choyterd || Wreory of Medals: = eager. = — ———> xf Sag lain Hae Meressih{ OF auuavebun merhhanics+ sti, 1 4 i iy “a uudersiaud He photaslectate effect . fn havipa orn i electron» x || Wave particle duality: Aohal surface hy d Photoclertnic effert Z £2 hy f 22 mrt ensrgy OF Electromagnetic wave hin Ditfracttag - diffracted Apel TT Altos ( Fectten Vf) A) 20 hitral spot | a | 1 4 a T Vz ; A atomic planes t Fi VY nnzUsine —hivewelengt for conactmetive Lacon gesQs] ctectrems “ A} 2 ne L A ack, ng Bau! n ro 0-771 nina. Ww, a. mipane a __ be Meee 2a. ies ; ips > 230-4" B = 45-2" We Krew A = dei np Fo neq, a = 2vo-rsyyip %sinasi2® = 4-22 xso*@m Fram de- Broguie 4 Celaction A =_h ? “= ae = Barry = Al2xaixion x | = Bgexigl? x! Sdarading er Seqetion tne -i'a Lea patdniut 2 —____ dais eqvaticn helps 10 clescribe “dhe save pantie ebaviznn + Ala knowing appropriate poderctal ene guy enews fonda, ub helps fb precicd tae behaviour or the (erat te Mais egeuattion naa been found successful jn predicting any ctxer vable_ Wlatical phenaerenae tike energy, comentum. and -paridion of partide at jadonaie scaler Withodt Hala eovedlion, we Canoe cenderdand Hae | propertion 04 electronic —teneils-ancl—ojraing ninth sn, — lacmai- conductor devices a=D) Kz Waw-na: ince E: hf = tw > = ny tefove mpd fe Ae mist-Px) “dd ae ie ik. elke dx Again Ee - ae GA - re [Ae rT] [ op 7) ee EO ay, “Sef aid sy a) | Again diff. 29° (D wer-4- time (J) ae = Aljwp eit g lex at e > jhav sep —o oeoar \ jb ————— === necay inal y f 2 Ese KEt Pg rT. 2 Es gots v | = Pay am Mutheleviug laden widen Loy pe 4 - 2 Py ev EW ee rd From GO 4 (D ie we oe Patt y Py tat 7 ax] “at 2 we Pe ai mensional Sdbrodki nger Cauntion tin 8-D * -t 2 - jaw s wy wey where = Peareat |. Leplevian epecaier ax" jy? 557 | ~- z 7 x ay a27) . Again EW ft ve : a Ee a pe pray Che Opti tug 7 > Were (evy Lo am gx I> ae » —( x ia chun cdg Ina) Zt 20 “vp =p a)aL = f . \ All Wave Cunc tion - . ' C dicen 4 2 Lit atin tts pani lyy AlAo a —protainiliby funtion + Cine pichabilthy ala oie © ty if it / ey a 4 tong yt ie [pies VY. y* - ftu vale Acnotes ine grebabtith oh findian plectron t n ee prcbaly Lthy of “ Petuni) + fic prchab j Ay = dad do SW iPdlvclyde WE Fase of finding elechen iy ivderval t : tid } - Pa 4 he L ization i Pdaz4 — ~ Slut Px) ips Ae sft) - : : ‘ Sr = Re , Ayon, =p tp {_\ | \ Operate nictationas _iy 4 Op eeodoy fi Menmonives aperiter iil| Pasitim Gperator We nave = W(7,t) = Ae TTT To Ap = =} (Gat - Pax) a= “= qe ae = AD Fe _ = SRY = -h dv ety Pe Here tor r E is E = (tnd) ae] I Exam ©), ie. wert x . | “a aj pe 5 Se ; 2 The Ee Ld dx. ey jhat _[ Pa fod | of ing)peeeresy well Model — in infinite Podentiol wel Fig: €lection ia jodie ite potemial well ef an electron be contined “ip Loerigiy region such tat (0 £ xX £L) Whore L represcondy the Wiclll ¢4 the entined Leven « Sinw dne elechen {s -frer Singide thin beundany 4 | Ja" pad