2 GDP-1 0.15 4237
35.4 4237
37.9 3958
3 GDP-2 0.15 4011.5
36.9 4065
37.9 3958
4 GDP-3 0.15 4000.5
37.1 4043

Table 19: Ultrasonic pulse velocity – age of concrete 7 days

Trial Length in Velocity in Average velocity

Sl. No Time in µs
mixes m m/s in m/s
33.9 4425
1 CCM 0.15 4458
33.4 4491
32.4 4630
2 GDP-1 0.15 4594.5
32.9 4559
34.4 4360
3 GDP-2 0.15 4372.5
34.2 4385
35.2 4261
4 GDP-3 0.15 4219.5
35.9 4178

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Table 20: Ultrasonic pulse velocity – age of concrete 28 days

Trial Length in Velocity in Average velocity

Sl. No Time in µs
mixes m m/s in m/s
31.9 4702
1 CCM 0.15 4724.5
31.6 4747
29.4 5102
2 GDP-1 0.15 5059.5
29.9 5017
31.6 4747
3 GDP-2 0.15 4732
31.8 4717
32.4 4629
4 GDP-3 0.15 4608
32.7 4587

Table 21: Ultrasonic pulse velocity – age of concrete 91 days

Trial Length in Velocity in Average velocity

Sl. No Time in µs
mixes m m/s in m/s
30.9 4854
1 CCM 0.15 4815.5
31.4 4777
30.4 4934
2 GDP-1 0.15 4894.0
30.9 4854
31.9 4702
3 GDP-2 0.15 4733.5
31.5 4765
32.4 4630
4 GDP-3 0.15 4622.5
32.5 4615

5.2.4 DENSITY TEST RESULTS

Table 22: Density of hardened concrete – age of concrete 3days

Average density in
Sl. No Trial mixes Density in kg/m3
kg/m3
2367.40
1 CCM 2368.88
2370.37
2352.59
2 GDP-1 2349.62
2346.66
2311.11
3 GDP-2 2308.14
2305.18
2275.55
4 GDP-3 2284.44
2293.33

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Table 23: Density of hardened concrete – age of concrete 7 days

Average density in
Sl. No Trial mixes Density in kg/m3
kg/m3
2419.25
1 CCM 2404.58
2389.92
2368.88
2 GDP-1 2364.44
2360.00
2356.44
3 GDP-2 2357.18
2357.92
2356.44
4 GDP-3 2339.84
2323.25

Table 24: Density of hardened concrete – age of concrete 28 days

Average density in
Sl. No Trial mixes Density in kg/m3
kg/m3
2432.59
1 CCM 2447.10
2461.62
2402.66
2 GDP-1 2412.44
2422.22
2389.03
3 GDP-2 2378.21
2367.40
2367.40
4 GDP-3 2365.92
2364.44

Table 25: Density of hardened concrete – age of concrete 91 days

Average density in
Sl. No Trial mixes Density in kg/m3
kg/m3
2382.22
1 CCM 2380.74
2379.25
2358.51
2 GDP-1 2361.48
2364.44
2343.70
3 GDP-2 2339.25
2334.81
2325.92
4 GDP-3 2328.88
2331.85

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Chart 3:

VARIATION OF DENSITY OF FRESH CONCRETE

2420
DENSITY in kg/m3

2400
2380
2360
DENSITY
2340
2320
CCM GDP-1 GDP-2 GDP-3
TRIAL MIXES

Chart 4:
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
40
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN N/mm2

35
30
25
CCM
37.12

20
34.1

32.33

GDP-1
29.78
27.06

26.53

15
25.86

GDP-2
18.88

19.1
16.92

10
15.46

14.35

14.04

GDP-3
13.9
12.44

11.22

5
0
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS 91 DAYS
AGE OF CONCRETE

Chart 5:

VARIATION OF SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

3.5
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH in N/mm2

3
2.5
2
3.2

1.5
2.73

2.52

STRENGTH
2.13

1
0.5
0
CCM GDP-1 GDP-2 GDP-3
TRIAL MIXES

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Chart 6:
VARIATION OF PULSE VELOCITY
6000

