Revision Notes

Class 11 Mathematics
Chapter 2 - Relation & Function-I
1. INTRODUCTION:
● In this chapter, we'll learn how to link pairs of objects from two sets to
form a relation between them.
● We'll see how a relation can be classified as a function.
● Finally, we'll look at several types of functions, as well as some standard
functions.

2. RELATIONS:
2.1 Cartesian product of sets
Definition:
● Given two non-empty sets P and Q .
● The Cartesian product P  Q is the set of all ordered pairs of elements
from P and Q that is
● P×Q = {( p, q ) ; p  P ; q  Q}

2.2 Relation:
2.2.1 Definition:
● Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
● Then any subset ‘ R ’ of A×B is a relation from A and B .
● If ( a, b ) R , then we can write it as a R b which is read as a is related to
b ‘by the relation R ’, ‘ b ’ is also called image of ‘ a ’ under R .

2.2.2 Domain and range of a relation:

● If R is a relation from A to B , then the set of first elements in R is
known as domain & the set of second elements in R is called range of
R symbolically.
● Domain of R = { x:( x, y )  R}

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 ● Range of R = { y:( x, y )  R}
● The set B is considered as co-domain of relation R .
● Note that,
range  co-domain

● Note :
Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B is the
number of possible subsets of A×B .
If n ( A ) = p and n ( B ) = q , then
n ( A×B ) = pq and total number of relations is 2pq .

2.2.3 Inverse of a Relation:

● Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to set B . Then
the inverse of R denoted as R -1 , is a relation from B to A and is defined by
R –1 = {( b, a ):( a, b )  R}
● Clearly
( a, b )  R  ( b, a )  R –1
● Also,
Dom ( R ) = Range(R –1 ) and
Range ( R ) = Dom(R –1 )

3. FUNCTIONS:
3.1 Definition:
A relation ‘ f ’ from a set A to set B is said to be a function if every element
of set A has one and only one image in set B .

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 Notations:

3.2 Domain, Co-domain and Range of a function:

Domain:
The domain is believed to be the biggest set of x - values for which the formula
provides real y - values when y = f ( x ) is defined using a formula and the
domain is not indicated explicitly.
The domain of y = f (x) is the set of all real x for which f (x) is defined
(real).

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 Rules for finding Domain:
1. Even roots (square root, fourth root, etc.) should have non–negative
expressions.
2. Denominator  0
3. log a x is defined when x > 0, a > 0 and a  1
4. If domain y = f(x) and y = g(x) are D1 and D 2 respectively then the domain
of f (x)  g(x) or f (x).g(x) is D1  D 2 .
f (x)
While domain of is D1  D 2 − x : g(x) = 0
g(x)

Range:
The set of all f - images of elements of A is known as the range of f and can
be denoted as f (A) .
Range = f (A) = f (x) : x  A
f(A)  B {Range  Co-domain}

Rule for finding range:

First of all find the domain of y = f (x)
i. If domain  finite number of points  range  set of corresponding f (x)
values.
ii. If domain  R or R − {Some finite points}
Put y = f (x)
Then express x in terms of y .From this find y for x to be defined. (i.e., find
the values of y for which x exists).
iii. If domain  a finite interval, find the least and greater value for range using
monotonicity.

Note:
1. Question of format:
 Q L Q
 = = =
L 
y ; y ; y
 Q Q
Q → Quadratic

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 L → Linear
Range is found out by cross-multiplying & creating a quadratic in 'x' &
making D  0 (as x  R )
2. Questions to determine the range of values in which the given expression
y = f (x) can be converted into x (or some function of x = expression in ‘ y
’.
Do this & apply method (ii) .
3. Two functions f & g are said to be equal if
a. Domain of f = Domain of g
b. Co-domain of f = Co-domain of g
c. f (x) = g(x) x  Domain

3.3 Kinds of functions:

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 Note:
● Injective functions are called as one-to-one functions.
● Surjective functions are also known as onto functions.
● Bijective functions are also known as (one-to-one) and (onto) functions.

Relations which cannot be categorized as a function:

As not all elements of set A are associated with some elements of set B .
(Violation of– point (i) – definition 2.1 )

An element of set A is not associated with a unique element of set B , (violation

of point (ii) definition 2.1 )

Methods to check one-one mapping:

1. Theoretically:
f (x1 ) = f (x 2 )
 x1 = x 2
then f (x) is one-one.

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 2. Graphically:
A function is one-one, if no line parallel to x − axis meets the graph of function
at more than one point.

3. By Calculus:
For checking whether f (x) is One-One, find whether function is only
increasing or only decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is one-one,
that is if f '(x)  0, x  domain or, if f '(x)  0, x  domain, then function is
one-one.

3.4 Some standard real functions & their graphs:

3.4.1 Identity Function:
The function f : R → R defined by
y = f ( x ) = xx  R is called identity function.

3.4.2 Constant function:

The function f : R → R defined by
y = f ( x ) = c, x  R

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 3.4.3 Modulus function:
The function f : R → R defined by
 x; x  0
f (x) = 
− x; x  0
is called modulus function. It is denoted by
y = f (x) = x

It is also known as “Absolute value function”.

Properties of Modulus Function:

The modulus function has the following properties:
1. For any real number x , we have x 2 = x
2. xy = x y

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 3. x+y  x + y Triangle inequality
4. x−y  x − y Triangle inequality

3.4.4 Signum Function:

The function f : R → R define by
 1: x  0

f (x) =  0 : x = 0 is called signum function.
−1: x  0

It is usually denoted as y = f (x) = sgn(x)

Note:
x
 ; x0
sgn(x) =  x
 0; x = 0


3.4.5 Greatest Integer Function:

The function f : R → R defined as the greatest integer less than or equal to x .
It is usually denoted as y = f ( x ) =  x  .