cutie oinertas iy zero the Wicrier peteuitiat ib Jutinite curd heme the electron cannot leave Hed \orundary cond will “venwin jn that regia he sone Clutton <4 Sclutcdinn ger Ora tion ju dime 2 cP tow (E- vib =a is ate he yt) = Asin@x + Beas gx where p= BR BAP nie a ne ‘ fj _ 2-0 il (0) =p AL_w ab, -yilr=aAL A=L Wit) = Asiy Bl) 4 fs(p-u) —O_= Asin( g-) +0 =—sin( 1) = ctn(na) 2 Pl =nn : Ee: oa —L') Bs bas ra L Re Sue Ja~_ Ee = f= Hata? ay aida Sav? a Smt Sea piece 4 hee fed —ceigty 64 electim fa fndiisite prtestit well in det site ino it cut bye i 5 Vatu be-(met402 FHrereyore Wilt) = Asingy = Asin [at *) —iy Frhe value Ol A con bedetivenined oy nornadizatia. ieee ( “yey sd c > C1 bitdxza oO tC t om _{ Pisine| O77) dx =4 oO l ov. fia A eo ji (aT4 Fig: Allowed eirertyy 2 JéVebs “ Fig: eigen [ wave furcin / /\ . i | - i ; | 2 : 7LH ioptorercls “Iie bal A. celeste probobility J led the elechonas pe Sette a Pcteutic Laiiicn . tran deperndy “Cuda re wl ch bei y l 195 i maussign (Be{f. tiv pot Mal Yaa Ler Leia iat Vat) Quad wiley ot tie | 5 baviies. Li 4 cu by T= [bee (oe) | Heo. 4 14 erinisnsy[> AY 44 Dein (r1) wolere PB = Ver i Eve) + aud y = evaujing c . fede e_niqht” baste ppoypo ——Pag WO. | onre Vp* “he reflect {fp ob:tals R= (4-7, qe) 2 tz —4 d: VE adn ly) =t, cxpletyl —y T4 Bair) avd din lafy) =.1 e291) Thigke »_wicrier heir yl oy ee ed stron endussion Clee Determine the transmission (effitieat if the K-$ Sf] eletma fs TeV Wind ill be the transmiccion 1 if the Hhitlenes dt tua is feduced ip 2m 2 He Yi o 6 pte te {2=Ve) 3 [am ty le mayne (soeu-Tevd] ca J h is = £-9X30I nt YL = 8-9xJO SKI? © Gur Hee yl >> 4 =2Te Soy T= He—t a GE = gos FeAl ses 45m. nigh and. dom wide» Takelg= tOmjc ~ fete — 08 64 ball at b= 10 [ttimale ne probabailiny 64 transmission thet 2 wall ay, - 2 Ka de celeaa ‘ ed od rest fiom height 04 40 man teach 9, i = 10m/s*) ~ n (6 )s mde CM) = 2n10x10 oO T fr} Yo Snogy F ot{=46n) = 2KJOxgs 23 ie ey? 5, fox2. (700-300) 1-005 x1g34 —| kK | }£xpected Jexpertation value : | Lo cpeicurtum mechanice, the expected oxespectation value ite oink —etean - Caernge sue erany observable phipsiel C tH i actor (2, 6.%) of an Y-Chservable quantiy in the Jutepial of fic wewe -Fineticn ¢ tounlary. te exp td om | iad — Less SVE Gas th e Sina: _ a 7 (i 2)---- _ 7 4| *ubtttting vue ok ion ertray exp cession —t fete pth 2m Smt* _lesate, nes A Hedin le Haem a secant dep ji ptindiple quardum aumber 1sif x/30\% om (rT pa I fac uinese 0 tate ne H es tee —___fr = vw Grit)= eno] 4- Sdate fo ab Gy = Ph? Ful? Sm? {4 energy &tade. ‘ . Nx—ny and ny Ane guactim Auminers Alen X-axis, Y- ani: 4} Z-dais reapectivehy Fol_taut set f-Guanrtun nue am is the Minin allowed ere, ay state _in RN cme sEphg Mik Ge went emerga Jou with be $4 bot 2. 