WELL CONTROL COURSE

By Eng. Walaa Attia

 Day # 1 Contents
• Pressures (BHP, LOT and MAASP)
• Kick Tolerance .
• Ballooning
• Tripping & slug pumping.
• Causes of kick
• Swabbing & Surging
• Abnormal pressures
• Warning signs and positive indicators &shut in
methods.
• Gas behaviour
 SECTION A
KEY DEFINITIONS
Drilling Ahead
 WHAT IS A KICK?
IT IS AN INFLUX OF FORMATION FLUID
THAT CAUSES THE WELL TO FLOW.
 WHAT IS A BLOWOUT?
AN UNCONTROLLED EXIT OF THE FORMATION FLUIDS
AT THE SURFACE
 MUD HYDROSTATIC -1
VERTECAL WELL

STANDERED FORMULA WITH FT., PPG AND PSI

MUD HYDROSTATIC HP = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT X DEPTH

MUD GRADIANT = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT PSI\FT.

 FORMATION FLUID

Fluid present in the pore space of the rock.

FORMATION PRESSURE
The pressure of the formation fluids.
What is formation fluid pressure?

PSI

Formation Pressure: is the fluid pressure in

the pore spaces of the formation.
 WHAT IS WELL CONTROL?
1/ PREVENTING A KICK

PRIMARY MUD HYDROSTATIC

OR
2/ SHUTTING IN THE WELL AFTER A
KICK HAS BEEN TAKEN

= SECONDARY BLOW OUT PREVENTERS

 Primary control

MUD HYDROSTATIC
IN WELLBORE
FORMATION FLUID
PRESSURE

MUD 4800
HYDROSTATIC
5000

PSI

PSI

MUD HYDROSTATIC PREVENTS FORMATION FLUIDS

ENTERING THE WELLBORE
Secondary Control
Blowout Preventers
 BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE

IT IS THE TOTAL PRESSURES EXERTED AT

THE BOTTOM OF THE WELL.
 Static BHP = HP.

 DYNAMIC BHP = HP + APL.

 SHUT IN BHP = HP + SIP.

 KILLING(CIRC. BHP= HP + APL + BACK PRESSURE.

Fractures and MAASP
 Formation tests

• Leak Off Tests

PSI PSI

Formation Integrity
Tests
 Leak off tests
PSI Purpose
• To measure the fracture
pressure of the formation at
the shoe
• To test the cement job
 ACCURATE FORMATION STRENGTH
(LEAK OFF TEST)
1-DRILL OUT THE CASING SHOE AND APPROXIMATELY
15 FEET IN NEW FORMATION (RAT HOLE).

2-TEST SURFACE LINES.

3-CIRCULATE TO GET UNIFORM MUD IN THE HOLE

MUT IN = MUD OUT.
4-EXACT VERTICAL DEPTH (TVD) OF CASING SHOE.

5-USE CEMENT PUMP.

6-ACCURATE PRESSURE GAUGE.

7-RECORD MUD VOLUME PUMPED TILL LEAK-OFF

STARTS.
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)
Pump Pressure

FRACTURE PRESSURE
= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Pump Pressure

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Pump Pressure TREND LINE

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Pump Pressure TREND LINE

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Pump Pressure TREND LINE

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Pump Pressure TREND LINE

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Pump Pressure TREND LINE

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Pump Pressure Point of Leak Off TREND LINE

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Point of Leak Off TREND LINE

Leak Off
Pressure
Pump Pressure

Volume Pumped
 HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH
MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

Point of Leak Off TREND LINE

Leak Off
Pressure
Pump Pressure

FRACTURE PRESSURE
= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi

Volume Pumped
 Fracture pressure

PFRAC = (MWHOLE x TVDSHOE x0.052) + PLOT

Maximum mud weight

MWMAX = (PLOT  TVDSHOE  0.052) + MWHOLE

 MAASP

• Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure

• Definition
– the surface pressure, above mud hydrostatic which
will cause the formation at the shoe to take mud
(losses)
• MAASP versus LOT
– just after the LOT, the LOT pressure is the MAASP
• As the mud weight increases, the MAASP will
decrease
 MAASP

Calculation

MAASP = (MWMAX - MWHOLE) x TVDSHOE x 0.052

 HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION
PRESSURE
 HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION
PRESSURE
 HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION
PRESSURE

OR

MUD
HYDROSTATIC

FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

 HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION
PRESSURE

OR

MUD
HYDROSTATIC

FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

 Mud Hydrostatic and Formation Pressure

HP
Always Remember that HP and
FP are two opposite forces.

