Compiled By:

Engr. Robin Mon R. Miranda

Engr. Adrian Miguel S. Umengan 1
 Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering (ECE) Department

COURSE GUIDE
I. Course Code: ECEN 30104
II. Course Title: ELECTROMAGNETICS
III. Course Overview

A. Course Description

The course involves review of vector mechanics and analysis including dot product,
cross product, curl, divergence; Coordinate Systems (rectangular, cylindrical,
spherical); introduction to different laws and theorems that led to the foundation of the
electromagnetic theory such as Coulomb’s Law, Gauss’ Law, Divergence Theorem,
Stokes Theorem, Ampere’s Law; concepts of electric field; dielectric and magnetic
materials; capacitors and inductors; magnetic circuits and magnetically-coupled
circuits; time-varying fields; Maxwell’s equations; transmission lines

B. Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, the student should be able to

1. Review and enhance the understanding of vector analysis

2. Gain a sufficient understanding about the concept of electric field.
3. Be able to explain different concept of electric flux
4. Identify the different laws and concepts that governs the entirety of
electromagnetism
5. Identify the similarities and differences between magnetic and electric fields
and circuits.
6. Recognize real-life application of electromagnetism.
7. Determine the properties and characteristics of dielectric and magnetic
materials that are utilized in electronic or electrical devices.
8. Have a deeper understanding of the principle of operations of basic electrical
devices, capacitors and inductors in particular.
9. Apply the concepts of static fields as foundation for the time-varying and
dynamic fields.
10. Have a sufficient understanding and brief introduction for future electronics
and communications course.

C. Course Topics

To ensure the accomplishment of the learning outcomes, this course will cover the

2
 following topics:

• Introduction to Vector Analysis

• Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
• Electric Flux, Gauss’s Law, and Divergence
• Dielectric Materials
• Magnetic Materials
• Magnetic Circuits
• Magnetically-Coupled Circuits
• Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell’s Equation
• Transmission Lines

IV. Course Study Guide

This material was prepared for students to be equipped with theoretical and technical
know-how for the subject ECEN 30104 Electromagnetics

It is a self-paced material; hence, please be guided to -

1. Manage time well. Schedule properly reading the material and doing the activities
set. It is targeted that at the end of the semester, all activities set will be sent back
to the Electronics Engineering Department.
2. Focus. Make sure that you do things one at a time. Read the material over and over
until you are able to get the point of the lesson. If some areas are not clear enough,
you can refer to related books, the suggested readings, and videos as it may deem
necessary.
3. Give your best. In doing the assessment task whether formative or summative,
target the highest standards because you are a better student. You have the
knowledge and skills that you need to finish with the quality of work.
4. Submit on time. Once you are finished with the instructional material, it is expected
for you to send back your answers to activities and assessment.
5. Answer Assessment. Copy the question in a separate sheet and show solutions
and answers neatly complete, legibly, and concise. Also, Box in Final Answers
6. Work independently. It is expected that you work on the material on your own. You
can ask help from others but do your best to do it first.
7. Motivate yourself. Whatever knowledge or skill you are gaining from the course will
definitely help you take a step closer to be an Electronics Engineer. Enjoy what you
are doing and everything else will follow.
8. Reach Out. If any part of the lesson, you need help and guidance, do not hesitate
to contact your respective professors or to the ECE Department.

V. Grading System

Class Standing (CS) – Activity Evaluation 70%

Examination 30%
Total 100%

3
VI. References

1. Bird, J. (2013). Electrical circuit theory and technology, 5th ed. Routledge.
2. Bird, J. O. (2017). Electrical and electronic principles and technology. Boca Raton: Taylor
& Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor &
Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc.
3. Edminister, J. A. (1995). Schaum's outline of theory and problems of electromagnetics.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
4. Hayt, W. H., & Buck, J. A. (2012). Engineering electromagnetics. New York, NY: McGraw-
Hill.
5. RESOURCES. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2020, from http://upwireless.ph/resources/
6. Sadiku, M. N. (2018). Elements of electromagnetics. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Schultz, M. E., & Grob, B. (2011). Grob's basic electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
8. Theraja, B. L., & Theraja, A. K. (2005). A textbook of electrical technology. Ram Nagar,
New Delhi: S. Chand & Company.
9. Serway, R. A., Jewett, J. W., & Peroomian, V. (2014). Physics for scientists and
engineers with modern physics. Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
10. Gordon, J. R., Jewett, J. W., McGrew, R. V., &; Serway, R. A. (2004). Student solutions
manual and study guide for Serway and Jewett's Physics for scientists and engineers with
Modern Physics. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole.
11. Hekal, S. (2016, November). Dielectric Properties and Boundary Conditions - Ch
07. Retrieved August 05, 2020, from
https://bu.edu.eg/portal/uploads/Engineering,%20Shoubra/Electrical%20Engineeri
ng/833/crs-
14040/Files/Ch%2007%20Dielectric%20Properties%20and%20Boundary%20Con
ditions.pdf
12. Time Varying Magnetic Fields and Maxwell's Equations. (n.d.). Retrieved August 05, 2020,
from
http://ocw.nthu.edu.tw/ocw/upload/124/news/[%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%
E6%A2%B0L3b%E8%A3%9C%E5%85%85%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90]VTU_TIME%20V
ARYING%20MAGNETIC%20FIELDS%20AND%20MAXWELL%E2%80%99S%20EQUAT
IONS.pdf
13. Maloney, T. J. (2004). Modern industrial electronics. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson/Prentice-Hall.
14. Magnetically Coupled Circuits. (2012, November 29). Retrieved August 05, 2020, from
http://www.alab.ee.nctu.edu.tw/wpmu/ckt/files/2012/09/Magnetically-Coupled-Circuits.pdf
15. Ampoloquio, J. (2009). Self-Sufficient Guide to Electronics Engineering. GioBooks.

VII. Contact Informations

Engr. Robin Mon R. Miranda [email protected]

Engr. Adrian Miguel S. Umengan [email protected]
ECE Department [email protected]

4
Prepared By:

Engr. ROBIN MON R. MIRANDA Engr. ADRIAN MIGUEL S. UMENGAN

ECE Faculty ECE Faculty

Recommending Approval: Approved:

Engr. GEOFFREY T. SALVADOR Dr. REMEDIOS G. ADO

ECE Faculty & Chairperson Dean, College of Engineering

5
 COURSE TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR ANALYSIS

Overview:
Vectors are introduced in physics and mathematics courses, primarily in the Cartesian
coordinate system. Although cylindrical coordinates may be found in calculus texts, the spherical
coordinate system is seldom presented. All three coordinate systems must be used in
electromagnetics. As the notation, both for the vectors and the coordinate systems, differs from one
text to another, a thorough understanding of the notation employed herein is essential for setting
up the problems and obtaining solutions.

Vector analysis is a mathematical shorthand. It has some new symbols and some new rules,
and it demands concentration and practice. The examples and exercises included in this learning
material, should be considered part of the text and should all be worked. They should not prove to
be difficult if the material in the accompanying section of the text has been thoroughly understood.
It takes a little longer to “read” the chapter this way, but the investment in time will produce a
surprising interest.

Since this lesson involves many mathematical equations and computations, it is suggested
that you study the materials, with a pen and paper for you to be able to write while studying the
derivation of equations and solutions to examples presented. Doing the computations and
derivations of equations hands-on will help you in effectively studying the topics included in this
lesson.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Differentiate scalars and vectors
• Determine vector components, absolute value of vectors, and unit vectors
• Express vector equations in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical components.
• Perform operations on vectors such as addition, subtraction, dot product, and cross product
• Understand what is vector operator, divergence theorem, curl, and Stokes’ theorem

Course Materials:
NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both (depending
on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt, Jr.
and John A. Buck
✓ Section 1.1 : Scalars And Vectors
✓ Section 1.2 : Vector Algebra
✓ Section 1.3 : The Rectangular Coordinate System
✓ Section 1.4 : Vector Components And Unit Vectors
✓ Section 1.5 : The Vector Field
✓ Section 1.6 : The Dot Product

6
 ✓ Section 1.7 : The Cross Product
✓ Section 1.8 : Other Coordinate Systems: Circular Cylindrical Coordinates
✓ Section 1.9 : The Spherical Coordinate System
✓ Section 3.6 : The vector operator ∇ and the divergence theorem
✓ Section 7.3 : Curl
✓ Section 7.4 : Stokes’ Theorem

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics – Vector Field and Operations
LINK 1: https://youtu.be/3WaRZzauH1M
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WaRZzauH1M&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkm
jVcJqJSOeGOE&index=1

• Electromagnetics – Coordinate Systems

LINK 1: https://youtu.be/CdOmDqkxuq4
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdOmDqkxuq4&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmj
VcJqJSOeGOE&index=2

• Electromagnetics – Differential Vectors

LINK 1: https://youtu.be/2lLB93pZjQo
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lLB93pZjQo&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVc
JqJSOeGOE&index=3

THEN, read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H.
Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck
✓ Section 3.6 : The vector operator ∇ and the divergence theorem
✓ Section 7.3 : Curl
✓ Section 7.4 : Stokes’ Theorem

THEN, study the following examples the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William
H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck
✓ Example 1.1
✓ Example 1.2
✓ Example 1.3
✓ Example 1.4
✓ Example 3.5
✓ Example 7.2
✓ Example 7.3

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/19b9YnBsksU0gqI0oRVrlMFFPnyoT1fzY/view

SUMMARY (after doing one or both of the course options stated above!)

7
INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR ANALYSIS

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
 *** END OF SUMMARY ***

Assessment:
✓ Answer Exercise 1.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

18
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 1.1
INTRODUCTION TO VECTOR ANALYSIS

"The measure of a man's real character is what he would do it he knew he

would never be found out."

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s).

1. Given the vectors M = −10ax + 4ay − 8az and N = 8ax + 7ay − 2az , find:
(a) a unit vector in the direction of −M + 2N
(b) the magnitude of 5ax + N − 3M
(c) |M||2N|(M + N).

2. The vector from the origin to point A is given as (6,−2,−4), and the unit vector directed from
the origin toward point B is (2,−2, 1)/3. If points A and B are ten units apart, find the
coordinates of point B.

3. A vector field is specified as G = (24xy) ax + 12(x^2 + 2)ay + (18 z^2)az. Given two points,
P(1, 2,−1) and Q(−2, 1, 3), find:
(a) G at P
(b) a unit vector in the direction of G at Q
(c) a unit vector directed from Q toward P
(d) the equation of the surface on which |G| = 60.

4. A field is given as G = [25/(x^2 + y^2)](xax + yay ). Find:

(a) a unit vector in the direction of G at P(3, 4,−2)
(b) the angle between G and ax at P
(c) the value of the following double integral on the plane y = 7.

5. Given the points M(0.1,−0.2,−0.1), N (−0.2, 0.1, 0.3), and P(0.4, 0, 0.1), find:
(a) the vector RM N; (b) the dot product RM N · RM P
(b) the scalar projection of RM N on RM P
(c) the angle between RM N and RM P .

6. Find the following:

(a) the vector component of F = 10ax − 6ay + 5az that is parallel to G = 0.1ax + 0.2ay +
0.3az
(b) the vector component of F that is perpendicular to G
(c) the vector component of G that is perpendicular to F.

19
7. Do the following:
(a) Express the field D = (x^2 + y^2)-1(xax + yay) in cylindrical components and cylindrical
variables.
(b) Evaluate D at the point where ρ = 2, φ = 0.2π, and z = 5, expressing the result in
cylindrical and rectangular components.

8. Express in cylindrical components:

(a) the vector from C(3, 2,−7) to D(−1, −4, 2)
(b) a unit vector at D directed toward C; (c) a unit vector at D directed toward the origin.

9. Given point P (r = 0.8, θ = 30◦, φ = 45◦) and E = 1/r2 [cos φ ar + (sin φ/ sin θ) aφ], find:
(a) E at P
(b) |E| at P
(c) a unit vector in the direction of E at P.

10. Express the unit vector ax in spherical components at the point:

(a) r = 2, θ = 1 rad, φ = 0.8 rad
(b) x = 3, y = 2, z = −1
(c) ρ = 2.5, φ = 0.7 rad, z = 1.5.

20
 COURSE TOPIC 2: COULOMB’S LAW AND ELECTRIC FIELD
INTENSITY
Overview:
Congratulations! You already finished our first lesson which aims to prepare you to do
computations related to electromagnetics. Hopefully, you are now ready to apply those in doing
computations!

In this lesson, the first important concept included is the very popular Coulomb’s law. This
law is one of the most important law under electrostatics that any electronics and electrical
engineering student like you must understand. This law is used in determining the force of repulsion
or attraction experienced by a charge due to other charged particles affecting it. A good
understanding of the concepts and equations from this law will make it easier for you to do
computations related to force on charges, which, is one of the primary objective that you are
expected to achieve at the end of this course.

After Coulomb’s Law, concepts and equations related to electric field will be next. Electric
field, electrostatic field, sometimes called dielectric field, like electrostatic force is very fundamental
to charges, therefore it is highly recommended that you exert your very best effort to gain an
excellent understanding about electric field concepts and equations. An excellent understanding of
Coulomb’s law concept and equations can help you easily understand this one.

After you understand the concept of Coulombs Law and electric field, charge distributions,
and the concepts of streamlines were included in this lesson for you to be familiarize with the
concepts and equations related to these topics. A good understanding of these concepts and
equations will make it easier for you to understand the lessons that will follow.

Since this lesson involves many not-so-basic mathematical equations, it is suggested that
you study the materials, with a pen and paper for you to be able to write while studying the derivation
of equations and solutions to examples presented. Doing the computations and derivations of
equations hands-on will help you in effectively studying the topics included in this lesson.