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 Properties of Greatest Integer Function:
If n is an integer and x is any real number between n and n + 1 , then the
greatest integer function has the following properties:
1.  − n  = −  n 
2.  x + n  =  x  + n
3.  − x  =  x  − 1
−1, if x  I
4.  x  +  −x  = 
 0, if x  I
Note:
Fractional part of x , denoted by x is given by x –  x  , Hence
 x − 1; 1  x  2
x = x −  x  =  x 0  x 1
 x + 1 −1  x  0


3.4.6 Exponential Function:

f (x) = a x ,
a  0,a  1
Domain: x  R
Range: f (x)  ( 0,  )

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 3.4.7 Logarithm Function:
f (x) = log a x ,
a  0,a  1
Domain: x  ( 0,  )
Range: y  R

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 a) The Principal Properties of Logarithms:
Let M and N be the arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a  1, b > 0, b  1
1) log b a = a  a = bc
2) log a ( M.N ) = log a M + log a N
M
3) log a   = log a M − log a N
N
4) log a M N = N log a M
log c a
5) log b a = ,c  0,c  1
log c b
6) a logc b = blogc a ,a,b,c  0,c  1

Note:
● log a a = 1
● log b a . log c b . log a c = 1
● log a 1 = 0
x
● e xlna = e xlna = a x

b) Properties of Monotonicity of Logarithm:

1) If a > 1, log a x < log a y 0x y
2) If 0 < a < 1, log a x < log a y  x > y > 0
3) If a > 1 then log a x < p  0 < x < ap

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 4) If a > 1 then log a x > p  x > ap
5) If 0 < a < 1 then log a x < p  x > ap
6) If 0 < a < 1 then log a x > p  0 < x < ap

Note:
● The logarithm is positive if the exponent and base are on the same side
of unity.
● The logarithm is negative if the exponent and base are on opposite sides
of unity.

4. ALGEBRA OF REAL FUNCTION:

We'll learn how to add two real functions, remove one from another, multiply
a real function by a scalar (a scalar is a real integer), multiply two real functions,
and divide one real function by another in this part.

4.1 Addition of two real functions:

Let f : X → R and g : X → R by any two real functions, where x  R . Then,
we define ( f + g ) : X → R by
( f + g )( x ) = f ( x ) + g ( x ) for all x  X .
4.2 Subtraction of a real function from another:
Let f : X → R be any two any two real functions, where x  R .
Then, we define ( f − g ) : X → R by
( f − g )( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x ) for all x  X .
4.3 Multiplication by a scalar:
Let f : X → R be a real valued function and  be a scalar.
Here by scalar, we mean a real number.
Then the product f is a function from X to R defined as
( f )( x ) = f ( x ) , x  X .

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 4.4 Multiplication of two real functions:
The product (or multiplication) of two real functions f : X → R and g : X → R
is a function fg : X → R defined as
( fg )( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) for all x  X .
This is also known as pointwise multiplication.

4.5 Quotient of two real functions:

Let f and g be two real functions defined from X → R where X  R .
f f  f (x)
The quotient of f by g denoted by a is a function defined as g ( x ) =
g   g(x)
Provided g ( x )  0, x  X .

4.6 Even and Odd Functions

● Even function:
o f ( − x ) = f ( x ) , x  Domain
o The graph of an even function y = f ( x ) is symmetric about the y − axis,
that is ( x, y ) lies on the graph  ( − x, y ) lies on the graph.

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 ● Odd Function:
o f ( x ) = −f ( x ) , x  Domain
o The graph of an odd function y = f ( x ) is symmetric about origin that is
if point ( x, y ) is on the graph of an odd function, then ( − x, − y ) will also lie on
the graph.

5. PERIODIC FUNCTION
● Definition:
A function f (x) is said to be periodic function, if there exists a positive real
number T , such that
f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) , x  R
Then, f (x) is a periodic function where least positive value of T is called
fundamental period.

● Graphically:
The function is said to be periodic if the graph repeats at a set interval, and its
period is the width of that interval.

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 Some standard results on periodic functions:

Functions Periods

i sin n x, cos n x, sec n x, cosec n x  ; if n is even

2 ;(if n is odd or
fraction)
ii tan n x, cot n x  ; n is even or odd

iii sinx , cosx , tanx , 

cotx , secx , cosecx

iv x −  x  , . represents greatest 1

integer function
v Algebraic functions for example Period does not exist
x , x 2 , x 3 +5, ..... etc.

Properties of Periodic Function:

i. If f ( x ) is periodic with period T , then
a) c.f ( x ) is periodic with period T
b) f ( x  c ) is periodic with period T
c) f ( x )  c is periodic with period T
Where c is any constant
i. If f ( x ) is periodic with period T , then
T
kf ( cx + d ) has period
c
That is Period can be only affected by coefficient of x where k, c, d constant.
ii. If f1 ( x ) ,f 2 ( x ) are periodic functions with periods T1 ,T2 respectively,
Then we have,
h ( x ) = af1 ( x )  bf 2 ( x ) has period as, LCM of T1 ,T2 

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 Note:
 a c e  LCM of (a,c,e)
a. of  , ,  =
 b d f  HCF of (b,d,f )
b. LCM of rational and rational always exists.
LCM of irrational and irrational sometime exists.
But LCM of rational and irrational never exists.
For example, LCM of ( 2π, 1, 6π ) is not possible because 2π, 6π
irrational and 1 rational.

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