10 IV April 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41917
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue IV Apr 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Design and Performance Analysis of Short Time

Fourier Transform Processor
Manikanta Neralla1, Venkata Reddy Jillela2, Chakri Lolugu3, Sravan Kumar Paidi4, Janaki Ram Kilari5, Dr. M. V.
Nageswara Rao6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Dept. of ECE, GMR Institute of Technology (Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA)Rajam, India

Abstract: Time-frequency domain characterization of signals have always been focused on variants of Short time Fourier
transform (STFT). The selection of transform kernel plays an important role in preserving the signal support which provides a
cross-term free time-frequency distribution. Time-Bandwidth product has been taken as a measure of signal support
preservation criteria thereby developing an optimal kernel for STFT based on linear canonical decomposition. In the
development of kernel , Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) is used which provides noise free frequency domain
representation .With the help of developed transform kernel , the magnitude-wise shift invariance property is verified and time-
frequency content is analyzed by plotting spectrogram.
Keywords: STFT, FrFT, kernel, Time-Bandwidth product, spectrogram.

I. INTRODUCTION
Frequency domain representation is an important tool to analyze some of the signals compared to time domain. Some of the
mathematical computations like convolution can be easily converted into multiplications in frequency domain. Apart from analyzing
the signals in frequency domain, investigating time and frequency content simultaneously is useful in finding the frequency details
of a signal at different particular time instants.
For the analysis of time-frequency content, various transform techniques have been proposed out of which Short Time Fourier
Transform (STFT) is an efficient technique. In STFT a kernel or a window of fixed size is selected and it is applied all throughout
the signal, resulting transform is obtained and time-frequency content is plotted by means of a spectrogram. This STFT technique
efficiency is determined by various factors. Some of the factors include selection of kernel, choice of optimal fractional Fourier
order and cross term free distribution. With the help of this STFT, applications like Chirplet modeling, Time scale modification,
Frequency scaling, Fundamental frequency estimation from spectral peeks can be implemented with high accuracy.
This TBP optimal STFT has many advantages over conventional STFT. Some of the advantages include, it is more accurate than
other transforms, it is computationally simple, by using it is possible to compare both time and frequency content and this STFT is
cross term free.
An example of distribution which best suitable for STFT is Wigner distribution. But, Wigner distribution is affected by the inherent
problem of cross terms which fails to preserve the signal support. Hence, the aim is to develop a kernel which is free of cross terms
and preserves the signal support. The Hermite Gaussian kernel is chosen as an optimal kernel. This kernel along with preserving the
signal support also satisfies both the magnitude wise shift-invariance and rotation property of STFT.
However, STFT with the Gaussian kernel still suffers from the problem of limited resolution. To overcome the inherent tradeoff
between the time and the frequency localization of the STFT, several alternatives have been investigated in the literature. In [5],
using two kernel functions of different supports, a wideband and a narrowband spectrogram are obtained. In order to preserve the
localization characteristics of both, a combined spectrogram is formed by computing the geometric mean of the corresponding
STFT magnitudes, whereas in [6], the STFT is evaluated by using a kernel function with an adaptive width in order to analyze the
transient response of radar targets. In [16], a kernel matching algorithm is developed by locally adapting the Gaussian kernel
functions to the analyzed signal. Although these investigations provide significant improvements in the time-frequency localization
of signal components, in the presence of chirp-like signals, they still provide descriptions whose localization properties depends on
the chirp rate of the components. Recently, [7] introduced an improved instantaneous frequency estimation technique using an
adaptive STFT where the kernel functions are chosen from a set of functions through adaptation rules and computation of the STFT
with varying kernel functions at each time instance. In addition, apart from the analysis of deterministic signals, there have been
studies where time-varying spectra of random processes are investigated [17].

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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In this paper, we characterize the time-frequency domain localization by STFT and investigate the effect of the STFT kernel on the
obtained time-frequency representation of signals. We introduce the time-bandwidth product (TBP) definition to provide a rotation-
invariant measure of signal support in the time-frequency domain. Then, we obtain the optimal STFT kernel that provides the most
compact representation considering the TBP of a signal component. The proposed time-frequency analysis is shown to be equivalent
to an ordinary STFT analysis conducted in a scaled fractional Fourier transform domain. The obtained TBP optimal STFT
representation yields optimally compact time-frequency supports for chirp-like signals on the STFT plane. In general, the TBP
optimal STFT representation does not satisfy the rotation property. However, as shown in detail, there exists a linear canonical
decomposition of the TBP optimal STFT that provides the link between the TBP optimal STFT and the rotation invariance property.

