WELCOME

To
IInd Yr. B. Tech (Petrochemical Engg.) Students

By
Mohammad Kamil, PhD
Professor & Former Chairman
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES
AMU, Aligarh

Friday, November 12, 2021 1

 VISION
To become a center of excellence for the
development of the country and mankind by
providing highly competitive professionals,
cutting edge technologies and effective services
to the academia and hydrocarbon industry.

Friday, November 12, 2021 2

 MISSION
To provide education and training to the
students for serving at national and global
levels
To develop a strong R&D infrastructure for
solving the technological needs of the global
economy and human society
To develop vibrant and creative learning
environment to produce technically sound,
ethically strong and morally elevated human
resource
Friday, November 12, 2021 3
Course Title CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS
Course Number: PKC-2030
Credits: 4
Course Category: DC
Pre-requisite(s): --
Contact Hours (L-T-P) 3-1-0
Type of Course: Theory

Course Outcomes:
•To understand the chemistry, characteristics and evaluation of crude oils.
•To understand the crude oil fractionation processes (Atmospheric and
Vacuum distillation), different petro products and physical and thermal
properties.
•Ability to understand quality control tests on crude and products and be
able to analyze the results.
•To learn about petrochemical industry, classification and uses, reaction
mechanisms of hydrocarbons (Thermal and catalytic cracking,
isomerization, alkylation etc.).

Friday, November 12, 2021 4

Syllabus
Unit I: Origin and formation of Petroleum, Reserves and deposits,
Indian Petroleum Industry, Composition of crude Oils, ultimate and
chemical composition, non-hydrocarbons in petroleum,
Asphaltenes and Resins, classification of petroleum, evaluation of
crude oil, Bench mark crudes.

Unit II: Characterization of crude oils: TBP and ASTM distillation,

Classification by chemical composition, Correlation Index, Density,
API gravity, Viscosity, UOP characterization factor, etc. Physical &
Thermal properties of petroleum, ASTM, TBP, EFV distillation
curves.

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Unit III: Distillation: Pretreatment, Electric desalting, atmospheric
and vacuum distillation, petroleum products and their quality
control tests.
Unit IV: Value addition of petrochemicals from feedstock to
consumer end products, chemical reactions of hydrocarbons like
Decomposition (Thermal & Catalytic), Halogenations, Isomerization,
Hydrogenation, Alkylation, Nitration, Sulfonation, etc. with
chemistry and reaction mechanism.

Text Books:

Rao, B.K.B., “Modern Petroleum Refining Processes”, Oxford & IBH

Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. (Latest Ed.)

Prasad, R., “Petroleum Refining Technology”, Khanna Publishers,

New Delhi.
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 Reference Books:
•Speight, J.C.; “The Chemistry and Technology of
Petroleum”, Marcel Dekker, New York, 4/e1999.
•Lucas, A.G. (ed.), “Modern Petroleum Technology”, Vol. 2,
Downstream, John Wiley & Sons Limited, New York, 6/e,
2000.
•Simanzhenkov, V. and Idem, R., “Crude oil Chemistry”,
Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2003.
•Hobson, G.D., “Modern Petroleum Technology” Vol I & II,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 5/e, 1984.
•Rao, B.K.B., “Petrochemicals”, Khanna Pubs. New Delhi.
•Sukumar Maiti , Introduction to petrochemicals , Oxford
and IBH pubs co. New Delhi.

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•Evaluation:
• End Semester Exam. (60 marks): Descriptive in nature; Mid
Semester Exam. (25 marks):
•Class Test/ Assignments/ Presentations/Quiz etc. (15 marks):
Surprising in nature.
Suggestions for preparation
• Preparation: Make full use of library, internet, Books/e-books and
class notes etc.
•Spare just 1 hr. every day.
•Follow the above instructions & enjoy during the examination days
also.
Class Attendance
•See notice board (before mid semester/ end semester exam).
•Best policy to ease your anxiety, is to attend the classes regularly.

•75%
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For Latecomers:

•Within 05 minutes; don’t ask, just come inside silently

and take your seat.
•After 05 minutes; Please do not disturb the class.
Contact
•Submit the e-mail address and Cell phone number of
all the students, in a notepad file to me; at
[email protected]
My contact no: 9359500486

Mohammad Kamil, PhD

Course Instructor
Friday, November 12, 2021 9
Engineering is a combination of knowledge, skills,
creativity, innovation, management, commitment and
ethics. It is the art of making practical applications of
the knowledge of pure science. It is all about solving
real life problems and providing optimum solutions
and designs.