At the end of this material, exercises were included. These exercises will help you practice
applying the concepts and equations you learned on the learning materials. It is required that you
do these exercises honestly for you to effectively evaluate yourself regarding on your level of
understanding of the topics included in the lesson.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Gain a sufficient understanding of Coulomb’s law in relation to electric charges.
• Be able to apply Coulomb’s law in solving computations related to electric charges.
• Gain a sufficient understanding about the concept of electric field.
• Be able to compute electric field intensity for various scenarios.
• Gain a sufficient understanding of the different charge distributions.
• Gain a sufficient understanding of the concepts of streamlines.

21
Course Materials:
NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both (depending
on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt, Jr.
and John A. Buck
✓ Section 2.1 : The Experimental Law Of Coulomb
✓ Section 2.2 : Electric Field Intensity
✓ Section 2.3 : Field Arising From A Continuous Volume Charge Distribution
✓ Section 2.4 : Field Of A Line Charge
✓ Section 2.5 : Field Of A Sheet Of Charge
✓ Section 2.6 : Streamlines And Sketches Of Fields

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics – Coulomb’s Law
LINK 1: https://youtu.be/RyLCbbemMzQ
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyLCbbemMzQ&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkm
jVcJqJSOeGOE&index=4

• Electromagnetics – Charge Distributions

LINK 1: https://youtu.be/-icBUU5vLE0
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
icBUU5vLE0&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVcJqJSOeGOE&index=5

THEN, study the following examples the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William
H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck
✓ Example 2.1
✓ Example 2.2
✓ Example 2.3

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/19b9YnBsksU0gqI0oRVrlMFFPnyoT1fzY/view

SUMMARY (after doing one or both of the course options stated above)

COULOMB’S LAW AND ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY

22
23
24
25
26
27
 ***END OF SUMMARY***

Assessment:
✓ Answer Exercise 2.1. (Attached in this Instructional Material)

28
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 2.1
COULOMB’S LAW AND ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY

Rather fail with honor than succeed by fraud.

– Sophocles

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s).

1. Calculate the electrostatic force (absolute value only) of repulsion between two α-particles
when at a distance of 10^-3 m from each other. Charge of an α-particle is 3.2x10^-19 C. If
mass of each particle is 6.68x10^-27 N-m2/kg2.

2. Three point charges are placed on the x-axis as shown in the figure. Find the net force on
the 5𝜇𝐶 charge due to the two other charges.

3. Three charges are placed on three corners of a square, as shown in the figure. Each side
of the square is 30 cm. What would be the absolute value of force on a +6.0 𝜇𝐶 charge
placed at the vacant corner?

4. Three point charges are positioned in the x-y plane as follows: 5 nC at y = 5 cm, −10 nC at
y = −5 cm, and 15 nC at x = −5 cm. Find the required x-y coordinates of a 20-nC fourth
charge that will produce a zero electric field at the origin.

5. Point charges of 1 nC and −2 nC are located at (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1), respectively, in free
space. Determine the vector force acting on each charge.

6. Point charges of 50 nC each are located at A(1, 0, 0), B(−1, 0, 0), C(0, 1, 0), and D(0,−1, 0)
in free space. Find the total force on the charge at A.

29
7. A charge QA = −20 μC is located at A(−6, 4, 7), and a charge QB = 50μC is at B(5, 8,−2) in
free space. If distances are given in meters, find:
(a) RAB
(b) |RAB|
(c) Determine the vector force exerted on QA by QB if ϵ0 = 8.854 × 10−12 F/m.

8. A point charge of 10^-9 C is placed at a point A in free space. Calculate the intensity of
electrostatic field at a distance 5 cm from point A.

9. A charge of −0.3μC is located at A(25,−30, 15) (in cm), and a second charge of 0.5μC is at
B(−10, 8, 12) cm. Find E at:
(a) the origin
(b) P (15, 20, 50) cm.

10. Calculate the total charge within each of the indicated volumes:
1
(a) 0.1 ≤ |x|, |y|, |z| ≤ 0.2: 𝜌𝑣 = 𝑥 3 𝑦3 𝑧3
(b) 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.1, 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, 2 ≤ z ≤ 4; 𝜌𝑣 = 𝜌2 𝑧 2 sin 0.6𝜑

11. A charge Q0 located at the origin in free space produces a field for which Ez = 1 kV/m at
point P(−2, 1,−1).
(a) Find Q0 ;
(b) . Find E at M(1, 6, 5) in rectangular coordinates;
(c) . Find E at M(1, 6, 5) in cylindrical coordinates;
(d) . Find E at M(1, 6, 5) in spherical coordinates.

12. A uniform volume charge density of 0.2 μC/m^3 is present throughout the spherical shell
extending from r = 3 cm to r = 5 cm. If ρν = 0 elsewhere, find the total charge present
throughout the shell.

13. A spherical volume having a 2-μm radius contains a uniform volume charge density of 10^15
C/m^3. What total charge is enclosed in the spherical volume?

14. A uniform line charge of 16 nC/m is located along the line defined by y = −2, z = 5. If 𝜖 = 𝜖0
, find E at P(1, 2, 3).

15. A uniform line charge of 2μC/m is located on the z axis. Find E in rectangular coordinates
at P(1, 2, 3) if the charge exists from −4 ≤ z ≤ 4.

30
COURSE TOPIC 3: ELECTRIC FLUX, GAUSS’ LAW, AND DIVERGENCE

Overview:
After drawing a few of the fields described in the previous lessons and becoming familiar
with the concept of the streamlines that show the direction of the force on a test charge at every
point, it is difficult to avoid giving these lines a physical significance and thinking of them as flux
lines. No physical particle is projected radially outward from the point charge, and there are no steel
tentacles reaching out to attract or repel an unwary test charge, but as soon as the streamlines are
drawn on paper there seems to be a picture showing “something” is present.
It is very helpful to invent an electric flux that streams away symmetrically from a point
charge and is coincident with the streamlines and to visualize this flux wherever an electric field is
present.
This lesson introduces and uses the concept of electric flux and electric flux density to again
solve several of the problems presented in previous lesson. The work here turns out to be much
easier, and this is due to the extremely symmetrical problems that we are solving.
Again, since this lesson involves mathematical equations and computations, it is highly
suggested that you study the derivation of equations and solutions to examples hands-on (doing
the computations and equations using pen and paper) to effectively understand them.
At the end of this material, exercises were included. These exercises will help you practice
applying the concepts and equations you learned on the learning materials. It is required that you
do these exercises honestly for you to effectively evaluate yourself regarding on your level of
understanding of the topics included in the lesson.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Gain a sufficient understanding about the concept of Electric flux and Flux density
• Understand the different equations used in calculating the value of Flux density
• Be able to do computations related to Electric Flux and Flux Density
• Understand the concept of Gauss’ Law
• Be able to apply Gauss’ Law in computations related to charge quantities
• Understand the concept of divergence
• Understand the concept of Divergence Theorem
• Understand the del operator (∇ )
• Be able to do computations related to divergence

Course Materials:
NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both (depending
on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt, Jr.
and John A. Buck

31
 ✓ Section 3.1 : Electric Flux Density
✓ Section 3.2 : Gauss’s Law
✓ Section 3.3 : Application Of Gauss’s Law: Some Symmetrical Charge Distributions
✓ Section 3.4 : Application Of Gauss’s Law: Differential Volume Element
✓ Section 3.5 : Divergence And Maxwell’s First Equation
✓ Section 3.6 : The Vector Operator ∇ And The Divergence Theorem

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics – Electric Flux
LINK 1: https://youtu.be/QOu2sPvp0rI
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOu2sPvp0rI&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjV
cJqJSOeGOE&index=6

• Electromagnetics – Gauss’s Law

LINK 1: https://youtu.be/llDikAHuoDk
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llDikAHuoDk&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVc
JqJSOeGOE&index=7

• Electromagnetics – Divergence Theorem

LINK 1: https://youtu.be/u_oii6BFPPw
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_oii6BFPPw&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjV
cJqJSOeGOE&index=8

THEN, study the following examples the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William
H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck
✓ Example 3.1
✓ Example 3.2
✓ Example 3.3
✓ Example 3.4
✓ Example 3.5

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/19b9YnBsksU0gqI0oRVrlMFFPnyoT1fzY/view

SUMMARY (after doing one or both of the course options stated above!)

ELECTRIC FLUX, GAUSS’ LAW, AND DIVERGENCE

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
 *** END OF SUMMARY ***

Assessment:
✓ Answer Exercise 3.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

40
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 3.1
ELECTRIC FLUX, GAUSS’ LAW, AND DIVERGENCE

Integrity is doing the right thing even when no one is watching.

- C.S. Lewis

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s).

5𝑧 2
1. An electric field in free space is 𝑬 = ( 𝜖 ) 𝒂𝒛 V/m. Find the total charge contained within a
0
cube, centered at the origin, of 4-m side length, in which all sides are parallel to coordinate
axes (and therefore each side intersects an axis at ±2).

2. Given a 60-μC point charge located at the origin, find the total electric flux passing through:
(a) that portion of the sphere r = 26 cm bounded by 0 < θ <π/2 and 0 < φ <π/2;
(b) the closed surface defined by ρ = 26 cm and z = ±26 cm;
(c) the plane z = 26 cm.

3. The cylindrical surface 𝜌 = 8 𝑐𝑚 cmcontains the surface charge density, 𝜌𝑆 =

5𝑒 −20|𝑧| nC/m2.
(a) What is the total amount of charge present?
(b) How much electric flux leaves the surface ρ= 8 cm, 1 cm< z < 5 cm, 30◦ < φ < 90◦?

4. A point charge of 0.25 μC is located at r = 0, and uniform surface charge densities are
located as follows: 2 mC/m^2 at r = 1 cm, and −0.6 mC/m^2 at r = 1.8 cm. Calculate D at:
(a) r = 0.5 cm;
(b) r = 1.5 cm;
(c) r = 2.5 cm.
(d) What uniform surface charge density should be established at r = 3 cm to cause D = 0
at r = 3.5 cm?

5𝑧 3
5. An electric field in free space is 𝑬 = ( ) 𝒂𝒛 V/m. Find the total charge contained within a
𝜖0
sphere of 3-m radius, centered at the origin.

6. Calculate D in rectangular coordinates at point P(2,−3, 6) produced by:

(a) a point charge QA = 55 mC at Q(−2, 3,−6);
(b) a uniform line charge 𝜌𝐿𝐵 = 20 mC/m on the x axis;
(c) a uniform surface charge density 𝜌𝑆𝐶 = 120 μC/m2 on the plane z = −5 m.

7. Volume charge density is located in free space as 𝜌𝑣 = 2𝑒 −1000𝑟 nC/m^3 for 0 < r < 1 mm,
and 𝜌𝑣 = 0 elsewhere.

41
 (a) Find the total charge enclosed by the spherical surface r = 1 mm.
(b) By using Gauss’s law, calculate the value of Dr on the surface r = 1 mm.

8. Given the electric flux density, 𝑫 = 0.3𝑟 2 𝒂𝒓 nC/m2 in free space:

(a) find E at point P(r = 2, θ = 25◦, φ = 90◦);
(b) find the total charge within the sphere r = 3;
(c) find the total electric flux leaving the sphere r = 4.

9. A uniform volume charge density of 80 μC/m^3 is present throughout the region 8 mm < r <
10 mm. Let 𝜌𝑣 = 0 for 0 < r < 8 mm.
(a) Find the total charge inside the spherical surface r = 10 mm.
(b) Find Dr at r = 10 mm.
(c) If there is no charge for r > 10 mm, find Dr at r = 20 mm.

10. In free space, let 𝑫 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 4 𝒂𝒙 + 4𝑥 2 𝑧 4 𝒂𝒚 + 16𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 𝒂𝒛 pC/m^2.

(a) Find the total electric flux passing through the rectangular surface z = 2, 0 < x < 2, 1 < y
< 3, in the az direction.
(b) Find E at P(2,−1, 3).
(c) Find an approximate value for the total charge contained in an incremental sphere
located at P(2,−1, 3) and having a volume of 10−12 m^3.

11. In each of the following parts, find a numerical value for div D at the point specified:
(a) 𝐷 = (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦 2 )𝒂𝒙 + (𝑥 2 𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝒂𝒚 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝒂𝒛 𝐶/𝑚2 at PA(2, 3,−1);
(b) 𝐷 = (2𝜌𝑧 2 sin2 ∅)𝒂𝝆 + (𝜌𝑧 2 sin 2∅)𝒂∅ + (2𝜌𝑧 2 sin2 ∅) 𝒂𝒛 𝐶/𝑚2 at PB (ρ = 2, φ = 110◦, z =
−1)

12. Find a numerical value for div D at the point specified: D = 2r sin θ cos φ ar + r cos θ cos φ
aθ − r sin φ aφ C/m2 at PC (r = 1.5, θ = 30◦, φ = 50◦).

42
 COURSE TOPIC 4: ENERGY AND POTENTIAL

Overview:
On previous lessons you became acquainted with Coulomb’s law and its use in finding the
electric field about several simple distributions of charge, and also with Gauss’s law and its
application in determining the field about some symmetrical charge arrangements. The use of
Gauss’s law was invariably easier for these highly symmetrical distributions because the problem
of integration always disappeared when the proper closed surface was chosen.

However, if you had attempted to find a slightly more complicated field, such as that of two
unlike point charges separated by a small distance, you would have found it impossible to choose
a suitable Gaussian surface and obtain an answer. Coulomb’s law, however, is more powerful and
enables you to solve problems for which Gauss’s law is not applicable. The application of Coulomb’s
law is laborious, detailed, and often quite complex, the reason for this being precisely the fact that
the electric field intensity, a vector field, must be found directly from the charge distribution. Three
different integrations are needed in general, one for each component, and the resolution of the
vector into components usually adds to the complexity of the integrals.

Certainly it would be desirable if you could find some as yet undefined scalar function with
a single integration and then determine the electric field from this scalar by some simple
straightforward procedure, such as differentiation.