FP
CAUSES OF KICKS
 WHAT CAUSES MUD
HYDROSTATIC TO DROP?

PRESSURE = 0.052 X MUD WT X TVD

 HOW CAN HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE CHANGE?
Mud Wt

Rig Floor
Mud Level 300 ft {
Height (Length)
True Vertical

Mud Wt = 11 ppg
Level Drop = 300 ft
What is loss of hydrostatic pressure?
 CAUSES OF KICKS
(REDUCTION IN MUD WEIGHT)
 GAS IN THE WELLBORE

• DRILLED GAS
 Effect Of Gas Expansion in Open Well
32

8 16

0 0 0 0 0 0
Why Monitor the Hole Fill?

swabbing
 What is swabbing?

Swabbing is a temporary
drop in BHP as the
string is pulled upwards.

PSI
 Swabbing
Main causes;
– Pull pipe too fast
– Balled bit/BHA
– Viscous mud
– Narrow annulus
All these make it more difficult for mud
to move past the bit to fill space created
by pulling drill string.
 Surface indications of swabbing
• Swabbing can be recognized by
– incorrect hole fill

• Monitoring the trip tank is of vital

importance
 Actions to be taken if swabbing is
observed
• The acknowledged procedure is:-
– Flow check
– If negative, run back to bottom
– Circulate bottoms up (consider taking
returns via the choke)
Swab Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure

Mud Hydrostatic

Swab Pressure
 Surging

THE OPPOSITE OF SWABBING As mud is forced into

IS SURGING one formation,
formation fluid may
flow into the well from
another

Temporary increase of fluid

hydrostatic while tripping 4800 5000
in as mud tries to move up
around the bit

PSI
Surge Pressure

Bottom Hole Pressure

= Mud Hydrostatic
+
Surge Pressure
 CAUSES OF KICKS
(REDUCTION IN MUD LEVEL)
 HOW CAN HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE CHANGE?
Mud Wt

Rig Floor
Mud Level 300 ft {
Height (Length)
True Vertical

Mud Wt = 11 ppg
Level Drop = 300 ft
What is loss of hydrostatic pressure?
LOSSES
LOSSES
LOSSES
LOSSES
 STAND

RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE

TOOL JOINT
RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE
RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE
PULLING COLLARS

RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE
PULLING COLLARS

RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE
PULLING COLLARS

RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE
 FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR

RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL

FLOAT COLLAR

CASING SHOE
 FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR

RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE

MUD LEVEL

FLOAT FAILS
 FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR

RIG FLOOR

FLOWLINE

MUD LEVEL
CAUSES OF KICKS
(ABNORMAL PRESSURE)
Porosity

SOLID PARTICLES

PORE
SPACE
What is Permeability?
Permeability
 CAUSES OF KICKS.

REVISION:

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

“ UNDERBALANCE ”
 CAUSES OF KICKS.

REVISION:

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

“ UNDERBALANCE ”

UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :
 CAUSES OF KICKS.

REVISION:

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

“ UNDERBALANCE ”

UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :
1. MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION.
 CAUSES OF KICKS.

REVISION:

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

“ UNDERBALANCE ”

UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :
1. MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION.
2. DROP IN MUD LEVEL.
 CAUSES OF KICKS.
REVISION:

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

“ UNDERBALANCE ”
UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :
1. MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION.
2. DROP IN MUD LEVEL.
3. INCREASE IN FORMATION PRESSURE.
 WHAT IS ABNORMAL PRESSURE?
• FORMATION FLUID GRADIANT IS
GREATER THAN RESSURE GRADIANT
OF SEA WATER.

• 99.99+% OF FORMATION FLUIDS ARE WATER

• FORMATION WATER EQUALS

8.9 PPG (AVERAGE) = .465 PSI/FT

• IF FORMATION FLUIDS ARE SQUEEZED THEN

FLUID PRESSURE INCREASES.
 Effect of Pipe Slugging

RIG RIG RIG

FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR

FLOW FLOW FLOW

LINE LINE LINE

BACKFLOW TO
TRIP TANK
= VOLUME OF
EMPTY PIPE

BEFORE SLUG HAS AFTER SLUG HAS HEAVY SLUG KEEPS

U-TUBED U-TUBED MUD LEVEL INSIDE PIPE
BELOW RIG FLOOR
( Pulling ‘ DRY’)
 Thank You

www.gulftech.ae

77, Road No. 104, Hadayek El Maadi, Cairo

Tel: +2 02 25284753 – Cell: +2 01000042708

Email: [email protected]