Engineers shape the future of the nations and

enhance the quality of life of the population.

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What is Petrochemical Engineering?
Petrochemical Engineering is the field of engineering that
deals with manufacturing processes where chemical
reactions are involved.

Students start by taking basic science courses in

mathematics, chemistry, and physics among others.
Also take advanced basic science courses such as organic
and physical chemistry along with engineering science
courses which focus on applications of heat, mass, and
momentum transport, chemical reaction, and chemical
process simulation, design, optimization and control.
Also study the application of process economics and
project investment analysis.
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Careers in Process Engineering
Because of their very diverse education, Process engineers
can find employment in many different fields and
industries including processing of oil and gas into finished
products, finding solutions to air and water pollution
problems, reducing corrosion in chemical processing
plants, producing plastics and other polymer products,
manufacturing pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals and
food products, and manufacture of microelectronic devices
to name a few. It also gives students an excellent
background for advanced study in such fields as
bio-engineering, materials science, and even medicine etc.

Friday, November 12, 2021 12

The Petrochemical Engg profession.

Many students know very little about what

Petrochemical/Petroleum engineers do, where they work
and how much money they make and the like.
Plant trips to see, feel and smell a petroleum refinery /
Petrochemical/Chemical plant and by talks from practicing
engineers, alumni of the college are particularly effective
since they demonstrate that it is possible to get through
the curriculum.

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Both are invaluable to inexperienced students in gaining
some concept of size and complexity of a modern HC
Plant and in providing a perspective of the wide variety of
career potentials available to petrochemical engineers.

▪ Principles of mass and energy balance in the context of

designing and operating a chemical process in the most
profitable and safest manner.

Three Counter current staged operations: distillation

,evaporation and extraction.

IN = out sound simple

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Curriculum
As chem. Engg. knowledge developed, it was inserted into
university courses and curricula. Before world war I, chem. Engg.
programs were distinguishable from chemistry programs in that
they contained courses in engg. Drawing, engg. Thermodynamics,
mechanics and hydraulics taken from engg. depts.

Shortly after world war-I

first text in unit operations- W.H Walker W.K Lewis and W.H. Mc
Adams, Principles of chemical engg. , NY McGraw Hill, 1923.
By the mid 1930s chem. Engg. programs included courses in
stoichiometry (Process Calculations) ie. By using M.& E.
conservation ideas to analyze chem. process steps ,chemical
processes or unit operations, chem.engg. labs in which equipment
was operated & tested.

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 Chem. plant design (in which cost factors were
combined with technical elements to arrive at
preliminary plant design) and core chemistry courses–
general, analytical, organic & physical chemistry. In
addition courses in mechanical drawing, Engg.
Mechanics, Electric circuits, metallurgy and
thermodynamics with other engineers.

Since world war II, Process Engg. has developed rapidly

as new discipline , they have been added to the
curriculum:
Chem.engg. thermodynamics 1945

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Chemical kinetics & reactor design: 1950
Process dynamics & control, 1950
Digital computers use began to develop about 1960
Transport phenomena ~ 1960 unifying basis for Chem.
Engg. Education.

In last two decades

Environmental & safety engg. , biotechnology and
electronics , manufacturing processing and recently

Biology

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 Energy Outlook
World primary energy consumption grew by 0.9% in
2014. This was the slowest growth rate since 1998
other than the decline in the aftermath of the financial
crisis
Growth was below average in all regions except North
America and Africa. All fuels except nuclear energy grew
at below-average rates.
Oil remains the world’s dominant fuel, Hydroelectric
and other renewables in power generation both
reached record shares of global primary energy
consumption (6.8% and 2.4% respectively).

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 History of Petroleum:
Mankind has known crude oil or petroleum for more than
6000 years through the seepages that occur naturally
along the earth’s surface.
The Middle East was the site where some of the earliest
civilizations used surface deposits of asphalt formed by
the natural evaporation of crude oil which oozed out in
the form of oil seepage.
In Sumerian, circa 6000 B.C., shipbuilding Industry, used
Asphalt
Ittu – by Sumerians - name for bitumen

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One of the basic requirements of the human society is
Energy. A country that possesses oil wants more. They
struggle to explore it at almost any cost. The Petroleum
Industry has a crucial place in the modern world as the
generator and supplier of one of the most important
sources of energy.