This scalar function does exist and is known as the potential or potential field. You shall find
that it has a very real physical interpretation and is more familiar to most of us than is the electric
field which it will be used to find. After the completion of this lesson, you are expected, then, to be
equipped with a third method of finding electric fields—a single scalar integration, although not
always as simple as we might wish, followed by a pleasant differentiation.

Like the previous lessons, this involves mathematical equations and computations,
therefore, it is highly suggested that you study the derivation of equations and solutions to examples
hands-on (doing the computations and equations using pen and paper) to effectively understand
them.
At the end of this material, you will find exercises for you to work on. These exercises will
help you practice applying the concepts and equations you learned on the learning materials. It is
required that you do this exercises honestly for you to effectively evaluate yourself regarding on
your level of understanding of the topics included in the lesson.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Gain a sufficient understanding about the concept of electrostatic energy and electrostatic
potential
• Understand the concept and be able to compute line integral computations in relation to
work done in moving charges

43
 • Understand the different equations used in computations relating to work done in moving
charges, electrostatics energy, electrostatic potential, potential gradient, and potential
difference
• Be able to perform computations related to work done in moving charges, electrostatics
energy, electrostatic potential, potential gradient, and potential difference

Course Materials:
NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both (depending
on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt, Jr.
and John A. Buck
✓ Section 4.1 : Energy Expended In Moving A Point Charge In An Electric Field
✓ Section 4.2 : The Line Integral
✓ Section 4.3 : Definition Of Potential Difference And Potential
✓ Section 4.4 : The Potential Field Of A Point Charge
✓ Section 4.5 : The Potential Field Of A System Of Charges: Conservative Property
✓ Section 4.6 : Potential Gradient
✓ Section 4.7 : The Electric Dipole
✓ Section 4.8 : Energy Density In The Electrostatic Field

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics – Electric Potential
LINK 1: https://youtu.be/8uHplivf1CE
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uHplivf1CE&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVc
JqJSOeGOE&index=9

• Electromagnetics – Electric Potential Field

LINK 1: https://youtu.be/u-r-P5H16gs
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-r-
P5H16gs&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVcJqJSOeGOE&index=10

• Electromagnetics – Electric Potential and Electric Field

LINK 1: https://youtu.be/VABtj0vGBL8
LINK 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VABtj0vGBL8&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjV
cJqJSOeGOE&index=11

THEN, study the following examples the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William
H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck
✓ Example 4.1

44
 ✓ Example 4.2
✓ Example 4.3
✓ Example 4.4

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/19b9YnBsksU0gqI0oRVrlMFFPnyoT1fzY/view

SUMMARY (after doing one or both of the course options stated above!)

ENERGY AND POTENTIAL

45
46
47
48
49
 *** END OF SUMMARY ***

Assessment:
✓ Answer Exercise 4.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

50
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 4.1
ENERGY AND POTENTIAL

"There is no pillow so soft as a clear conscience."

French Proverb

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s).

1. A point charge of 2 nC is placed at a point A in free space. Compute for the difference of
potential between two points 20 cm and 10 cm away from the charge at A.
1
2. Given the electric field 𝑬 = 𝑧2 (8𝑥𝑦𝑧𝒂𝒙 + 4𝑥 2 𝑧𝒂𝒚 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦𝒂𝒛 ) 𝑉/𝑚 , find the differential
amount of work done in moving a 6-nC charge a distance of 2 μm, starting at P(2,−2, 3) and
proceeding in the direction:
6 3 2
a. 𝒂𝑳 = − 7 𝒂𝒙 + 7 𝒂𝒚 + 7 𝒂𝒛 ;
6 3 2
b. 𝒂𝑳 = 𝒂 − 7 𝒂𝒚
7 𝒙
− 7 𝒂𝒛 ;
3 6
c. 𝒂𝑳 = 𝒂 + 7 𝒂𝒚
7 𝒙

3. Calculate the work done in moving a 4 C charge from B(1, 0, 0) to A(0, 2, 0) along the path
y = 2 − 2x, z = 0 in the field :
(a) 𝑬 = 5𝒂𝒙 V/m ;
(b) 𝑬 = 5𝑥𝒂𝒙 V/m ;
(c) 𝑬 = 5𝑥𝒂𝒙 + 5𝑦𝒂𝒚 V/m

4. An electric field is expressed in rectangular coordinates by 𝑬 = 6𝑥 2 𝒂𝒙 + 6𝑦𝒂𝒚 + 4𝒂𝒛 V/m.

Find:
(a) VMN if points M and N are specified by M(2, 6,−1) and N (−3,−3, 2);
(b) VM if V = 0 at Q(4,−2,−35);
(c) VN if V = 2 at P(1, 2,−4).

5. If we take the zero reference for potential at infinity, find the potential at (0, 0, 2) caused by
this charge configuration in free space
(a) 12 nC/m on the line ρ= 2.5 m, z = 0;
(b) point charge of 18 nC at (1, 2,−1);
(c) 12 nC/m on the line y = 2.5, z = 0, −1.0 < x < 1.0.
100
6. Given the potential field in cylindrical coordinates, 𝑉 = 𝑧2 +1 𝜌 cos 𝜑 V, and point P at ρ = 3
m, φ = 60◦, z = 2 m, find values at P for :
(a) V ;
(b) E ;

51
 (c) E

7. An electric dipole located at the origin in free space has a moment p = 3ax − 2ay + az nC∙m.
(a) Find V at PA(2, 3, 4).
(b) Find V at r = 2.5,θ = 30◦,φ = 40◦.

8. A dipole of moment p = 6az nC∙m is located at the origin in free space.

(a) Find V at P(r = 4, θ = 20◦, φ = 0◦).
(b) Find E at P.

9. Find the energy stored in free space for the region 2 mm < r < 3 mm, 0 < θ < 90◦, 0 < φ <
90◦, given the potential field:
200
(a) 𝑉 = 𝑟 V;
300 cos 𝜃
(b) 𝑉 = V.
𝑟2

10. An electric field in free space is given by E = xax + yay + zaz V/m. Find the work done in
moving a 1 µC charge through this field
(a) from (1, 1, 1) to (0, 0, 0);
(b) from (ρ = 2, φ = 0) to (ρ = 2, φ = 90◦);
(c) from (r = 10,θ = θ0) to (r = 10, θ = θ0 + 180◦).

52
 COURSE TOPIC 5: DIELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Part I

Overview:
After understanding how electric charges travel and behave in a conductor, we will now
proceed how these charges behave in a dielectric. Dielectric, another name for insulator, is known
for its inability to conduct electric current. There is essentially no free charge that will aid the
conduction, which is the opposite of a conductor. However, an application of electric field in such
material can displace the charges lightly that will lead to the formation of ensembles of electric
dipoles. This ability is measured by the relative permittivity, otherwise known as the dielectric
constant (relative to the absolute permittivity or the permittivity of free space).
Dielectric is one of the main components of a capacitor. Capacitor is the device that stores
energy and capacitance is the measure of the ability of any electrical device to store energy. The
understanding of the characteristics and behavior of such device is necessary for it is widely used
in different electronic devices. It is virtually found in every form of electronic circuits from analog
circuits such as amplifiers, power supplies, and signal generators.
In this lecture, we will be covering the nature of dielectric materials and how they function in
a capacitor to enhance its ability to store energy. We will also how to compute for the capacitance
for several cases, including in transmission lines.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Understand the nature of dielectric materials
• Describe how charges behave in a dielectric
• Appreciate Coulomb’s law
• Describe a capacitor and its different constructions
• Appreciate applications of capacitors
• Appreciate Coulomb’s Law
• Define capacitance and state its unit
• Solve for the capacitance for different cases
• Define dielectric strength and state its unit
• Understand how energy is stored in a capacitor
• Solve for the energy stored in a capacitor

Course Materials:

Dielectric materials become polarized in an electric field, with the result that the electric flux density
D is greater than it would be under free-space conditions with the same field intensity.
Upon application of an electric field, the positive charge region moves in the direction of the applied
field and the negative charge region moves in the opposite direction. This displacement can be
represented by electric dipole moment.
Dielectrics may be subdivided into two groups:

53
•Non-Polar: dielectrics that do not possess permanent electric dipole moment. Electric dipole
moments can be induced by placing the materials in an externally applied electric field.
•Polar dielectrics that possess permanent dipole moments which are ordinarily randomly oriented,
but which become more or less oriented by the application of an external electric field. An example
of this type of dielectric is water.
Definitions:
• Polarization – the process of creating or inducing dipoles in a dielectric medium by an
external field
• Polarizability – the ability of dielectric to form instantaneous dipoles. It is a property of
matter
• Polarization vector – it is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume
• Electric Susceptibility (χe) – is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the
degree of polarization of a dielectric material in response to an applied electric field. The
greater the electric susceptibility, the greater the ability of a material to polarize in response
to the field, and thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material (and store energy).
𝝌𝒆 = 𝜺𝒓 − 𝟏

• Permittivity – is the measure of resistance that is encountered when forming an electric

field in a medium. In other words, permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects,
and is affected by, a dielectric medium
𝜺 = 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎 = (𝟏 + 𝝌)𝜺𝟎

• Dielectric Constant or Relative Permittivity – gives a measure of the polarizability of a

material relative to free-space and is defined as the ratio between the permittivity of the
medium to the permittivity of free space.

The capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the charge on either
conductor (or plate) to the magnitude of the potential difference between the conductors.
Capacitance is always a positive quantity and has SI units of farads (F).
𝑸
𝑪=
∆𝑽
Where:
C = capacitance
Q = charge
V = voltage

An air-filled parallel-plate capacitor has a capacitance that is proportional to the area of the plates
and inversely proportional to the separation of the plates.
𝜺𝟎 𝑨
𝑪=
𝒅
Where:
𝜀0 = permittivity of free-space

54
A = area of the plates
d = separation of the plates

When a dielectric material (insulator) completely fills the region between the plates of a capacitor,
the capacitance increases by a factor 𝜀𝑟 . 𝜀𝑟 , called the dielectric constant, is dimensionless and is
characteristic of a particular material.
The electrostatic energy stored in the electrostatic field of a charged capacitor equals the work
done (by a battery or other source) in charging the capacitor from q = 0 to q = Q
𝑸𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑼= = 𝑸∆𝑽 = 𝑪(∆𝑽)𝟐
𝟐𝑪 𝟐 𝟐
Where:
U = electrostatic energy
Q = charge
C = capacitance
V = voltage

The energy density at any point in the electrostatic field of a charged capacitor is proportional to
the square of the electric field intensity at that point. This is true for any electric field, not just that of
a parallel plate capacitor.

55
 𝟏
𝒖𝑬 = 𝜺 𝑬𝟐
𝟐 𝟎
Where:
uE = energy density
E = electric field intensity

An electric dipole consists of two equal magnitude and opposite sign charges separated by
distance 2a.
An electric dipole moment is characterized by a vector p that depends on the value of q and the
distance of separation of the two charges. The direction of the vector p is from the negative charge
to the positive charge.
𝒑 = 𝟐𝒂𝒒
Where:
p = electric dipole moment
q = charge

The net torque on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field can be expressed as a vector product.
The torque will be maximum when the direction of the dipole moment is perpendicular to the
direction of electric field.
𝝉=𝒑×𝑬
Where:
𝜏 = net torque
p = electric dipole moment
E = electric field intensity

The potential energy associated with a dipole-electric field system can be expressed as a dot
product.
𝑼 = −𝒑 ∙ 𝑬
Where:
U = electric potential energy

Polarization P is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume

𝑵𝒑
𝑷 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐶/𝑚2 )
∆𝒗→𝟎 ∆𝒗

Where:
P = polarization
N = number of dipole moments
p = dipole moment
∆𝑣 = volume of region

56
Polarization (Isotropic Material)
𝑷 = 𝝌𝒆 𝜺𝟎 𝑬
Where:
𝝌𝒆 = electric susceptibility (dimensionless)

Electric Flux Density

𝑫 = 𝜺𝒐 𝑬 + 𝑷
Where:
D = electric flux density

Capacitance of a Cylindrical Capacitor

𝟐𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓 𝒍
𝑪=
𝐥𝐧(𝒓𝟐 /𝒓𝟏 )
Where:
l = length
r2 = outer radius
r1 = inner radius

Capacitance of a Spherical Capacitor

𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎
𝑪=
𝟏 𝟏
(𝒓 ) − (𝒓 )
𝟏 𝟐

Where::
r1 = inner radius
r2 = outer radius

Self-Capacitance of a Spherical Conductor

𝑪 = 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝑹
Where:
R = radius

Capacitance with Multiple Dielectric

𝜺𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝜺𝒓𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝑪=
𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓𝟏 𝜺𝒓𝟐 𝑨

57
Where:
𝜺𝒓𝟏 = relative permittivity of first dielectric
𝜺𝒓𝟐 = relative permittivity of second dielectric
d1 = thickness of first dielectric
d2 = thickness of second dielectric

NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both
(depending on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt, Jr.
and John A. Buck
✓ Section 5.6 : Semiconductors
✓ Section 5.7 : The Nature of Dielectric Materials
✓ Section 5.8 : Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials
✓ Section 6.1 : Capacitance Defined
✓ Section 6.2 : Parallel-Plate Capacitor
✓ Section 6.3 : Several Capacitance Examples
✓ Section 6.4 : Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

Read the following from the book Electrical and Electronics Principles and Technology 6th ed.
by John Bird
✓ Section 8.1 : Introduction to Capacitors
✓ Section 8.2 : Electrostatic Field
✓ Section 8.3 : Electric Field Strength
✓ Section 8.4 : Capacitance
✓ Section 8.5 : Capacitors
✓ Section 8.6 : Electric Flux Density
✓ Section 8.7 : Permittivity
✓ Section 8.8 : The Parallel Plate Capacitor
✓ Section 8.9 : Capacitors Connected in Parallel and Series
✓ Section 8.10 : Dielectric Strength
✓ Section 8.11 : Energy Stored in Capacitors

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics – Electric Field in Materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkGT3Wfvxec&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjV
cJqJSOeGOE&index=124
• Electromagnetics – Electric Field in Boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFiqQtelh5g&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVc
JqJSOeGOE&index=13
• Electromagnetics – Capacitors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67Fy3q-
WbRA&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVcJqJSOeGOE&index=14
• Dielectrics in capacitors | Circuits | Physics | Khan Academy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkntp3_cZl4

58
*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bpihrrRBU7wfbZMldtMDU4nBsci4COf2/view
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1boRd3RGDrQDJQVAc6MOy1aMw_oF-XT-F/view

Assesment:
✓ Answer Exercise 5.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

59
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 5.1
DIELECTRIC MATERIALS

Believe you can and you’re halfway there.