A. Road map of this paper

This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we show that the STFT is the only linear time-frequency representation that
satisfies the magnitude-wise shift invariance property. In Section III, we provide the linear canonical decomposition of STFT by
developing an optimal STFT kernel. In Section IV, we introduce the Fractional Fourier transform algorithm and it’s application to
provide a noise free frequency representation. In Section V, we plot the spectrogram for time-frequency analysis and SNR
comparison for FrFT and FFT representations.

II. LINERA SHIFT INVARIANT TIME FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Time-frequency distributions are designed to characterize the time-frequency content of signals. Since time or frequency shifts do
not change the time-frequency content of a signal, except to relocate it correspondingly, it is important that time-frequency
representations satisfy the magnitude-wise shift invariance property. A precise statement of this property is given as follows: A
time-frequency representation ( , ) is magnitude-wise shift invariant if for = ( − ).
| ( , )| = | ( − , − )|, ∀x(t), , . (1)

In this section, we investigate the magnitude-wise shift invariance property within the class of linear time-frequency representations.
The magnitude-wise shift invariance of linear time-frequency distributions can be characterized fully as follows. The general kernel-
based form of a linear time-frequency distribution ( , ) is given by
( , )= (, , ) ( ) (2)
Where is the kernel of the distribution [18]. By making use of the general theorem on linear systems given in Appendix, it can be
shown easily that the magnitude-wise shift invariance in time requires ( , ) to have the following form:
( , )= ∅( , ) ( − , ) ( ) (3)
Since the magnitude of time-frequency distributions are related to the energy distribution of the signals in the time-frequency plane,
∅( , )
will be ignored in the rest of the derivations. The implications of magnitude-wise shift invariance in frequency can be
investigated in the Fourier domain as
( , )= ( − , ) ( )
( )
= ∫ ( , ) ( ) (4)
Where X(f) is the Fourier transform of x(t), and
( )
( , )= ( , ) ′′
. The magnitude-wise shift invariance with respect to frequency requires that
( , ) = ( − ) ∅( ) (5)

Thus, the kernel has the following representation:

( , )= ∅( ) ( − )
∅( )
= (− ) (6)
∅( )
Since the phase and can be ignored, the general form of a magnitude-wise shift invariant linear time-frequency

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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distribution is
( , )= ( − ) ( ) (7)

Which has the same form of the STFT [1], [3] with the kernel g(t). Consequently, STFT is the only distribution that is linear and
magnitude-wise shift-invariant under both time and frequency shifts.
From the above STFT satisfies shift invariance property only magnitude wise.

III. STFT BLOCK DIAGRAM

The development of STFT kernel can be achieved by the linear canonical decomposition of TBP optimal STFT analysis with a
sequence of operations explained and illustrated as shown in the Fig.
First for the given input signal, a0 th order Fractional Fourier transform is calculated of different orders. From the obtained
transforms optimal order is chosen from the spectral peaks of all order transforms. After time scaling operation is performed and
then STFT is calculated by using Hermite Gaussian kernel. Then, time-frequency domain inverse scaling is performed and finally
rotation is applied to the spectrogram with a rotation angle of = .
The main reason behind the introduction of this canonical decomposition is that the rotation invariant STFT with the zeroth-order
Hermite-Gaussian kernel is explicitly shown to be part of every TBP optimal STFT analysis. Therefore, for any arbitrary mono-
component signal, there exists a “natural domain,” where the rotation independent STFT analysis with zeroth-order Hermite–
Gaussian kernel provides the TBP optimal STFT representation. The signals are transformed to their “natural domains” by the first
two operations of the canonical decomposition. We believe this concept of “natural domain” is theoretically significant and will
provide further insight to the research on time-frequency signal analysis. In the rest of this section, the performance of the TBP
optimal STFT is illustrated by using simulated data. In the simulations, we use a quadratic FM signal embedded in -5 dB noise. The
analyzed signal is

[ ( ) ]
( )=( )
√

Where = 1, = 0.2, = 1.5, and = 1/18 . The time domain signal and the corresponding TBP optimal STFT are shown in
Fig. 6(a) and (b). In Fig. 6(c), the peak amplitudes of the fractional Fourier transformed x(t) as a function of ∅ − /2 is presented.
The peak is observed at the angle∅ = 65 . Finally, the TBP optimal STFT is shown in Fig. 6(d).