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 History of oil contd.

▪Drinking cup made from the egg of an ostrich in about

2600 B. C. bitumen setting.
▪Egyptians used asphalt as a water proofing material as
early as 2600 B.C. They also found it good for
embalming mummies, Early Mediterranean civilizations
used to dig shallow pits around seepages in order to
collect oil.
▪Used this as mortar to cement bricks & stones in
buildings and as caulking compound in wooden ships
including Noah’s ark.

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 History of oil contd.

▪The basket, in which the baby Moses was hidden, made

water proof with bitumen.
Christopher Columbus used bitumen to make his ship
seaworthy. It is said that when Alexander the great
visited Persia, the inhabitants sprinkled the street with
oil & set it a light.

Babylonians, Egyptians & Romans found useful as

ointment, water proofing agent, to light lamps.

22
 Fist Producer in Asia
Fist well was drilled near Jaipur which failed to strike oil.
Second one was started near Makum in march 1867.On
the 26th March, oil was stuck at a depth of 118 feet. The
gusher rose to 74 feet.
This yielded about 300 gallons (about 1300 lits) &
stopped. In Nov. 1890, the Assam Railway & Trading Co.
drilled a well in Digboi. It strike oil, at a depth of 662 feet
(220m) with a production of 200 gallons (900 lits). This
Digboi well No. 1 is the real harbinger of oil in India.
On Jan 10,1901, Higgins & Lucas drilled at the top of a
salt-dome. Oil was struck at a depth of ≈ 340m 23
4 million barrels of oil, as the well threw out ( Blow
out lasted for 9 days).

Soon after the 1920’s the quest for oil by drilling

wells spread over the US, Europe & far East.

Almost every country in the world in engaged in

exploration for this source of energy, which
incidentally, also forms a feed stock for the chemical
/Petrochemical Industry.

24
 Contd.

• A work of Plutarch states that--Alexander the

Great, while passing through Kirkuk in the 331
B.C. was impressed by seeing a continuous
flame issuing from the earth, probably a
natural gas fire. Such fires were probably the
basis of the fire worship prevailed than in the
M. East. Natural gas issuing from the earth &
are ignited by lightning or other similar natural
agents.

25
 Contd.
• During the early Christian era, Arabs devised various
methods of petroleum distillation – no. of pdts. for
lightning homes and cleaning clothing.

• Azerbaijan – name is derived from the Persian word

‘Ader Badagan’ meaning garden of fire.

• Oil fields in Baku, eternal fires of Baku – ignition of

oil& gas from seepage.

• It is this area, which supplied the Soviet Union with

the oil needed in World War II.

26
Invention of kerosene lamp in 1854. led to the formation of
first American oil co., named Pennsylvania Rock oil co.
Discovery of oil in western Ontario in 1857.

Col Edwin Loren tine, discovery of oil in Pennsylvania in 1859

(27th Aug)
Drilled at Titusville, Penn. (USA) .
Depth of oil well was 21 meters & produced some 30 barrels
of oil which fetched him about $ 20.

27
 Contd.

• Drake used a steam engine to drive a punching tool 21m

below the surface to drill oil. This date is taken as the
starting point of the modern Petroleum Industry.

• Small quantities were also produced in Russia by 1856 &

in Romania by 1857.

• A pipe line of 5 cm dia built in 1863 near Titus Ville,

Penn. was the first pipe line laid to transport crude oil.
• By 1900, production was around 41X 104 bbl / day.
• U.S. & Soviet Union – leading produces in the first

28
In the beginning, lamp oil was the main desired pdt. Gasoline or
petrol was obtd. as by pdt. & was used either as a spot remover or
simply burned off as a useless pdt. But with Henry Ford’s mass
pdtn. of automobiles, gasoline became a more needed pdt. So the
refineries were modified to produce gasoline & slowly the
Petroleum Industry grew to become one of the world’s largest
industries.

1913-14 – expanding market for gasoline.

29
 Contd.
• IC Engine – used gasoline.

• World wars I & II created a large market for all

types of oil, particularly gasoline.

• Gasoline production increased tremendously

after the development of the cracking process in
1913.