-Theodore Roosevelt

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s). For multiple choice
questions, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Find the relative permittivity of the dielectric material present in a parallel-plate capacitor if:
(a) S = 0.28 m2, d = 100 μm, V0 = 12 V, and the capacitor contains 1.5 μJ of energy; (b) the
stored energy density is 200 J/m3, V0 = 150 V, and d = 50 μm; (c) E = 250 kV/m and ρS =
40 μC/m2.

2. RG-59 coaxial cable consists of an inner conductor having radius 0.292 mm, an outer
conductor having radius 1.855 mm, and a polyethylene spacing material having relative
permittivity 2.25. Estimate the capacitance of RG-59 that is 5 m long.

3. In a dielectric material with ∈𝑟 = 3.6, D = 285 nC/m2. Find the magnitudes of E and P where
E is electric field intensity and P is the polarization.

4. Find the polarization P in a dielectric material with ∈𝑟 = 3.6 if D = 3.0 x 10-7a C/m2. Assuming
the material to be homogeneous and isotropic.

5. A parallel-plate capacitor with area 0.40 m2 and separation 5.5 mm contains three dielectrics
with interfaces normal to E and D, as follows: ∈𝑟1 = 3.0, d1 = 1.0 mm; ∈𝑟2 = 4.0, d2 = 2.0
mm; ∈𝑟3 = 6.0, d3 = 2.5 mm. Find the capacitance.

6. (a) Determine the potential difference across a 6 μF capacitor when charged with 7 mC. (b)
Find the charge on a 30 pF capacitor when the voltage applied to it is 4 kV.

7. A 15μF capacitor is charged so that the potential difference between its plates is 1 kV.
Calculate how long the capacitor can provide an average discharge current of 2 mA.

8. A steady current of 17 A flows into a previously uncharged capacitor for 2.5 ms when the
potential difference between the plates is 7 kV. Find the capacitance of the capacitor.

9. Two parallel rectangular plates measuring 40 cm by 40 cm carry an electric charge of 0.2

μC. Calculate the electric flux density. If the plates are spaced 8.5 mm apart and the voltage
between them is 0.30 kV, determine the electric field strength.

60
10. The electric flux density between two plates separated by polystyrene of relative permittivity
2.5 is 5μC/m2. Find the voltage gradient between the plates.

11. A charge of 1.5μC is carried on two parallel rectangular plates, each measuring 60 mm by
80 mm. Calculate the electric flux density. If the plates are spaced 10 mm apart and the
voltage between them is 0.5 kV, determine the electric field strength.

12. (a) A ceramic capacitor has an effective plate area of 8 cm2 separated by 0.05 mm of
ceramic of relative permittivity 120. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor in picofarads.
(b) If the capacitor in part (a) is given a charge of 1.5μC what will be the potential difference
between the plates?

13. Calculate the capacitance per unit length of the cable shown in the figure.

14. Intensity of an electric field (E) depends on distance r, due to a dipole, is related as:
a. E ∝ 1/r
b. E ∝ 1/r2
c. E ∝ 1/r3
d. E ∝ 1/r4

15. The capacity of a parallel plate condenser is 10 μF when the distance between its plates is
8 cm. If the distance between the plates is reduced to 4 cm then the capacity of this parallel
plate condenser will be?

16. A parallel plate condenser with oil between the plates (dielectric constant of oil K = 2) has a
capacitance C. If the oil is removed, then capacitance of the capacitor becomes (express
your answer in terms of C):

17. If the potential of a capacitor having capacity 6 μF is increased from 10 V to 20 V, then

increase in its energy will be:

18. (a) Determine the energy stored in a 5 μF capacitor when charged to 200V. (b) Find also
the average power developed if this energy is dissipated in a time of 15μs.

19. Find the capacitance per unit length between two parallel cylindrical conductors in air, of
radius 1.5 cm and with a center-to-center separation of 85 cm.

61
20. A capacitor, consisting of two metal plates each of area 50 cm2 and spaced 0.2mm apart in
air, is connected across a 120V supply. Calculate (a) the energy stored, (b) the electric flux
density and (c) the potential gradient.

62
 COURSE TOPIC 6: DIELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS – Part II

Overview:
It was not until the early 1800s that the relationship between electricity and magnetism was
established leading to the establishment of what we now know as the electromagnetic theory. Hans
Christian Oersted, through his experiments, was able to demonstrate this relation when the needle
of a compass was deflected by a current-carrying conductor. Andre Ampere recognize that current-
carrying conductors exhibit properties like magnets. But it was Michael Faraday who developed the
present concept of magnetic field. This concept led to the understanding of magnetism and
development of devices such as transformer and electric generators. Initially, these devices
contains ferromagnetic materials that forms the magnetic circuits, or works in conjunction with air.
Now that we understand the principle of dielectrics and its role in capacitors, we will now
move to the magnetic materials. Similar to how an electric field can exert a force to an electric
charge whether it is stationary or moving, steady magnetic field can only do the same for moving
charges. This is reasonable because since magnetic field is produced by moving charges, it may
also exert forces in moving charges.
By understanding the fundamental effects that is produced by magnetic fields, we may now
be able to analyze how these affects different type of magnetic material. This lecture will also
discuss the fundamental principles of magnetism and how a material became magnetic. How a
material remains magnetic even after the removal of the source of the magnetic field will also be
discussed in this section.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Understand that magnetic fields are produced by electric currents
• Appreciate the factors upon which the force on a current-carrying conductor depends
• Appreciate force on a charge in a magnetic field
• Understand the nature and properties of magnetic materials
• Explain how a material is magnetized
• Appreciate the hysteresis loop
• Enumerate the different type of magnets
• Introduce different magnetic quantities

Course Materials:
Magnetism
Magnetism is generally defined as that property of material which enables it to attract pieces of iron.
Natural Magnets (Magnetite or Lodestone)
Magnetic stones such as those found by the ancient Greeks are considered to be natural magnets.
These stones had the ability to attract small pieces of iron in a manner similar to the magnets which
are common today. However, the magnetic properties attributed to the stones were products of
nature and not the result of the efforts of man

63
Artificial Magnets – magnets produced from magnetic materials. Classified as permanent or
temporary.
Permanent Magnets – Magnets made from substances, such as hardened steel and certain alloys
which retain a great deal of their magnetism are called permanent magnet. These materials are
relatively difficult to magnetize because of the opposition offered to the magnetic lines of force as
the lines of force try to distribute themselves throughout the material.
Temporary Magnets – materials that easily lose most of their magnetic strength are called
temporary magnets.
Properties of Magnets

• The magnet has two poles and when it is freely suspended it comes to rest pointing north
and south directions. The ends which points towards north is known as North-seeking pole
and the other which point towards the south is known as the South-seeking pole of the
magnet.
• If a magnet is broken into pieces, each piece becomes an independent magnet.
• A magnet loses its properties when it is heated, hammered, or dropped from a height.
• A magnet can impart its properties to any magnetic material.
Law of Magnetic Poles
The law regarding the attraction and repulsion of charged bodes may also be applied to magnetism
if the pole is considered as a charge.
Theories of Magnetism
1. Weber’s Theory – assumes that all magnetic substances are composed of tiny molecular
magnets.
2. Domain Theory – a more modern theory of magnetism is based on the electron spin
principle.
Domain – the microscopic ordering of electron spins characteristics of ferromagnetic materials
leads to the formation of regions of magnetic alignment called domains.
Classification of Magnetic Materials
1. Ferromagnetic materials. These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys
such as alnico and Permalloy. They become strongly magnetized in the same direction as
the magnetizing field, with high values of permeability from 50 to 5000. Permalloy has a
relative permeability of 100,000 but is easily saturated at relatively low values of flux density.
2. Paramagnetic materials. These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and chromium.
Their permeability is slightly more than 1. They become weakly magnetized in the same
direction as the magnetizing field.
3. Diamagnetic materials. These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold, and
silver. Their permeability is less than 1. They become weakly magnetized but in the direction
opposite from the magnetizing field.
Antiferromagnetic materials – are very similar to ferromagnetic materials but the exchange
interaction between neighboring atom leads to the anti-parallel alignment of the magnetic moments.

64
Therefore, the magnetic field cancels and the material appears to behave in the same way as a
paramagnetic material. In the periodic table the only element exhibiting antiferromagnetism at room
temperature is chromium.
Ferrimagnetism – is only observed in compounds which have more complex crystal structures
than pure elements. Withing these materials the exchange interactions lead to parallel alignment of
atoms in some of the crystal sites and anti-parallel alignment of others. The material breaks down
into magnetic domains, just like a ferromagnetic material and the magnetic behavior is also very
similar, although ferrimagnetic materials usually have lower saturation magnetisations.

65
Magnetic Force

𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗

Where:
F = force
q = charge
v = velocity
B = magnetic field

Electric Force

𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗
Where:
F = force
E = electric field
q = charge

Lorentz Force Law

𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ + 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗

Force on a Differential Current Element

𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝑄𝑣 × 𝐵

Force and Torque on a Closed Circuit

𝐹 = −𝐼𝐵 × ∮ 𝑑𝐿

𝑇 =𝑅×𝐹

NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both
(depending on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt, Jr.
and John A. Buck
✓ Section 8.1 : Force on Moving Charge
✓ Section 8.2 : Force on a Differential Current Element
✓ Section 8.3 : Forces between Differential Current Element
✓ Section 8.4 : Force and Torque on a Closed Circuit
✓ Section 8.5 : The Nature of Magnetic Materials

66
 ✓ Section 8.6 : Magnetization and Permeability
✓ Section 8.7 : Magnetic Boundary Conditions
✓ Section 8.9 : Potential Energy and Forces on Magnetic Materials

Read the following from the book Grob’s Basic Electronics 11th ed. by Mitchel E. Schultz
✓ Section 13-1 : The Magnetic Field
✓ Section 13-2 : The Magnetic Flux
✓ Section 13-3 : Flux Density
✓ Section 13-4 : Induction by the Magnetic Field
✓ Section 13-5 : Air Gap of a Magnet
✓ Section 13-6 : Types of Magnets
✓ Section 13-7 : Ferrites

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics –Magnetic Field in Materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ni9udaRaO-
g&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVcJqJSOeGOE&index=19
• EE3310 Lecture 15: Magnetic Forces https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08DU7nvyXjQ
• EE3310 Lecture 16: Magnetic Materials https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnHx8Vo6FHc

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ryUqYoEM4fYgWcQvcMw8wcwBSH9S1fQf/view

Assessment:
✓ Answer Exercise 6.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

67
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 6.1
MAGNETIC FORCES AND MATERIALS

Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.

-William James

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s). For multiple choice
questions, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. The point charge Q = 36 nC has a velocity of 4.4×106 m/s in the direction aν = 0.60ax
+0.75ay+ 0.30az . Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted on the charge by the field:
(a) B = −3ax +4ay +6az mT; (b) E = −3ax +4ay + 6az kV/m; (c) B and E acting together.

2. A current of 15 A is passing along a straight wire. Calculate the force on a unit magnetic
pole placed 0.15 metre from the wire. If the wire is bent to form into a loop, calculate the
diameter of the loop so as to produce the same force at the centre of the coil upon a unit
magnetic pole when carrying a current of 15 A.

3. A charged particle of mass 3 kg and charge 2 C starts at a point (1, -2, 0) with a velocity of
3ax + 4az m/s in an electric field 10ax + 12 ay V/m. At time t = 1 s, determine (a) The
acceleration of the particle (b) velocity (c) kinetic energy (d) position

4. An electric power line carries a current of 2100 A in a location where the earth's magnetic
field is 7.5 × 10-5 T. The line makes an angle of 60° with respect to the field. Determine the
magnitude of the magnetic force on a 120-m length of line.

5. A conductor 4 m long lies along the y-axis with a current of 10.0 A in the ay direction. Find
the force on the conductor if the field in the region is B = 0.05 ax T.

6. Find the force per unit length on two long, straight, parallel conductors if each carries a
current of 20.0 A in the same direction and the separation distance is 0.10 m.

