A-Block Preet Vihar , Delhi-110092

Puberty ends when an adolescent reaches reproductive maturity

 MAIN SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN BOYS

1. Hair grows under armpits (under the arms) and in pubic region between
the thighs.
2. Hair also grow on other parts of the body like chest and face(moustache,
beard).
3. Body becomes more muscular due to the development of muscles.
4. The voice deepens due to the growth of voice box (prominent Adam’s
apple).
5. Chest and shoulder broaden.
6. Heavier skull and bone structure.
7. Testes start producing sperms.
All these changes in adolescent boys are brought about by the secretion of
male sex hormone called testosterone.
 MAIN SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN GIRLS

1. Hair grows under armpits (under the arms) and in pubic region
between the thighs.
2. Ovaries start to release egg (or ovum).
3. Menstrual cycle starts.
4. Development of breasts.
5. Hips broaden and become more curved and prominent.
6. A high pitched voice develops.
All these changes in adolescent girls are brought about by the secretion
of female sex hormone called oestrogen and progesterone formed in
ovary.
 DIABETES
When pancreas is not producing
the hormone insulin in sufficient
quantities, it is known as
diabetes
 ADRENAL GLANDS
The adrenal glands secrete hormones which maintain the correct
salt balance in the blood.
Adrenals also produce the hormone adrenalin.
It helps the body to adjust to stress when one is very angry,
embarrassed or worried.
GROWTH HORMONE
Thyroid and adrenals secrete their hormones when they receive
orders from pituitary through its hormones.
Pituitary also secretes growth hormone which is necessary for the
normal growth of a person.
NCERT SOLUTIONS
A2. The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to
reproductive maturity, is called adolescence. The period of adolescence
is normally 11 years to 19 years.
A3. In females, the ova or eggs begin to mature with the onset of
puberty (10 to 12 years of age) one egg get matured and is released by
one of the ovaries once in about 28 to 30 days. During this period, the
wall of the uterus becomes thick so as to receive the fertilized egg. In
case it is fertilized, it begins to develop. This results in pregnancy. If the
fertilization fails to take place, the ovum or the released egg and the
thickened lining of the uterus along with its blood vessels are shed off.
This causes bleeding in women. This is called menstruation. It occurs
once in 28 to 30 days.
Ans4. The changes take place differently in the body of boys and girls at puberty. These change may be listed as below:
1) There is sudden increase in the height of both boys and girls. However, both reach their maximum height at the age of
17 to 18 years.
2) The voice of boys become hoarse and that of girls become shrill.
3) Shoulders become broader and muscles grow more prominently in boys. In girls, the regions below the waist becomes
wider.
4) Hair start growing in different parts of boys and girls.
5) In most of the teenagers, due to increased secretion of sweat and sebaceous gland, get acne and pimples on their face.
6) Onset of puberty brings changes in secondary sexual characters in both male and female.
7) Boys and girls become capable of reproduction.
8) In girls, menstruation starts.
9) Different types of hormones start to release in initiating a reproductive function.