30
Arab Lands: The discovery of oil in the Arab lands
surpassed all the expectations up to that time.
In Iran – 1908, Iraq – 1923, Bahrain in 1932. Saudi
Arabia & Kuwait in 1938.
USA was the leader in production up to 1960’s
thereafter the M. East out produced other areas.
Cheap oil for transport & Industry.
In 1961, OPEC, comprising of 11 countries was
established to avoid exploitation of member
countries. But when OPEC prices in 1973, the
International energy agency (IEA) – 1974 to protect
the interests of oil-consuming countries.

31
 New Technologies
New technologies for Offshore production &
from the Arctic (the Alaska pipe line) in order to
avoid the monopoly of OPEC.
Even then, OPEC controls the oil production &
the price to a great extent even now.

32
 Deep water oil fields
Shell has developed Mars, a 500 m bbl oil field at a depth
of 900 m under water.
Oil cos. have technologies & equipments to drill wells
upto 3075m under the sea.
Oil pipe line from Azerbaijan through Russia to the west
from the Caspian sea, Asia.
Now, the world depends primarily on this energy source
& petroleum pdts are basic feed stocks for the
petrochemical industry world wide with its billions of
dollars worth of Syn. chemicals & other products.

33
Total refineries 742 – operate all over the world.
Exxon Mobil – refines 5432X103 barrels / day – 34
refineries.
Shell – 3999X103 barrels / day –second – operates 39
refines.
Total worldwide reserves of crude oil is estimated to be
1028 bn. Barrels.
Out of this, 814 bn. Barrels belong to OPEC.
Total M. East share is around 683 bn. Barrels.

34
 Annual crude oil consumption
Country Kg per capita

N. America 3150
Japan 2010
N. Europe 1520
Asia-Australia 240
China 110
India 70

35
Formation of oil and gas:

A substantial majority of geologists and chemists support

the theory of the organic of petroleum. The conditions of
occurrence of petroleum in rock are such that oil and gas
fill the pores of the enclosing rock. The higher the porosity
ratio of the rock, the more petroleum does it contain.

Nonorganic theory: oil is formed by the action of water

on metallic carbides or by atmospheric radioactivity or by
cosmic radiation.

36
 Organic theory: (Engler’s theory) currently
favored proposal.
Petroleum originates from the remains of marine plant and
animal life which existed many millions of yrs. ago. Some of
these remains which deposited along with rock forming
sediments under the sea undergo decomposition
anaerobically by bacteria which transforms the fats of
these sediments into fatty acids. These transform to an
asphaltic material called Kerogen (Greek word- means wax).
These are of two types—a coaly type ( it does not
contribute to petroleum generating, stands for solid organic
remains found in rocks, which produce HCs similar to
petroleum when heated)and a sapropelic type ( stands for
organic sludge that accumulates on the bed of lakes or
seas). Due to combined action of heat and pressure over
millions of yrs., this kerogen undergoes conversion into oil
and gas.

37
It is now generally believed that petroleum has been formed by the
bacterial decomposition under anaerobic conditions of the
remnants of animal and plant life accumulated under the earth’s
crust over millions of years. This was converted into liquid and
gaseous materials due to high pressure and T conditions. Several
bacterial attack destroyed proteins and carbohydrates, leaving fats
to accumulate as oil reserves, hence the name fossil fuel.

C.E. Zobell --- conversion is a microbiological process.

Bacteria as described by him can survive in all critical

conditions, from 0 to 85 C, under extreme prs. upto 10,000
kg/cm2 and also at well depths of 10500 meters.
(thermophilic bacteria).
38
Various geological formations trap the crude oil in
underground pools, generally in the form of sands
saturated with oil and protected from evaporation by
overlying mineral strata.
In a normal oil pool gas remains at the top, oil below it
and water further below. These pools remain intact till
disturbed by the earth.

39
The need for
light…

40
 1st commercial
The petroleum industry grew through the 1800s ~ becoming a leading
international industry as the 20th century progressed.
oil well drilled
Today’s top 3 oil producing countries: in Poland.
Saudi Arabia
Russia
1858
United States
1st North
American oil
well drilled
in Ontario,
Canada

Timeline

2000 +
1950s
1853

1858

1891

1896

1937

1946

1961
41
 80% of the world’s accessible
reserves are in the Middle East.

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Iraq

Qatar

Kuwait

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Friday, November 12, 2021 43