7. Materials whose permeabilities are slightly greater than that of free space

(a) Paramagnetic
(b) Non- magnetic
(c) Ferromagnetic
(d) Diamagnetic

68
8. Materials that have very high permeabilities (hundreds and even thousands times of that of
free space)
(a) Paramagnetic
(b) Non- magnetic
(c) Ferromagnetic
(d) Diamagnetic

9. Which of the following materials has permeability slightly less than that of free space?
(a) Paramagnetic
(b) Non- magnetic
(c) Ferromagnetic
(d) Diamagnetic

10. It is the product of current and area of the loop and its direction is normal to the loop
(a) Magnetic torque
(b) Magnetic dipole moment
(c) Magnetic force
(d) All of the above

11. What is the unit of magnetization?

(a) Amperes/Henry
(b) Henry/meter
(c) Amperes/meter
(d) Farad/meter

12. The condition in which a substance attracts pieces of iron is known as

(a) Electromagnetism
(b) Electrolysis
(c) Magnetism
(d) Magnetic Induction

13. Is the property of magnetic materials, which retain magnetism after the withdrawal of
magnetizing force.
(a) retentivity
(b) permeability
(c) reluctivity
(d) susceptibility

14. Materials that can be easily magnetized in both directions

(a) soft magnetic materials
(b) hard magnetic materials
(c) diamagnetic
(d) paramagnetic

15. In these materials, the forces between adjacent atoms cause the atomic moments to line up
in an antiparallel fashion.
(a) Ferromagnetic
(b) Ferrimagnetic
(c) Antiferromagnetic
(d) Diamagnetic

69
16. What is the unit of magnetic charge?
(a) Ampere-meter square
(b) Coulomb
(c) Ampere
(d) Ampere-meter

17. Identify the statement that is not true of ferromagnetic materials

(a) They have large
(b) They have fixed value of
(c) Energy loss is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop
(d) They lose their nonlinearity property above the curie temperature

18. Find the magnetization in a magnetic material where: (a) μ = 1.8 × 10−5 H/m and H = 120
A/m; (b) r = 22, there are 8.3×1028 atoms/m3, and each atom has a dipole moment of 4.5 ×
10−27 A·m2; (c) B = 300μT and χm = 15.

19. Two infinite parallel conductors carry parallel currents of 10 amp. each. Find the magnitude
and direction of the force between the conductors per metre length if the distance between
them is 20 cm.

20. The force between two long parallel conductors is 15 kg/metre. The conductor spacing is 10
cm. If one conductor carries twice the current of the other, calculate the current in each
conductor

70
 COURSE TOPIC 7: COUPLED AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS –
Part I

Overview:
Magnetic materials are found in many common devices and mostly rely on it. Popular
examples are relays, computer disk drives, tape recorders, transformers, motors, and generators.
Almost all electric machines utilize magnetic materials for altering the shape and direction of
magnetic fields which are used in transferring and connecting energy. For this reason, it is important
to understand and analyze the different magnetic field quantities.
The term magnetic circuit arises because of its similarity to the dc-resistive-circuit analysis
with which, by now, we must be all familiar. The major difference lies in the nonlinear nature of the
ferromagnetic parts of a magnetic circuit.
In this lecture, we will be familiarized with the different terminologies that is used for
magnetic circuits. By giving the electric equivalence of such terms, particularly the ones used for dc
resistive circuits, we will easily understand how the magnetic circuit works and how it is solved.
Having these fundamental understanding of how a magnetic circuit works will be helpful in
understanding the succeeding lecture regarding the magnetically coupled circuits.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Describe the magnetic field around a permanent magnet
• Define magnetic flux and magnetic flux density, and state their units
• Perform simple calculations involving magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
• Define magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength, and state their units
• Perform calculations involving magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength
• Define reluctance
• Perform calculation on composite series magnetic circuits
• Compare electrical and magnetic quantities

Course Materials:
Magnetic flux is the amount of magnetic field (or the number of lines of force) produced by a
magnetic source. The symbol for magnetic flux is (Greek letter ‘phi’). The unit of magnetic flux is
the weber∗, Wb.
Magnetic flux density is the amount of flux passing through a defined area that is perpendicular
to the direction of the flux. The symbol for magnetic flux density is B. The unit of magnetic flux
density is the tesla∗, T , where 1 T = 1 Wb/m2. Hence
𝛷
𝐵=
𝐴
Where:
B = magnetic flux density
Φ = magnetic flux

71
A = area

Magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) is the cause of the existence of a magnetic flux in a magnetic
circuit
𝑚𝑚𝑓 = 𝑁𝐼 amperes
Where:
mmf = magnetomotive force (Amperes or Ampere-turns)
N = number of turns (or conductors)
I = current (Amperes)

Magnetic field strength (or magnetizing force)

𝑵𝑰
𝑯=
𝒍
Where:
H = magnetic field strength (A/m)
l = mean length of the flux path (m)

For air, or any non-magnetic medium, the ratio of magnetic flux density to magnetizing force is a
constant, i.e. B/H =a constant. This constant is μ0, the permeability of free space (or the magnetic
space constant) and is equal to 4π ×10−7 H/m, i.e. for air, or any non-magnetic medium, the ratio
𝐵
= 𝜇0
𝐻
(Although all non-magnetic materials, including air, exhibit slight magnetic properties, these can
effectively be neglected.) For all media other than free space,
𝐵
= 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟
𝐻
Where:
𝜇𝑟 = relative permeability (unitless) – varies with the type of magnetic material
flux density in material
𝜇𝑟 =
flux density in a vacuum
𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟
Where:
𝜇 = absolute permeability

By plotting measured values of flux density B against magnetic field strength H, a magnetization
curve (or B–H curve) is produced. For non-magnetic materials this is a straight line. Typical curves
for four magnetic materials are shown in Fig. 9.3

72
The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material is proportional to the slope of the B–H curve
and thus varies with the magnetic field strength. The approximate range of values of relative
permeability μr for some common magnetic materials are:

Material Relative Permeability (μr)

Cast iron 100-250

Mild steel 200-800

Silicon iron 1000-5000

Cast steel 300-900

Mumetal 200-5000

73
 Stalloy 500-6000

Reluctance S (or RM) is the ‘magnetic resistance’ of a magnetic circuit to the presence of magnetic
flux. Reluctance,
𝐹𝑀 𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑙 𝑙 1
𝑆= = = = =
𝛷 𝛷 𝐵𝐴 (𝐵/𝐻)𝐴 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴
Where:
S = reluctance (1/H or A/Wb)

For a series magnetic circuit having n parts, the total reluctance S is given by: S = S1+S2+··· +Sn
(This is similar to resistors connected in series in an electrical circuit).

Hysteresis Loop
Let a ferromagnetic material which is completely demagnetized, i.e. one in which B=H =0 be
subjected to increasing values of magnetic field strength H and the corresponding flux density B
measured. The resulting relationship between B and H is shown by the curve 0ab in Fig. 9.9. At a
particular value of H, shown as 0y, it becomes difficult to increase the flux density any further. The
material is said to be saturated. Thus by is the saturation flux density.
If the value of H is now reduced it is found that the flux density follows curve bc. When H is reduced
to zero, flux remains in the iron. This remanent flux density or remanence is shown as 0c in Fig.
9.9. When H is increased in the opposite direction, the flux density decreases until, at a value shown
as 0d, the flux density has been reduced to zero. The magnetic field strength 0d required to remove
the residual magnetism, i.e. reduce B to zero, is called the coercive force.

74
Further increase of H in the reverse direction causes the flux density to increase in the reverse
direction until saturation is reached, as shown by curve de. If H is varied backwards from 0x to 0y,
the flux density follows the curve efgb, similar to curve bcde.
It is seen from Fig. 9.9 that the flux density changes lag behind the changes in the magnetic field
strength. This effect is called hysteresis. The closed figure bcdefgb is called the hysteresis loop
(or the B/H loop).

Hysteresis Loss
A disturbance in the alignment of the domains (i.e. groups of atoms) of a ferromagnetic material
causes energy to be expended in taking it through a cycle of magnetization. This energy appears
as heat in the specimen and is called the hysteresis loss.
The energy loss associated with hysteresis is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop. The
area of a hysteresis loop varies with the type of material. The area, and thus the energy loss, is
much greater for hard materials than for soft materials.

NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both
(depending on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt, Jr.
and John A. Buck
✓ Section 8.8 : The Magnetic Circuit

75
Read the following from the book Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology 6th ed.
by John Bird
✓ Section 9.1 : Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits
✓ Section 9.2 : Magnetic Fields
✓ Section 9.3 : Magnetic Flux and Flux Density
✓ Section 9.4 : Magnetomotive Force and Magnetic Field Strength
✓ Section 9.5 : Permeability and B-H Curves
✓ Section 9.6 : Reluctance
✓ Section 9.7 : Composite Series Magnetic Circuits
✓ Section 9.8 : Comparison between Electrical and Magnetic Quantities
✓ Section 9.9 : Hysteresis and Hysteresis Loss

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics – Magnetic Circuits and Inductance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4ClySQM1Uk&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmj
VcJqJSOeGOE&index=20

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ryUqYoEM4fYgWcQvcMw8wcwBSH9S1fQf/view

Activities/Assessments:
✓ Answer Exercise 7.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

76
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 7.1
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Wisdom is knowing the right path to take. Integrity is taking it.

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s). For multiple choice
questions, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. (a) A 0.750-m-long section of cable carrying current to a car starter motor makes an angle
of 60º with the Earth’s 5.50 × 10−5 T field. What is the current when the wire experiences a
force of 7.00 × 10−3 N? (b) If you run the wire between the poles of a strong horseshoe
magnet, subjecting 5.00 cm of it to a 1.75-T field, what force is exerted on this segment of
wire?

2. What is the flux density in a magnetic field of cross-sectional area 55 cm2 having a flux of 7
mWb?

3. A magnetizing force of 12000 A/m is applied to a circular magnetic circuit of mean radius 20
cm by passing a current through a coil wound on the circuit. If the coil is uniformly wound
around the circuit and has 750 turns, find the current in the coil.

4. The maximum working flux density of a lifting electromagnet is 3.9 T and the effective area
of a pole face is circular in cross-section. If the total magnetic flux produced is 254 mWb,
determine the diameter of the pole face.

5. An iron ring of mean radius 6 cm is uniformly wound with 3400 turns of wire. When a current
of 0.11 A is passed through the coil a flux density of 0.4T is set up in the iron. Find (a) the
magnetizing force and (b) the relative permeability of the iron under these conditions.

6. A current of 5 A is passed through a 1000-turn coil wound on a circular magnetic circuit of

diameter 120 mm. Calculate (a) the magnetomotive force, and (b) the magnetic field
strength.

7. (a) What is the angle between a wire carrying an 8.00-A current and the 1.20-T field it is in
if 50.0 cm of the wire experiences a magnetic force of 2.40 N? (b) What is the force on the
wire if it is rotated to make an angle of 90º with the field?

8. A flux density of 1.2T is produced in a piece of cast steel by a magnetizing force of 1250A/m.
Find the relative permeability of the steel under these conditions.

77
9. (a) Determine the flux density produced in an air-cored solenoid due to a uniform magnetic
field strength of 8000 A/m. (b) Iron having a relative permeability of 150 at 8000A/m is
inserted into the solenoid of part (a). Find the flux density now in the solenoid.

10. A steel ring of mean radius 75 mm is uniformly wound with 1600 turns of wire. When a
current of 0.30A is passed through the coil a flux density of 1.4 T is set up in the steel. Find
the relative permeability of the steel under these conditions.

11. Determine the reluctance of a piece of mumetal of length 300 mm and cross-sectional area
120 in2 when the relative permeability is 4000. Find also the absolute permeability of the
mumetal.

12. A mild steel closed magnetic circuit has a mean length of 75mm and a cross-sectional area
of 320.2 mm2. A current of 0.40A flows in a coil wound uniformly around the circuit and the
flux produced is 200μWb. If the relative permeability of the steel at this value of current is
400, find (a) the reluctance of the material and (b) the number of turns of the coil.

13. A magnetic circuit of cross-sectional area 0.4cm2 consists of one part 3 cm long, of material
having relative permeability 1200, and a second part 2 cm long of material having relative
permeability 750. With a 100-turn coil carrying 2 A, find the value of flux existing in the circuit.

14. Calculate the flux density in Gauss (G) having a flux of 12,000 Mx through a perpendicular
area of 6cm.

15. What force is exerted on the water in an MHD drive utilizing a 25.0-cm-diameter tube, if 100-
A current is passed across the tube that is perpendicular to a 2.00-T magnetic field? (The
relatively small size of this force indicates the need for very large currents and magnetic
fields to make practical MHD drives.)

16. For the series magnetic circuit in the figure, a)Find the value of I required to develop a
magnetic flux of b)Determine and for the material under these conditions.

17. The energy in a magnetic material is due to which process?

(a) Emf (c) Magnetostriction
(b) Magnetization (d) Polarization
18. Ampere turn is equivalent to which element?
(a) Sφ (c) φ/S
(b) S/φ (d) S

78
19. The ratio between the intensity of magnetization produced in a substance to the magnetizing
force producing it:
(a) Magnetic Reluctivity
(b) Magnetic Resistivity
(c) Magnetic Susceptibility
(d) Magnetic Conductivity

20. The magnetic energy of a magnetic material is given by

(a) BH/2
(b) B/2H
(c) H/2B
(d) B/H

79
 COURSE TOPIC 8: COUPLED AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS – Part II

Overview:
The circuits that we discussed in our DC circuits class is regarded as conductively coupled,
because different loops affect their neighboring loop by current conduction. However, when two
loops with or without contacts between them can affect one another through the magnetic field
generated by any of their components, they are regarded to be magnetically coupled.
Transformer is an electrical device designed based on the concept of magnetic coupling.
It utilizes coils that are magnetically coupled in transferring energy from one circuit to another. In
power systems, they are used for stepping up or stepping down AC currents or voltages. They
are also found in different electronic circuits such as radio and television receivers for impedance
matching or isolating one part of a circuit from another.
In this lecture, we will be covering the concept of inductance and mutual inductance, and
the different laws that governs the transfer of power between coupled circuits, an example of
which is Law of Electromagnetic Induction. This will also cover how energy is stored in device that
exhibits an inductance, the inductor. Also, since transformer is an example that exhibits magnetic
coupling, we will discuss it as well including its principles of operation.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Define inductance and state its unit
• Define mutual inductance and its working principle
• Appreciate factors which affect the inductance of an inductor
• Calculate the induced emf given N, t, L, change of flux or change of current
• Calculate the energy stored in an inductor
• Calculate inductance of a coil
• Calculate mutual inductance
• Understand the principle of operation of a transformer
• Describe the transformer construction
• Calculate the relations of voltage, current, power and resistance in the transformer
• Describe and auto transformer, its advantages and disadvantages and uses
• Describe the uses of transformer

Course Materials:
Conductively coupled circuit means that one loop affects the neighboring loop through current
conduction.
Magnetically coupled circuit means that two loops, with or without contacts between them,
affect each other through the magnetic field generated by one of them.
Based on the concept of magnetic coupling, the transformer is designed for stepping up or down
ac voltages or currents.

