1 Origin Formation
1 Origin Formation
To
IInd Yr. B. Tech (Petrochemical Engg.) Students
By
Mohammad Kamil, PhD
Professor & Former Chairman
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM STUDIES
AMU, Aligarh
Course Outcomes:
•To understand the chemistry, characteristics and evaluation of crude oils.
•To understand the crude oil fractionation processes (Atmospheric and
Vacuum distillation), different petro products and physical and thermal
properties.
•Ability to understand quality control tests on crude and products and be
able to analyze the results.
•To learn about petrochemical industry, classification and uses, reaction
mechanisms of hydrocarbons (Thermal and catalytic cracking,
isomerization, alkylation etc.).
Text Books:
•75%
Friday, November 12, 2021 8
For Latecomers:
Biology
19
One of the basic requirements of the human society is
Energy. A country that possesses oil wants more. They
struggle to explore it at almost any cost. The Petroleum
Industry has a crucial place in the modern world as the
generator and supplier of one of the most important
sources of energy.
20
History of oil contd.
21
History of oil contd.
22
Fist Producer in Asia
Fist well was drilled near Jaipur which failed to strike oil.
Second one was started near Makum in march 1867.On
the 26th March, oil was stuck at a depth of 118 feet. The
gusher rose to 74 feet.
This yielded about 300 gallons (about 1300 lits) &
stopped. In Nov. 1890, the Assam Railway & Trading Co.
drilled a well in Digboi. It strike oil, at a depth of 662 feet
(220m) with a production of 200 gallons (900 lits). This
Digboi well No. 1 is the real harbinger of oil in India.
On Jan 10,1901, Higgins & Lucas drilled at the top of a
salt-dome. Oil was struck at a depth of ≈ 340m 23
4 million barrels of oil, as the well threw out ( Blow
out lasted for 9 days).
24
Contd.
25
Contd.
• During the early Christian era, Arabs devised various
methods of petroleum distillation – no. of pdts. for
lightning homes and cleaning clothing.
26
Invention of kerosene lamp in 1854. led to the formation of
first American oil co., named Pennsylvania Rock oil co.
Discovery of oil in western Ontario in 1857.
27
Contd.
28
In the beginning, lamp oil was the main desired pdt. Gasoline or
petrol was obtd. as by pdt. & was used either as a spot remover or
simply burned off as a useless pdt. But with Henry Ford’s mass
pdtn. of automobiles, gasoline became a more needed pdt. So the
refineries were modified to produce gasoline & slowly the
Petroleum Industry grew to become one of the world’s largest
industries.
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Contd.
• IC Engine – used gasoline.
30
Arab Lands: The discovery of oil in the Arab lands
surpassed all the expectations up to that time.
In Iran – 1908, Iraq – 1923, Bahrain in 1932. Saudi
Arabia & Kuwait in 1938.
USA was the leader in production up to 1960’s
thereafter the M. East out produced other areas.
Cheap oil for transport & Industry.
In 1961, OPEC, comprising of 11 countries was
established to avoid exploitation of member
countries. But when OPEC prices in 1973, the
International energy agency (IEA) – 1974 to protect
the interests of oil-consuming countries.
31
New Technologies
New technologies for Offshore production &
from the Arctic (the Alaska pipe line) in order to
avoid the monopoly of OPEC.
Even then, OPEC controls the oil production &
the price to a great extent even now.
32
Deep water oil fields
Shell has developed Mars, a 500 m bbl oil field at a depth
of 900 m under water.
Oil cos. have technologies & equipments to drill wells
upto 3075m under the sea.
Oil pipe line from Azerbaijan through Russia to the west
from the Caspian sea, Asia.
Now, the world depends primarily on this energy source
& petroleum pdts are basic feed stocks for the
petrochemical industry world wide with its billions of
dollars worth of Syn. chemicals & other products.
33
Total refineries 742 – operate all over the world.
Exxon Mobil – refines 5432X103 barrels / day – 34
refineries.
Shell – 3999X103 barrels / day –second – operates 39
refines.
Total worldwide reserves of crude oil is estimated to be
1028 bn. Barrels.
Out of this, 814 bn. Barrels belong to OPEC.
Total M. East share is around 683 bn. Barrels.
34
Annual crude oil consumption
Country Kg per capita
N. America 3150
Japan 2010
N. Europe 1520
Asia-Australia 240
China 110
India 70
35
Formation of oil and gas:
36
Organic theory: (Engler’s theory) currently
favored proposal.
Petroleum originates from the remains of marine plant and
animal life which existed many millions of yrs. ago. Some of
these remains which deposited along with rock forming
sediments under the sea undergo decomposition
anaerobically by bacteria which transforms the fats of
these sediments into fatty acids. These transform to an
asphaltic material called Kerogen (Greek word- means wax).
These are of two types—a coaly type ( it does not
contribute to petroleum generating, stands for solid organic
remains found in rocks, which produce HCs similar to
petroleum when heated)and a sapropelic type ( stands for
organic sludge that accumulates on the bed of lakes or
seas). Due to combined action of heat and pressure over
millions of yrs., this kerogen undergoes conversion into oil
and gas.
37
It is now generally believed that petroleum has been formed by the
bacterial decomposition under anaerobic conditions of the
remnants of animal and plant life accumulated under the earth’s
crust over millions of years. This was converted into liquid and
gaseous materials due to high pressure and T conditions. Several
bacterial attack destroyed proteins and carbohydrates, leaving fats
to accumulate as oil reserves, hence the name fossil fuel.
39
The need for
light…
40
1st commercial
The petroleum industry grew through the 1800s ~ becoming a leading
international industry as the 20th century progressed.
oil well drilled
Today’s top 3 oil producing countries: in Poland.
Saudi Arabia
Russia
1858
United States
1st North
American oil
well drilled
in Ontario,
Canada
Timeline
2000 +
1950s
1853
1858
1891
1896
1937
1946
1961
41
80% of the world’s accessible
reserves are in the Middle East.
Saudi Arabia
Iraq
Qatar
Kuwait
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