A significant improvement for the time-frequency localization is observed when compared with the TBP optimal STFT with similar
computational complexity. As future work, optimal STFT analysis will be extended to multicomponent signals. To obtain a well-
localized time-frequency representation of a multicomponent chirp signal with different chirp rates, the orientation angles of each
component and, consequently, the required FrFT orders to perform the STFT, should be determined. Following the individual
GTBP optimal time-frequency analysis of each signal component, the obtained time-frequency representations are combined so that
the time-frequency localization of each chirp component is optimally compact.

STFT
x (t) g TBP (t) STFTx (t, f)

th
STFT 2-D Rotation
x (t) a order Scaling by
0 h (t) Inverse by STFTx (t, f)
FrFt M o
Scaling Ф =a π/2
o o

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IV. FrFT ALGORITHM

Fractional Fourier Transform is a generalized Fourier transform calculated for different fractional Fourier orders which transforms
the signal from time domain to frequency domain. The first order fractional Fourier transform is called Fourier transform. In the
analysis for development of STFT kernel, FrFT is the first step. The FrFT algorithm includes the following steps.
1) Chirp multiplication.
2) Chirp convolution.
3) Chirp multiplication.
Before applying above operation on input signal, modulo operation is performed to limit the range of fractional Fourier order a
between 0.5 and 1.5. FrFT of input signal is calculated for different fractional Fourier orders. Then optimal order is selected from
the spectral peaks of various orders. The given FrFT algorithm has a complexity of O(NlogN) and the complexity reduces compared
to the conventional FrFT algorithm with complexity O(N2).

In the simulation we use a linear frequency modulated signal as given by the equation written in section Ⅲ. After finding the
Fractional Fourier transform for different twenty to thirty fractional Fourier orders, an optimal Fractional Fourier order is selected
from the spectral peaks of the obtained plots. The optimal Fractional Fourier order lies in the range of 0.5 to 1.5. The limiting of
Fractional Fourier order between this range is done by using modulo operation to ensure the optimal rotation angle used in the
rotation operator for the rotation of the spectrogram.

Algorithm
Step1: Interpolate the input samples by 2.
Step2: Compute a’= (a+2 mod4)-2.
Step3:
If |a’|ε [0.5, 1.5] then
a’’ = a’
else exp (-jπsgn(sinФ)/4+jФ/2))
a’’ = (a’ + 1 mod4) − 2
end if

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Step4:
Ф’’ = (π/2) a’’
= cot Ф’’
= csc Ф’’
exp (−jπsgn(sinФ)/4 + jФ/2))
AФ =
|sinФ|1/2
Step5:
c1[m] = − for –N<m<N–1
( / )
c2[m] = for –N<m<2N-1
c3[m] = − for –N<m<N-1
g[m] = c1[m]x(m/2dx) for – N < m < N - 1
Step6:
If |a|ε[0.5,1.5] then
xa(m/2dx) := ha’’ (m/2dx)
else
xa(m/2dx) := {F1ha’’} (m/2dx)
end if

V. TIME SCALING
For the development of STFT kernel the next operation to be performed is time scaling. The input signal is downscaled by a factor
and then the fractional Fourier transform is applied on the scaled signal with the obtained optimal Fractional Fourier order. Here
we downscaled the input signal by 100 times and the resultant Fractional Fourier transform plots obtained are as shown below,

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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VI. APPLICATION OF OPTIMAL STFT KERNEL

After time scaling and transforming the scaled signal using FrFT, the output signal is multiplied with Hermite Gaussian kernel of
the form as given below,

( )=

VII. ROTATION OPERATION

The final operation to be performed is rotation operation. The spectrogram for the given signal is plotted and the rotation operator
is applied to the spectrogram with the rotation angle of ∅ = .