80
Mutual Inductance
When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic flux caused by
current in one coil links with the other coil, thereby inducing voltage in the latter. This phenomenon
is known as mutual inductance.
According to Faraday’s law, the voltage v induced in the coil is proportional to the number of turns
N and the time rate of change of the magnetic flux Φ; that is,
𝑑𝛷
𝑣=𝑁 (8.1)
𝑑𝑡
But the flux φ is produced by current i so that any change in φ is caused by a change in the
current. Hence,
𝑑𝛷 𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝑁 (8.2)
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑡
Or
𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿 (8.3)
𝑑𝑡
which is the voltage-current relationship for the inductor. For equation 8.2 and 8.3, the inductance
L of the inductor is thus given by
𝑑𝛷
𝐿=𝑁 (8.4)
𝑑𝑖
This inductance is commonly called self-inductance, because it relates the voltage induced in a
coil by a time-varying current in the same coil.
Now consider two coils with self-inductances L1 and L2 that are in close proximity with each other
(Fig. 13.2). Coil 1 has N1 turns, while coil 2 has N2 turns. For the sake of simplicity, assume that
the second inductor carries no current. The magnetic flux φ1 emanating from coil 1 has two
components: one component φ11 links only coil 1, and another component φ12 links both coils.
Hence,
𝛷1 = 𝛷11 + 𝛷12 (8.5)
Although the two coils are physically separated, they are said to be magnetically coupled. Since
the entire flux φ1 links coil 1, the voltage induced in coil 1 is
𝑑𝛷1
𝑣1 = 𝑁1 (8.6)
𝑑𝑡
Only flux φ_12 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is
𝑑𝛷12
𝑣2 = 𝑁2 (8.7)
𝑑𝑡

81
Again, as the fluxes are caused by the current i1 flowing in coil 1, Eq. (8.6) can be written as:
𝑑𝛷1 𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑖1
𝑣1 = 𝑁1 = 𝐿1 (8.8)
𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Similarly, equation (8.7) can be written as:
𝑑𝛷12 𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑖1
𝑣2 = 𝑁2 = 𝑀21 (8.9)
𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Where
𝑑𝛷12
𝑀21 = 𝑁2 (8.10)
𝑑𝑖1
M21 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1. Subscript 21 indicates that
the inductanceM21 relates the voltage induced in coil 2 to the current in coil 1. Thus, the open-
circuit mutual voltage (or induced voltage) across coil 2 is:
𝑑𝑖1
𝑣2 = 𝑀21 (8.11)
𝑑𝑡
Like self-inductance L, mutual inductance, M is measured in henrys (H). Keep in mind that mutual
coupling only exists when the inductors or coils are in close proximity, and the circuits are driven
by time-varying sources. We recall that inductors act like short circuits to dc.
Although mutual inductance M is always a positive quantity, the mutual voltage M di/dt may be
negative or positive, just like the self-induced voltage Ldi/dt. However, unlike the self-induced L
di/dt, whose polarity is determined by the reference direction of the current and the reference
polarity of the voltage (according to the passive sign convention), the polarity of mutual voltage M
di/dt is not easy to determine, because four terminals are involved. The choice of the correct
polarity for M di/dt is made by examining the orientation or particular way in which both coils are
physically wound and applying Lenz’s law in conjunction with the right-hand rule. Since it is
inconvenient to show the construction details of coils on a circuit schematic, we apply the dot
convention in circuit analysis. By this convention, a dot is placed in the circuit at one end of each
of the two magnetically coupled coils to indicate the direction of the magnetic flux if current enters
that dotted terminal of the coil. This is illustrated in Fig. 13.4. Given a circuit, the dots are already

82
placed beside the coils so that we need not bother about how to place them. The dots are used
along with the dot convention to determine the polarity of the mutual voltage. The dot convention
is stated as follows:
If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the mutual voltage in
the second coil is positive at the dotted terminal of the second coil.
Alternatively,
If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the mutual voltage in
the second coil is negative at the dotted terminal of the second coil.

Thus, the reference polarity of the mutual voltage depends on the reference direction of the
inducing current and the dots on the coupled coils.

83
Energy in a Coupled Circuit

Coupling Coefficient

84
Linear Transformers
A transformer is a magnetic device that takes advantage of the phenomenon of mutual
inductance.
A transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two (or more) magnetically coupled
coils.
As shown in Fig. 13.19, the coil that is directly connected to the voltage source is called the
primary winding. The coil connected to the load is called the secondary winding. The resistances
R1 and R2 are included to account for the losses (power dissipation) in the coils. The transformer
is said to be linear if the coils are wound on a magnetically linear material—a material for which
the magnetic permeability is constant. Such materials include air, plastic, Bakelite, and wood. In
fact, most materials are magnetically linear. Linear transformers are sometimes called air-core
transformers, although not all of them are necessarily air-core. They are used in radio and TV
sets.

85
Ideal Transformers
An ideal transformer is one with perfect coupling (k = 1). It consists of two (or more) coils with a
large number of turns wound on a common core of high permeability. Because of this high
permeability of the core, the flux links all the turns of both coils, thereby resulting in a perfect
coupling.
Characteristics of Ideal Transformers
1. Coils have very large reactance. (L1, L2, M ~ infinity)
2. Coupling coefficient is equal to unity. (k = 1)
Primary and secondary are lossless. (series resistances R1= R2= 0)

Types of Transformers
Let n be the turns ratio (n = # of secondary turns / # of primary turns)
1. If n = 1, we generally call the transformer an isolation transformer

86
 2. If n > 1, we have a step-up transformer (V2 > V1)
3. If n < 1, we have a step-down transformer (V2 < V1)

Applications of Transformers

• To step up or step down voltage and current (useful for power transmission and
distribution).
• To isolate one portion of a circuit from another.
• As an impedance matching device for maximum power transfer.
• Frequency-selective circuits.

NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both
(depending on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt,
Jr. and John A. Buck
✓ Section 8.10 : Inductance and Mutual Inductance

Read the following from the book Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology 6th
ed. by John Bird
✓ Section 11.1 : Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction
✓ Section 11.2 : Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
✓ Section 11.3 : Rotation of a Loop in a Magnetic Field
✓ Section 11.4 : Inductance
✓ Section 11.5 : Inductors
✓ Section 11.6 : Energy Stored
✓ Section 11.7 : Inductance of a Coil
✓ Section 11.8 : Mutual Inductance
✓ Section 24.1 : Introduction to Transformers
✓ Section 24.2 : Transformer Principle of Operation
✓ Section 24.4 : EMF Equation of a Transformer
✓ Section 24.6 : Transformer Construction
✓ Section 24.7 : Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
✓ Section 24.9 : Transformer Losses and Efficiency
✓ Section 24.11: Auto transformers

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

• Electromagnetics – Magnetic Circuits and Inductance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4ClySQM1Uk&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmk
mjVcJqJSOeGOE&index=20
• Inductors Explained – The basics how inductors work working principle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSylo01n5FY

87
 • Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance Explained
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoTInTKij0o
• How does a Transformer work – Working Principle electrical engineering
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UchitHGF4n8&list=PLWv9VM947MKi_7yJ0_FCfzTB
XpQU-Qd3K&index=8
• Transformers Physics Problems – Voltage, Current & Power Calculations –
Electromagnetic Induction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJm-FOMeG4E

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ryUqYoEM4fYgWcQvcMw8wcwBSH9S1fQf/view

Assessments:
✓ Answer Exercise 8.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

88
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 8.1
MAGNETICALLY-COUPLED CIRCUITS

A river cuts through a rock not because of its power but its persistence.

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s). For multiple choice
questions, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. The field winding of a d.c. electromagnet is wound with 1200 turns and has resistance of
40 Ω when the exciting voltages is 240 V, the magnetic flux linking the coil is 0.01 Wb.
Calculate the self-inductance of the coil and the energy stored in the magnetic field.

2. An iron ring 20 cm mean radius is made of square of iron of 3 cm × 3 cm cross-section

and is uniformly wound with 350 turns of wire of 2 mm2 cross-section. Calculate the value
of the self-inductance of the coil. Assume μr = 800.

3. An iron rod, 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long is bent into a closed ring and is wound with
3000 turns of wire. It is found that when a current of 0.5 A is passed through this coil, the
flux density in the coil is 0.5 Wb/m2. Assuming that all the flux is linked with every turn of
the coil, what is (a) the B/H ratio for the iron (b) the inductance of the coil? What voltage
would be developed across the coil if the current through the coil is interrupted and the
flux in the iron falls to 10 % of its former value in 0.001 second?

4. If a coil of 150 turns is linked with a flux of 0.01 Wb when carrying a current of 10 A ;
calculate the inductance of the coil. If this current is uniformly reversed in 0.1 second,
calculate the induced e.m.f. If a second coil of 100 turns is uniformly wound over the first
coil, find the mutual inductance between the coils.

5. Two identical 750 turn coils A and B lie in parallel planes. A current changing at the rate
of 1500 A/s in A induces an e.m.f. of 11.25 V in B. Calculate the mutual inductance of the
arrangement. If the self-inductance of each coil is 15 mH, calculate the flux produced in
coil A per ampere and the percentage of this flux which links the turns of B.

6. Two similar coils have a coupling coefficient of 0.25. When they are connected in series
cumulatively, the total inductance is 80 mH. Calculate the self inductance of each coil.
Also calculate the total inductance when the coils are connected in series differentially.

7. When the current in the primary coil of 400 turns of a magnetic circuit, increases linearly
from 10mA to 35mA in 100ms, an e.m.f. of 75mV is induced into the secondary coil of 240
turns, which is left open circuited. Determine (a) the mutual inductance of the two coils,
(b) the reluctance of the former, and (c) the self-inductance of the secondary coil.

89
8. An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120 V, 9.6 kVA, and has 50 turns on the secondary
side. Calculate: (a) the turns ratio, (b) the number of turns on the primary side, and (c) the
current ratings for the primary and secondary windings.

9. Calculate the power supplied to the 10-ohm resistor in the ideal transformer circuit.

10. A 4.5kVA
single-
phase
transformer has a turns ratio of 12:1 and is fed from a 3 kV supply. Neglecting losses,
determine (a) the full load secondary current, (b) the minimum load resistance which can
be connected across the secondary winding to give full load kVA, (c) the primary current
at full load kVA.

11. A 30 ohm resistance is connected across the secondary winding of a single-phase power
transformer whose secondary voltage is 120V. Calculate the primary voltage and the turns
ratio if the supply current is 4A, neglecting losses.

12. What ratio of transformer turns is required to make a load of resistance 30 ohms appear
to have a resistance of 480 ohms?

13. A solenoid is 50 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, and contains 1500 turns. The cylindrical core
has a diameter of 2 cm and a relative permeability of 75. This coil is coaxial with a second
solenoid, also 50 cm long, but with a 3 cm diameter and 1200 turns. Calculate: (a) L for
the inner solenoid; (b) L for the outer solenoid; (c) M between the two solenoids.

14. RG-59 coaxial cable consists of an inner conductor having radius 0.265 mm, an outer
conductor having radius 1.55 mm, and polyethylene (a non-magnetic dielectric) spacing
material. Estimate the inductance per length of RG-59.

15. Find the inductance of a unit length of two parallel wires, each of radius 2 mm, whose
centres are at distance 1 cm apart and carry equal currents in opposite directions. Neglect
the flux within the wire.