Endocrine glands Hormones

Ans5.
1. Pituitary gland (i) Growth hormones

2. Ovaries (ii) Estrogen

3. Testes (iii) Testosterone
4. Thyroid (iv) Thyroxine
5. Pancreas (v) Insulin

6. Adrenal glands (vi) Adrenaline

Ans 6. The hormones which help and control the formation of secondary
sexual characters are called sex hormones. They are named so because they
control the sexual activities and are secreted by males and females
separately.
Functions of sex hormones are given below separately:
Male sex hormone: It is also called testosterone. It is secreted by testes and
causes changes in secondary sexual character of boys like growth of facial
hair like moustache, beard, etc. It also stimulates spermatogenesis.
Female sex hormone: It is also called estrogen. It is secreted by ovaries and
controls the secondary sexual characters in females, appearance of
mammary glands, etc. It also maintains pregnancy.
Ans 8. (a) Adam’s apple: During puberty, a change in the voice of boys and
girls takes place due to increase in the size of the voice box or larynx. In boys,
the voice box tends to protrude out on the upper part of the neck, below the
chin and is often referred to as Adam’s apple.
(b) Secondary sexual characters: Those characters which are visible more
apparently and help in distinguishing a male from a female are called
secondary sexual characters. For example, in girls, breasts and in boys, facial
hair, i.e., moustache and beard.
C) Sex determination in the unborn baby: The sex of a child, i.e.,
whether it is a male or a female is determined at the time of
fertilisation when a male gametes fuse with a female gamete. All
human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nuclei of their cells.
Two chromosomes out of these are sex chromosomes. A female has
two X chromosomes, while a male has one X and one Y chromosome.
The gametes (egg and sperm) have only one set of chromosomes. The
unfertilised egg always has one X chromosome.
But sperms are of two kinds—One having X chromosome, and the
other having Y chromosome. When a sperm containing X chromosome
fertilises the egg, the zygote would have two X chromosomes and
develop into a female child. If the sperm contributes a Y chromosome
to the egg or ovum at fertilisation, the zygote would develop into a
male child. It is thus also clear that the sex chromosomes of the father
determine the sex of an unborn baby.
Ans 9
Work Book Solutions
QI a)Since the adolescence covers the teen age( 13 to 18 or 19), thus
adolescents bare also called teenagers.
b) The most important change is that boys and girls become capable of
reproduction.
c) Full height= Present height/ % of full height at this age X100
152/95 X 100= 160 cm
d) Because boys develop larger voice boxes. The growing voice box in
boys can be seen as protruding part of throat called Adam’s apple.
e) Endocrine gland: pituitary, pancreas, adrenalin.
Non- endocrine: sweat gland, salivary glands, oil glands.
f) Do in the assignment.
g) Yes, because it produces hormones that control other glands and many
body functions including growth.
h) Done
i) The first menstrual flow begins at puberty and is termed as menarche.
At 45-50 years of age. The menstrual cycle stops, it is termed as
menopause.
j) Done
k) Thyroxine hormone is secreted by thyroid gland. Presence of iodine in
water is required for the production of thyroxine in the frog’s body. If the
water in which the tadpoles are growing does not contain sufficient iodine ,
the tadpoles cannot become adult frogs.
l) Adrenal gland produces the hormone adrenaline, it controls emotions like
fear and anger, regulates blood pressure and heart beat. It helps the body to
adjust to stress when one is very angry or worried.
QII. Give one word:
a) Endocrine b) Menarche c) Adrenalin d)Estrogen e)
Adam’s apple f) Pituitary gland
QIII. Fill in the blanks:
a) Larynx b) secondary c) testosterone d) X e)menopause
f)insulin g) HIV
QIV. True / False
a) T b) F c) F d) T e) T f) T
QV. Match the following:
a)-iv; b)-v; c)-vi; d)-iii; e)-vii; f)-ii
QVI Choose the correct alternative:
a)-iv b)-ii c)-i d)-I e)-ii f)-I
QVII. Word Puzzle:
ACROSS: 1. THYROXINE 5. MENARCHE 6. ADAMS APPLE
DOWN: 2. HORMONES 3. ENDOCRINE 4. THYROID
Assignment:
Q1. Explain how the following conditions occur and which gland is responsible for
them:
a) Dwarfism: It occurs when pituitary gland produces growth hormone in less
amount or doesnot produce any growth hormone at all.
b) Gigantism: It occurs when the pituitary gland produces growth hormone in
excess amount.
c) Diabetes: it occurs when pancreas produce insulin in less amount or doen not
produce insulin at all.
d) Goitre: It occurs when thyroid gland does not produce thyroxine hormone or
produce thyroxine in less amount.
Q2. Why is personal hygiene and regular physical exercise are essential for our well
being?
A. Personal hygiene is essential because if cleanliness is not maintained then
there ae chances of catching bacterial infection.
Physical exercise is essential to keep the body fit and healthy.
Q3. chips & tinned/ packed snacks, though tasty could never replace regular meals.
Why?
A. Because these do not have adequate nutritional value.
Q4. Justify the statement –”Say no to drugs, tobacco & alcohol.”
A. Because drugs are addictive. If we take them once we feel like taking them
again and again. They harm the body on long run. They ruin health and
happiness.
Q5. What are some ways in which HIV is transmitted from an infected person to
normal person?
A. There are three ways by which HIV can be transmitted:
i) HIV can pass to a normal person fro an infected person by sharing the syringes
used for injecting drugs.
ii) It can also be transmitted to an infant from the infected mother through her
milk.
iii) It can also be transmitted through sexual contact with a person infected with
HIV.
Q6. Why some young people get acne and pimples on face during
puberty?
A. Because of increased secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands.
Q7. List down the major pubertal changes in human males (any five).
Q8. List down the major pubertal changes in human females (any five).