VIII. APPLICATION OF FRFT IN NOISE REDUCTION

Fractional Fourier transform is used to eliminate noise in signals. Hence it finds it’s applications in SONAR signal processing and
finding targets using RADAR. Here we compare the performance of FrFT with FFT in the presence of noise. For comparison of
FrFT and FFT, we choose Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) as a comparison parameter. The power of input signal and noise signal is
found by using the area of their respective Power Spectral Density (PSD) curves. Then the input signal corrupted with noise is
transformed into frequency domain using both FrFT and FFT. After inverse transformation, the power of input is again calculated
by using PSD curves and SNR is calculated in both cases. It is observed that SNR in case of FrFT is more as compared to FFT.
Hence FrFT can be used in noise reduction of signals.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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Signal Noise SNR in

Power Power dB
Input 1W 0.18 W 7.34
Signal
After 1W 1.23 x 10-4 39.072
FrFT W
After 1W 0.29W 15.264
FFT

IX. FUTURE SCOPE

In this paper, we developed the STFT equation with the help of linearly decomposed kernel. Further the architecture of above
STFT block diagram can be mapped and it can be implemented using an FPGA. Then, the STFT processor is said to be
implemented and its hardware complexity can be measured.

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X. APPENDIX
Theorem 1:
If a linear system satisfies magnitude-wise shift invariance in time, then there exist an ℎ( ) and ∅( ) such that the output of for
any arbitrary input ( ) can be written as

{ ( )} = ∅( ) [ℎ( ) ∗ ( )]

Proof: By using the Riesz theorem, can be represented as

{ ( )} = ( , ′) ( ′) ′

Where ( , ′) is the kernel of the transformation. If satisfies magnitude-wise shift invariance in time, the outputs to impulses ( )
and ( − ), ( ) and ( − ), respectively, should satisfy| ( )| = | ( − )|, which implies that

| ( − , 0)| = | ( , )|, ∀ , (8)

In general, the kernel function can be decomposed as ( , ) = ( , ) ∅ . , where ( , ) and ∅( . ) are the magnitude and
phase functions, respectively. The condition in (8), requires that ( , ) = ( − ) ; therefore, the kernel function can be
decomposed as
( , ) = ( − ) ∅( . )

Next, it will be shown that the phase function satisfies

∅( , ) = − ( − ) + ∅( )

To prove above equation, the input can be chosen as a linear combination of two weighted impulses ( ) = 1 ( ) + 2 ( − );
then, the output is ( ) = 1 ( , 0) + 2 ( , ). For the shifted input ( ) = ( − ), the output becomes ( ) = 1 ( , ) +
2 ( , + ). The magnitude-wise shift invariance implies ( ) = | ( − )| . Thus, the kernel should satisfy
| 1 ( , ) + 2 ( , + )| = | 1 ( − , 0) + 2 ( − , )| (9)

for all , , , 1, 2. Using the definition in (9), can be re-expressed as

∅( . ) ∅( . ) ∅( , ) ∅( , )
1 ( , ) + 2 ( − − ) = 1 ( − ) + 2 ( − − ) (10)

Assuming that is not identically zero, the (10) can only be satisfied if

∅( , ) − ∅( −(11)
, 0) = ∅( , + ) − ∅( − , ), ∀ , ,

After rearranging the terms in (11), we obtain the following condition:

∅( , + ) − ∅( , ) = ∅( − , ) − ∅( − , 0), ∀ , ,
(12)
It can be shown that if satisfies the (12), and then exists. Thus, in the limit approaching 0, the above equation implies that
( , ) = ( − , 0) = ( − ), ∀ ,

Therefore, ∅( , ) satisfies the following partial differential equation:

∅( , ) = ( − )
′

Which solved by
∅( , ) = − ( − ) + ∅( )

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Where, ( ) = ( ) ( ) and ∅( ) is an arbitrary phase function. Thus, the kernel has the following form:
( ) ∅( )
( , )= ( − )

Hence, the input–output relationship of the linear system can be written as

( )= ( , ) ( ) ( − ) ∅( ) ( ) ∅( )
= = [ℎ( ) ∗ ( )]

( )
Where, ℎ( ) = ( )

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