90
 COURSE TOPIC 9: TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL’S
EQUATION

Overview:
By now, the student must understand the static fields. The basic concept that electrostatic
fields are normally produced by static electric charges and magnetostatic fields are produced by
the movement of electric charges with constant velocity or static magnetic charges should be
already well founded.
The focus of this lecture is the time-varying fields. Time varying fields are fields that are
produced by changing motion of current with respect to time. Faraday believed that if a current
can produce a magnetic field, then it must work the other way around such that the magnetic field
should produce a current. He was successful in proving this, however, during his experimentation,
he also discovered that the changing magnetic field produce an electromotive force. Also, by
varying the electric field, magnetic field can be produced. This concept resulted from the theory
of James Clerk Maxwell.
This lecture will also cover the Maxwell’s equations that summarizes the different
electrodynamic principles which includes the addition of the displacement current in Ampere’s
Law. These equations harmonized the electric field and magnetic field which leads to the strong
theoretical foundation of Electromagnetic fields that enabled the better understanding how
electromagnetic waves travel and utilized in our modern communication technologies.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Recall some concepts of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
• Explain the difference between Static and Time-varying Fields
• Understand the concept of Faraday’s Law on how a changing magnetic field
produces an electromotive force
• Explain Lenz’s Law
• Determine the relationship between Electric Field and Magnetic Field
• Explain the different types of induced electromagnetic force
• Understand the concept of Displacement Current
• Identify the different types of current density
• Understand the Maxwell’s Equation in point form
• Understand the Maxwell’s Equation in integral form

Course Materials:
Electrostatic fields are usually produced by static charges whereas magnetostatic fields are due
to motion of electric charges with uniform velocity (direct current) or static magnetic charges
(magnetic poles); time-varying fields or waves are usually due to accelerated charges or time-
varying current.
Stationary charges ➔ Electrostatic fields
Steady current ➔ Magnetostatic fields
Time-varying current ➔Electromagnetic fields (or waves)

91
Faraday discovered that the induced emf, Vemf (in volts), in any closed circuit is equal to the time
rate of change of the magnetic flux linkage by the circuit. This is called Faraday’s Law, and it is
expressed as:
𝒅𝜳
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = −𝑵 (𝟏. 𝟏)
𝒅𝒕
Where:
N = number of turns in the circuit
Ψ = flux through each turn

The negative sign shows that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to oppose the flux
producing it. This is known as Lenz’s Law, and it emphasizes the fact that the direction of the
current flow in the circuit is such that the induced magnetic field produced by the induced current
will oppose the original magnetic field.
Transformer and Motional EMFs
Having considered the connection between emf and electric field, we may examine how Faraday’s
law links electric and magnetic fields. For a circuit with a single turn (N = 1), equation (1.1)
becomes
𝒅𝜳
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = − (𝟏. 𝟐)
𝒅𝒕
In terms of E and B, equation (1.2) can be written as

𝒅
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∮ 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = − ∫ 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 (𝟏. 𝟑)
𝑳 𝒅𝒕 𝑺

It is clear from equation (1.3) that in time-varying situation, both electric and magnetic fields are
present and are interrelated. The variation of flux with time from equation (1.1) and equation (1.3)
may be caused in three ways:
1. By having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field
2. By having a time-varying loop area in a static B field
3. By having a time-varying loop area in a time varying B field

Stationary Loop in Time-Varying B Field (Transformer EMF)

When a stationary conducting loop is in a time-varying magnetic B field, equation (1.3) becomes

𝝏𝑩
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∮ 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = − ∫ ∙ 𝒅𝑺 (𝟏. 𝟒)
𝑳 𝝏𝒕
𝑺

92
This emf induced by the time-varying current (producing the time-varying B field) in a stationary
loop is often referred to as transformer emf in power analysis since it is due to transformer action.
By applying Stokes’ Theorem to equation (1.4), we obtain

𝝏𝑩
∫ (𝛁 × 𝑬) ∙ 𝒅𝑺 = − ∫ ∙ 𝒅𝑺 (𝟏. 𝟓)
𝝏𝒕
𝑺 𝑺

For the two integrals to be equal, their integrands must be equal, that is:
𝝏𝑩
𝛁×𝑬 = − (𝟏. 𝟔)
𝝏𝒕
This is one of the Maxwell’s equations for time-varying fields. It shows that the time-varying E field
is not conservative (∇ × 𝐸 ≠ 0). This does not imply that the principles of energy conservation are
violated. The work done in taking charge about a closed path in a time-varying electric field, for
example, is due to the energy from the time-varying magnetic field.

Moving Loop in Static B Field (Motional EMF)

When a conducting loop is moving in a static B field, an emf is induced in a loop. We recall that
the force on a charge moving with uniform velocity, u, in a magnetic field B is:
𝑭𝒎 = 𝑸𝒖 × 𝑩 (𝟏. 𝟕)
We define the motional electric field Em as
𝑭𝒎
𝑬𝒎 = = 𝒖 × 𝑩 (𝟏. 𝟖)
𝑸
If we consider a conducting loop, moving with uniform velocity u as consisting of a large number
of free electrons, the emf induced in the loop is

𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∮ 𝑬𝒎 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = ∮ (𝒖 × 𝑩) ∙ 𝒅𝒍 (𝟏. 𝟗)
𝑳 𝑳

This type of emf is called motional emf or flux-cutting emf because it is due to motional action. It
is the kind of emf found in electrical machines such as motors, generators, and alternators.

Moving Loop in Time-Varying Field

This is the general case in which a moving conducting loop is in a time-varying magnetic field.
Both transformer emf and motional emf are present. Combining equation (1.4) and (1.9) gives the
total emf as:

𝝏𝑩
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∮ 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = − ∫ ∙ 𝒅𝑺 + ∮ (𝒖 × 𝑩) ∙ 𝒅𝒍 (𝟏. 𝟏𝟎)
𝑳 𝝏𝒕 𝑳
𝑺

𝛁 × 𝑬𝒎 = 𝛁 × (𝒖 × 𝑩) (𝟏. 𝟏𝟏)

93
From equation (1.6) and (1.11)
𝝏𝑩
𝛁×𝑬 = − + 𝛁 × (𝒖 × 𝑩) (𝟏. 𝟏𝟐)
𝝏𝒕
Displacement Current
For static EM fields, we recall that
𝛁 × 𝑯 = 𝑱 (𝟏. 𝟏𝟑)
But the divergence of the curl of any vector field is identically zero. Hence
𝛁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝑯) = 𝟎 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝑱 (𝟏. 𝟏𝟒)
The continuity current requires that
𝝏𝝆𝒗
𝛁∙𝑱= − ≠ 𝟎 (𝟏. 𝟏𝟓)
𝝏𝒕
Thus equations (1.14) and (1.15) are obviously incompatible for time-varying conditions. We must
modify equation (1.13) to agree with equation (1.15). To do this, we add a term to equation (1.13),
so that it becomes
𝛁 × 𝑯 = 𝑱 + 𝑱𝒅 (𝟏. 𝟏𝟔)
Where Jd is to be determined and defined. Again, the divergence of the curl of any vector is zero.
Hence:
𝛁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝑯) = 𝟎 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝑱 + 𝛁 ∙ 𝑱𝒅 (𝟏. 𝟏𝟕)
In order for equation (1.17) to agree with equation (1.15)
𝝏𝝆𝒗 𝝏 𝝏𝑫
𝛁 ∙ 𝑱𝒅 = −𝛁 ∙ 𝑱 = = (𝛁 ∙ 𝐃) = 𝛁 ∙ (𝟏. 𝟏𝟖)
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
Or
𝝏𝑫
𝑱𝒅 = (𝟏. 𝟏𝟗)
𝝏𝒕
Substituting equation (1.19) into equation (1.15) results in
𝝏𝑫
𝛁×𝑯=𝑱 + (𝟏. 𝟐𝟎)
𝝏𝒕
This is Maxwell’s equation (based on Ampere’s circuit law) for a time-varying field. The term 𝐽𝑑 =
𝜕𝐷
is known as displacement current density and J is the conduction current density (J = σE3)
𝜕𝑡

The insertion of Jd into equation (1.13) was one of the major contributions of Maxwell. Without the
term Jd , electromagnetic wave propagation (radio or TV waves, for example) would be impossible.
At low frequencies, Jd is usually neglected compared with J, however, at radio frequencies, the
two terms are comparable. At the time of Maxwell, high-frequency sources were not available and
equation (1.20) could not be verified experimentally.

94
Based on displacement current density, we define the displacement current as
𝝏𝑫
𝑰𝒅 = ∫ 𝑱𝒅 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 = ∫ ∙ 𝒅𝑺 (𝟏. 𝟐𝟏)
𝝏𝒕
We must bear in mind that displacement current is a result of time-varying electric field. A typical
example of such current is that through a capacitor when an alternating voltage source is applied
to its plates.
Equation of Continuity for Time-Varying Fields
Equation of continuity in point form is
𝛁 ∙ 𝑱 = −𝝆𝒗
Where
J = conduction current density (A/m2)
𝜕𝜌
𝜌𝑣 = volume charge density (C/m3) 𝜌𝑣 = 𝜕𝑡𝑣
∇ = vector differential operator (1/m)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Proof: Consider a closed surface enclosing a charge Q. There exists an outward flow of current
given by

𝑰 = ∮ 𝑱 ∙ 𝒅𝑺
𝑺

This is equation of continuity in integral form.

From the principle of conservation of charge, we have

𝒅𝑸
𝑰 = ∮ 𝑱 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 =
𝒅𝒕
𝑺

From the divergence theorem, we have

𝑰 = ∮ 𝑱 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 = ∫ (𝛁 ∙ 𝑱)𝒅𝑼
𝑺 𝒗

Thus

𝒅𝑸
∫ (𝛁 ∙ 𝑱)𝒅𝑼 = −
𝒅𝒕
𝒖

95
By definition

𝑸 = ∫ 𝝆𝒖 𝒅𝑼
𝒖

So,

𝝏𝝆𝒖
∫ (𝛁 ∙ 𝑱)𝒅𝑼 = ∫ 𝒅𝑼 = ∫ −𝝆𝒖 𝒅𝑼
𝝏𝒕
𝒗

The volume integrals are equal only if their integrands are equal. Thus,
𝛁 ∙ 𝑱 = −𝝆𝒗

Maxwell’s Equations for Static EM Fields

Maxwell’s Equations for Time-Varying Fields

Differential Form Integral Form

𝝏𝑫
𝛁×𝑯= +𝑱 ∮ 𝑯 ∙ 𝒅𝑳 = ∫ (𝑫 + 𝑱) ∙ 𝒅𝑺
𝝏𝒕 𝑳 𝑺

96
 𝝏𝑩
𝛁×𝑬 = − ∮ 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝑳 = − ∫ 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝑺
𝝏𝒕 𝑳 𝑺

𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 = 𝛒𝐯 ∮ 𝑫 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 = ∮ 𝝆𝒖 𝒅𝑼
𝑺 𝒖

𝛁∙𝐁= 𝟎 ∮ 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎
𝑺

Meaning of Maxwell’s Equations

1. The first Maxwell’s equation states that the magnetomotive force around a closed path is
equal to the sum of electric displacement and, conduction currents through any surface
bounded by the path.
2. The second law states that the electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the
inflow of magnetic current through any surface bounded by the path.
3. The third law states that the total electric displacement flux passing through a closed
surface (Gaussian surface) is equal to the total charge inside the surface.
4. The fourth law states that the total magnetic flux passing through any closed surface is
zero.

NOTE: You can choose ONE from the options laid down below, but IF you can do both
(depending on whether you have internet access or none) the better.

READ:

Read the following from the book Engineering Electromagnetics 8th ed. by William H. Hayt,
Jr. and John A. Buck
✓ Section 9.1 : Faraday’s Law
✓ Section 9.2 : Displacement Current
✓ Section 9.3 : Maxwell’s Equations in Point Form
✓ Section 9.4 : Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form
✓ Section 9.5 : The Retarded Potentials

Read the following from the book Electrical and Electronics Principles and Technology 3rd
ed. By John Bird
✓ Section 9.1 : Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction
✓ Section 9.2 : Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
✓ Section 9.3 : Rotation of a Loop in a Magnetic Field
✓ Section 9.4 : Inductance
✓ Section 9.5 : Inductors
✓ Section 9.6 : Energy Stored

WATCH:

Watch the following video lectures:

97
Electromagnetics – Time-Varying Fields
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGMkKvJ41hg&list=PLHVTDGAdR09MuYPNZPmkmjVcJqJ
SOeGOE&index=21

*For a copy of the slides in the video lectures:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MrKuWGT33FHMouXCA3TerxzDzz6xnozB/view

Assessments:
1. Answer Exercise 9.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

98
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 9.1
TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS

Character is what you are in the dark. When nobody is watching. When
nobody knows what you do or even think. That’s your truest colors right
there.

INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s). For multiple choice
questions, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. A parallel-plate capacitor with plate area of 7 cm2 and plate separation of 3 mm has a
voltage 60 sin 103 t V applied to its plates. Calculate the displacement current assuming 𝜀
= 2 𝜀0

2. A coil of resistance 200 Ω is placed in a magnetic field of 0.5 mWb. The coil has 150 turns
and a galvanometer of 500 Ω resistance is connected in series with it. Find the average
e.m.f. and the current if the coil is moved in 1/10th second from the given field to a field of
0.2 mWb.

3. Given E = 10 sin (𝜔t - 𝛽y) ay V/m, in free space, determine D, B and H.

4. Find the magnetic field, H, if the electric field strength, E of an electromagnetic wave in
𝑧
free space is given by 𝐸 = 6 cos 𝜔 (𝑡 − 𝑣 ) 𝑎𝑦 V/m.
0

5. If the electric field strength of a radio broadcast signal at a TV receiver is given by 𝐸 =

5 cos 𝜔(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛽𝑦)𝑎𝑧 V/m, determine the displacement current density. If the same field
exists in a medium whose conductivity is given by 2.0 x 10 3 mho/cm, find the conduction
current density.

6. Consider a simple magnetic field which increases exponentially with time 𝐵 = 𝐵0 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 𝑎𝑧

where 𝐵0 is constant. Find the electric field produced by this varying B field.

7. The field coils of a 8-pole d.c. generator each having 400 turns, are connected in series.
When the field is excited, there is a magnetic flux of 0.04 Wb/pole. If the field circuit is
opened in 0.02 second and residual magnetism is 0.001 Wb/pole, calculate the average
voltage which is induced across the field terminals. In which direction is this voltage
directed relative to the direction of the current.

8. A conducting bar can slide freely over two conducting rails shown in the figure. Calculate
the induced voltage in the bar if the bar is stationed at y = 8 cm and B – 4 cos 106t az
mWb/m2

99
9. Find the induced emf after 2 seconds if the flux through each turn of a 100-turn coil is (t3 -
2t) mWb, where t is in seconds.

10. The concept of displacement current was a major contribution attributed to?

a. Faraday
b. Lenz
c. Maxwell
d. Lorentz

11. A car travels at 120 km/hr. If the earth's magnetic field is 4.3 X 105 Wb/m2, find the
induced voltage in the car bumper of length 1.6 m. Assume that the angle between the
earth magnetic field and the normal to the car is 65°

12. A 50-V voltage generator at 20 MHz is connected to the plates of an air dielectric parallel-
plate capacitor with plate area 2.8 cm2 and separation distance 0.2 mm. Find the
maximum value of displacement current density and displacement current.