5000
PULSE VELOCITY in m/s

4000
CCM
3000

5059.5

4815.5

4733.5
4724.5
GDP-1

4622.5
4594.5

4894
4732
4372.5

4608
4219.5
4458
4030.5

4011.5
4000.5
4237

2000 GDP-2
GDP-3
1000

0
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS 91 DAYS
AGE OF CONCRETE

Chart 7:
VARIATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE DENSITY
2500

2450
DENSITY in kg/m3

2400
CCM
2350
2447.1

GDP-1
2412.44
2404.58

2380.74
2378.21
2368.88

2365.92
2364.44

2361.48
2357.18

GDP-2
2349.62

2300
2339.84

2339.25
2328.88
2308.14
2284.44

GDP-3
2250

2200
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS 91 DAYS
AGE OF CONCRETE

 Chart 3 shows that the fresh concrete density decreases gradually as the
percentage of GDP replacement increases.
 From chart 4 we can observe that the compressive strength of concrete
increases up to some extent of GDP replacement (10%) and then it decreases.
 The chart 5 is an indication of splitting tensile strength variation which will be
observed to be following the same path as that of compressive strength.
 The pulse velocity of concrete is increased for 10% replacement compared to
conventional concrete and further increase in addition of GDP decreases the
velocity which has been shown in chart 6.
 Not only the fresh concrete density but also hardened concrete density
decreases with increased percentage of replacement of GDP refer chart 7.

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CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
After comparing the obtained results of different tests the following conclusion can be
drawn

 The density of fresh concrete decreases gradually from 0% replacement of

GDP to 30% replacement due to the reason that the specific gravity of GDP is
less than that of cement.
 The compressive strength of 10% GDP replaced concrete is 24%, 31%, 10%
and 8% more than conventional concrete at 3, 7, 28 and 91 days respectively.
During the early ages the strength of GDP-2 concrete is comparatively more
than CCM and as the age of concrete increases then it decreases.
 The split tensile strength at 28 days curing is more for GDP-1 concrete than
the normal mix. It gives approximately 18% more strength.
 The similar pattern is also observed from ultrasonic pulse velocity results as
10% replacement given better results than 0% replacement at all ages of
concrete.
 But the pattern is disturbed when it is checked the density of hardened
concrete as the density decreases with addition of GDP due to same reason of
decreased fresh concrete density.

Therefore from our study we can say that the concept of partial replacement of cement
with GDP is beneficial. The GDP-1 mix has given better results in all the tests
regarding the strength of concrete, but 10% substitution of GDP may or may not be
the optimum dosage of GDP in the concrete mix. As we studied with increments of
10% we can say that it is better replace GDP as 10% of cement for overall efficiency.
This will also reduces the cost of construction as the cost of GDP is very much less
compared to that of cement. This will be a better way of proper utilization of granite
waste without wasting or disposing it into environment. Therefore we can say that it is
also a eco-friendly method of waste disposal.

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CHAPTER-7
REFERENCES
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Granite Waste on the Mechanical properties of Green Concrete”, ARPN
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ISSN 1819-6680.
 Dr. Sridevi. G, Mr. Kalpana. S, Mr. Shivaraj. J. Mr. Nagaraj. M,
“Experimental Investigation of Concrete Strength with Partial Replacement of
Cement by Granite byproduct”, Global Journal of Engineering Science and
Researches (GJESR), ISSN 2348-8034.
 Dr.Venkatesh, Srinivasa, “Optimization of Granite Powder used as Partial
Replacement to Cement in the Design of Ready Mix Concrete of M20 Grade
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 Jerin Jose, Akhil Sunil, Gijo Paul, Sundra Rojas and Texla Felix, “Partial
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Technology (IJIRSET), Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2020, ISSN 2319-8753.
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 Soman. K, Dr. K. A. Abubaker, “Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial
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2014, ISSN 2278-0181.
 T. Venkatachalam, Rohan Davis, Nisari K.M, Aswathy P.M, Sruthi Suresh,
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