100
 COURSE TOPIC 10: TRANSMISSION LINES

Overview:
As the name implies, a transmission line is a set of conductors used for transmitting
electrical signals. Since transmitting electrical signals is very common in your field, it is very
important for you as an electrical or electronics engineering student to have an excellent
understanding about this transmission lines. Coaxial cable and twisted pair cable are the common
examples.
In general, every connection in an electric circuit is a transmission line. In a simple
transmission line, a source provides a signal that must reach a load. In basic circuit theory, it is
assumed that the wires that make up the transmission line are ideal and hence that the voltage
at all points on the wires is exactly the same. In reality, this situation is never quite true. Any real
wire has series resistance, R, and inductance, L. Additionally, a capacitance, C, exists between
any pair of real wires. Moreover, because all dielectrics exhibit some leakage, a small
conductance, G, (i.e. a high shunt resistance) exists between the two wires. Understanding
transmission lines is an important part of the art of radio – the proper selection and use of a feed
line is often more important than the choice of radio.
In this lesson the purpose of transmission lines is explained, as are the current and voltage
relationships; calculations involving the characteristic impedance and propagation coefficient,
distortion, wave reflection and standing waves are also explored.
Like the previous lessons, this involves mathematical equations and computations,
therefore, it is highly suggested that you study the derivation of equations and solutions to
examples hands-on (doing the computations and equations using pen and paper) to effectively
understand them.
At the end of this material, you will find exercises for you to work on. These exercises will
help you practice applying the concepts and equations you learned on the learning materials. It
is required that you do this exercises honestly for you to effectively evaluate yourself regarding
on your level of understanding of the topics included in this lesson.

Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
• appreciate the purpose of a transmission line
• define the transmission line primary constants R, L, C and G
• calculate phase delay, wavelength and velocity of propagation on a transmission line
• appreciate current and voltage relationships on a transmission line
• define the transmission line secondary line constants Z0, γ , α and β
• calculate characteristic impedance and propagation coefficient in terms of the primary line
constants
• understand and calculate distortion on transmission lines
• understand wave reflection and calculate reflection coefficient
• understand standing waves and calculate standing wave ratio

101
Course Materials:
READ:
Study the following from the book Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology 5th ed. by John Bird
✓ Section 44.1 : Introduction
✓ Section 44.2 : Transmission line primary constants
✓ Section 44.3 : Phase delay, wavelength and velocity of propagation
✓ Section 44.4 : Current and voltage relationships
✓ Section 44.5 : Characteristic impedance and propagation coefficient in terms of the
primary constants
✓ Section 44.6 : Distortion on transmission lines
✓ Section 44.7 : Wave reflection and the reflection coefficient
✓ Section 44.8 : Field Standing waves and the standing-wave ratio

SUMMARY (after doing one or both of the course options stated above!)

IMPORTANT EQUATIONS:

Phase Delay:

Wavelength:

Velocity of Propagation:

Attenuation Coefficient:

Phase Coefficient:

Current and Voltage Relationships:

Characteristic Impedance:

Propagation Coefficient:

102
Reflection Coefficient:

SWR

*** END OF SUMMARY***

Assessment:
✓ Answer Exercise 10.1 (Attached in this Instructional Material)

103
Name: ____________________________ Signature of Student: _________________
Student Number: ___________________ Date: ______________________________
Course-Yr-Section: _________________

EXERCISE 10.1
TRANSMISSION LINES

Integrity is doing the right thing even when no one is watching.

- C.S. Lewis
INSTRUCTION: Answer the following set of problems in a short bond paper. Write
(Handwritten) clearly your solution and box your final answer(s).

1. A parallel-wire air-spaced line has a phase shift of 0.03 rad/km. Determine

(a) the wavelength on the line and
(b) the speed of transmission of a signal of frequency 1.2kHz.

2. A transmission line has an inductance of 5μH/m and a capacitance of 3.49 pF/m.

Determine, for an operating frequency of 5kHz,
(a) the phase delay
(b) the wavelength on the line and
(c) the velocity of propagation of the signal in metres per second.

3. When the working frequency of a cable is 1.35kHz, its attenuation is 0.40Np/km and its
phase-shift is 0.25 rad/km. The sending end voltage and current are 8.0V r.m.s., and 10.0
mA r.m.s. Determine the voltage and current at a point 25km down the line, assuming that
the termination is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line.

4. A transmission line 8 km long has a characteristic impedance 600∠−30◦ ohms. At a

particular frequency the attenuation coefficient of the line is 0.4Np/km and the phase-shift
coefficient is 0.20 rad/km. Determine the magnitude and phase of the current at the
receiving end if the sending-end voltage is 5∠0◦V r.m.s.
5. A transmission line has the following primary constants per loop kilometre run: R=12
ohms, L=3mH, G=4μS and C =0.02μF. Determine the characteristic impedance of the line
when the frequency is 750Hz.

6. A transmission line having negligible losses has primary constants: inductance L=1.0
mH/loop km and capacitance C =0.20 μF/km. Determine, at an operating frequency of
50kHz,
(a) the characteristic impedance,
(b) the propagation coefficient,
(c) the attenuation and phase-shift coefficients,
(d) the wavelength on the line

7. A coaxial line has a characteristic impedance of 100 ohms and is terminated in a 400
ohms resistive load. The voltage measured across the termination is 15V. The cable is
assumed to have negligible losses. Calculate for the line the values of
(a) the reflection coefficient,
(b) the incident current,

104
 (c) the incident voltage,
(d) the reflected current and
(e) the reflected voltage.

8. A long transmission line has a characteristic impedance of (400− j50) ohms and is
terminated in an impedance of (i) 400+ j50) ohms, (ii) (500+ j60 ohms and (iii)
400∠0◦ohms. Determine the magnitude of the reflection coefficient in each case.

9. A low-loss transmission line has a mismatched load such that the reflection coefficient at
the termination is 0.5∠−135◦. The characteristic impedance of the line is 60 ohms.
Calculate
(a) the standing-wave ratio,
(b) the load impedance and
(c) the incident current flowing if the reflected current is 25mA.

10. The standing-wave ratio on a mismatched line is calculated as 2.20. If the incident power
arriving at the termination is 100mW, determine the value of the reflected power

105
 Republic of the Philippines
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department

FINAL EXAMINATION

ECEN 30104 : ELECTROMAGNETICS

1st Semester SY 2020-2021

"Whenever you violate a principle (such as honesty, morality, integrity, etc.),

you may get a short-term gain, but always a long-term loss."

QUESTIONNAIRE:
TEST I. MCQs. Choose the letter of the best answer from the options given. 1 point each.
1. Which of the following is a unit of charge?
A. C B. V/m C. N/C D. either B or C
2. Which of the following is a unit of electric field strength?
A. C B. V/m C. N/C D. either B or C
3. Coulomb’s law of electrostatics states that the _____ exerted between two point charges
is directly proportional to their strengths.
A. Flux C. Force
B. Streamline D. any of the choices
4. This refers to the region surrounding a charge body in which electric forces acts.
A. electric field B. Electrostatic force
C. Electric ground D. Electrostatic charge
5. Permittivity has a unit of ….
A. F B. H C. F/m D. H/m
6. The fraction of the saturation magnetization which is retained when the driving field is
removed is called
a. Retentivity c. Hysteresis
b. Remanence d. Magnetostriction
7. What do you call the non-metallic material that has ferromagnetic properties?
a. Diamagnetic c. Ferrites
b. Silica d. Carbonites
8. The law of magnetic poles states which of the following relationships?
a. Like poles repel, unlike poles repel
b. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract
c. Like poles attract, unlike poles repel
d. Like poles attract, unlike poles attract
9. The total number of magnetic lines of force leaving or entering the pole of a magnet
a. Magnetic space c. Magnetic flux
b. Magnetic field d. Potential field

106
 10. The relative permeability µr is given by
a. µo / µ c. B/H
b. B/ µoH d. µo / H

TEST II. IDENTIFICATION/FILL IN THE MISSING TERM/WORD. Answer each questions

correctly. 2 points each.
1. There exist a surface composed of all those points having the same value of potential. All
field lines would be perpendicular to this surface at the points where they intersect it.
Therefore, no work is involved in moving a unit charge around on this surface. In
electromagnetics, what do we call this surface?

2. What law states that “The electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the
total charge enclosed by that surface”?

3. Fill in the missing word/term. A positive divergence for any vector quantity indicates a
_______ of that vector quantity at that point.

4. What electrostatic parameter is defined as the work done in moving a unit positive charge
from one point to another in an electric field?

5. The del operator is an operator commonly used in vector calculus to find derivatives in
higher dimensions. When applied to a function of one independent variable, it yields the
derivative. For multidimensional scalar functions, it yields the gradient. This del operator
is usually represented using what symbol in computations? (write/draw the
symbol/notation).

6. It describes the creation of magnetic fields by continuous current configurations. The

integral of the tangential component of the magnetic field around any closed path is equal
to the total current passing through a surface bounded by the close path.

7. Fill in the blanks. For _____________ and __________ substances, the magnetization is
proportional to the magnetic field strength. The proportionality constant is called the
magnetic susceptibility.

8. It states that the magnetization of a paramagnetic substance is proportional to the applied

field and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

9. The Lorentz force is the combined effect of the electric force and the magnetic force
exerted on a particle of charge q at some point in space. Write the formula in getting the
Lorentz force applied to a point charge q.

10. If a current-carrying conductor is grasped with the left hand with the thumb pointing in the
direction of electron flow, the fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic field lines of
flux. This relationship is demonstrated by ____________.

107
TEST III. PROBLEM SOLVING. Solve the following problems. Show your solutions clearly
and box your final answer in the solution. (5 points each)
NOTE: Final answer must be in decimal form; 4 decimal places)

1. A given electrostatic force is expressed as 𝐅 = ρz sin φ 𝐚𝛒 + 3ρ cos φ 𝐚𝛗 +

ρ cos φ sin φ 𝐚𝐳 . Since vector form of electrostatic force can be expressed in other
coordinate systems, you are required to convert this vector force into Cartesian
coordinates. What is the resulting vector form?

2. A PUPian Electronics engineering is now working as a scientist for one of the leading
institution studying electromagnetism. This PUPian engineer is currently studying a vector
1
field expressed as = 𝑟2 cos 𝜃 𝒂𝒓 + 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑 𝒂𝜽 + 2 cos 𝜃 𝒂𝝋 . Since he is currently very
busy in other tasks, he asked for your help in solving for the divergence of this vector field.
What is the divergence of this vector field?

3. One of your ECE friend identified two point charges QA = 250 µC located at (5,2,0) m and
QB = - 300 µC located at (2,0,-5) m. Since you are now an expert in electrostatics, this
friend of yours asked for your help to determine the force on QB due to QA . Find that force
in cartesian vector form?

𝜋
4. There is a volume defined by 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 3 𝑚 , 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 3
, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2 𝑚 . In this given volume,
𝐶
charge density was determined as = 2𝑧 sin2 ∅ . As an engineering student aspiring to
𝑚3
be an expert in electromagnetics, determine mathematically the value in C of the charged
enclosed in the given volume.

5. Given a non-uniform field 𝐸 = 𝑦𝒂𝒙 + 𝑥𝒂𝒚 + 2𝒂𝒛 , determine the work expended in carrying
a charge with a magnitude of 2 Coulomb from point B (1,0,1) to point A ( 4/5, 3/5, 1) along
the shortest path from B to A.

TEST IV. PROBLEM SOLVING. Solve the following problems. Show your solutions clearly
and box your final answer in the solution. (3 points each)
NOTE: Final answer must be in decimal form; 4 decimal places
1. An air-filled capacitor consists of two parallel plates, each with an area of 7.60 cm 2,
separated by a distance of 1.80 mm. A 20.0-V potential difference is applied to these
plates. Calculate (a) the electric field between the plates, (b) the surface charge density,
(c) the capacitance, and (d) the charge on each plate.

2. A 50.0-m length of coaxial cable has an inner conductor that has a diameter of 2.58 mm
and carries a charge of 8.10 µC. (a) What is the capacitance of this cable? (b) What is the
potential difference between the two conductors? Assume the region between the
conductors is air.

108
 3. A proton moves with a velocity of 𝑣 = (2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) m/s in a region in which the magnetic
field is 𝐵 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) T. What is the magnitude of the magnetic force this charge
experiences?

4. A positive charge 𝑞 = 3.20 × 10−19 𝐶 moves with a velocity 𝑣 = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) m/s through
a region where both a uniform magnetic field and a uniform electric field exist. (a) Calculate
the total force on the moving charge (in unit vector notation), taking 𝐵 = (2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) T
and 𝐸 = (4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) V/m. (b) What angle does the force vector make with the positive
x-axis?

5. An air-core solenoid with 68 turns is 8.00 cm long and has a diameter of 1.20 cm. How
much energy is stored in its magnetic field when it carries a current of 0.770 A?

6. Two solenoids A and B, spaced close to each other and sharing the same cylindrical axis,
have 400 and 700 turns, respectively. A current of 3.50 A in a coil A produces an average
flux of 300 µWb through each turn of A and a flux of 90.0 µWb through each turn of B. (a)
Calculate the mutual inductance of the two solenoids. (b) What is the self-inductance of
A? (c) What emf is induced in B when the current in A increases at the rate of 0.500 A/s?

7. A coil of area 0.100 m2 is rotating at 60.0 rev/s with the axis of rotation perpendicular to a
0.200-T magnetic field. (a) If the coil has 1000 turns, what is the maximum emf generated
in it? (b) What is the orientation of the coil with respect to the magnetic field when the
maximum induced voltage occurs?

8. An isolated charge conducting sphere of radius 12.0 cm creates an electric field of

4.90x104 N/C at a distance 21.0 cm from its center. (a) What is its surface charge density?
(b) What is its capacitance?

TEST V. ESSAY. Discuss/Explain the following. 5 points each.

1. Compare Coulomb’s Law and Gauss’ Law in solving electric field.

2. Discuss the concept and importance of Divergence Theorem in electromagnetics.

3. Explain the principle of operation of a transformer and the relationship between the
following parameters: turns, voltage, current, and power.

4. Describe what is displacement current and its importance to Maxwell’s equations.

109