8 alan howe Same - cnet Hone there are tare tnermy Atates tn serond nergy Level z t" ntrcf sates taal owe same energy will differ art are .nx ah tonne! have —ve s0_the cg Vr ons Cor lan gatas dhe_elettrow 7 \ or alae + Yt P 3 Ans) Cine Ens bin Smt [Smet eny (ne oe Ne a \% Syne + Bnat™ eg where K = 5 }-—---— —-— per wid vee ‘oeay Sede£(e) « 1 Lt expe there, : FE) © prBbahility Oh mecuysdian g = piecpay it electron For € <€p wits TooK a Ece)= 4 = or © wis OK | Fle)=0- | For € = Eg iaitin TH Ok a E(el= 4| {rede = (lec teneanerdiation In an dnkeral & 0 fo oo) 7 - Occupipi¢d by tin clectrme cf cppoeide apin. e+ Ne = 2-2(€)- Fre) ' : jee number 44 ectrow per _unid valume Ino simalle oun ge AE tan _be chdined as: deen Nede uv eqsating ffimm__¢ <0-do 22 fe Ad Took sah trot Fels 4. Une idtotel_ vo. th yo one election (oncentrotim_can be chtaindm Wns f Ned& 2 aEL ‘lection Lia) Fig: 2 metals with diffeterd & with work funesion i Hex, Av=¢ = qo = ddlev 2 Av = dys cotter (ented a _(volie ) & electrom ty Me ane npre errosgetir aud hence tty framediately Hrocnes Pe Aurface Ly tunneling 0 accuupy abawes empty space Hence Pt (becom nae ee oO x= ant > C Ravin tele i? he max ~ Barrie reduction =| “Epup = Exe ~ £Ex2 6 Con =.) ibe at derivate ieeeCroeter- 6 Semi Couduisens | pare | J electron 2 a Mia Tet T= ede + € pily For_intningic sennitouduclr 0 = pz ny [iadintie concentiation) bn com tl nxp = ne {Mass - Jaw action) ned 2 26) Ele-ds_ oe eth {——_] x {_ pet e(elde ff * i 2. be “ L i _| srg eget - 3 y —he-Ee) wo kadvati ata = — nie aa _ ee pas sffedie dennity, ef Alte in eei awe oe * traf ay devel: | Mtcpem Sea - Foe pins we can wide — - a | _Nyerpl Ce -ey) tec6i) = (wnul : ee - et _| > ae ev Bee a — — oe ees ~Ev + dn [se ~| Kt RT i ee > fe = vt & zr be/ | — Since rg ee i Ms $l = _ t hy a : — 5 Epteet & - gerne) - at _ pT hs | : I if Neo Nv or_mre me we_ged mad Ee¢ = Evt € a o einen pacts at tne tidal ai law “the __ ~h Figs Bnenqy band. ~ ~~ - i ¥ L — . i Sea re a _ —opetype op type 6/61 guys 6 = MFe4 =(13. me A Bieding ener ae Tasieg 2, & SF 14-3 and me = gme we got Eis O-0g2ev = bindivg en eraay 7 or Aherge we FKT Dict th prnaal 251 * Oro jley 744PAQE NO. Sear a | £ = | ¢ EET Tose +t rap We ate tn TOS O LAM eden tn BET diatnance Inte crystal) We have mp =n? iw derors ‘ oP?Ni a Hin, do pedype S/e, mvyority canrita mfetedren) _ eNaMn Bip Bupression Occurs —ti get - r z ~ sek = it As atem in 169 si atom Hee 4 doners, Ng = 5x10? - Sxio%3om3 so we 104 | ASN, ~ re : «(p= =) if fT = Cnet Ep My, ior T plz (LE 1 i = , Change in yeaistane = R-R' = 1 i + tf| Na > Oe 44 more donors (NaA>> Na) I n=/ng- Na) {| nen? . | a _ np = [he i P= n faa) : 2h for more actepirs, 9 > Ma- Ng 1 i n2fni_ \ : 1 (Wa- val 4| Vets 0 Goz mass 2 400 2 19. Bem? density 5-46 Since in motion orm volume Js same cf Sh cof ter win ng i _deusity of gp = 4x96 = 2-184 alum* i B31 i Ae ter 6 z NaS = 60x10 x2-154 Phe tee Lagh ME ean it = 402210" atoms Jom™ HI o = endle iL = LE x 10x 10-82K10X 3600 = 6.656 lk 1 — = 4:623, ETE *| i, on Naz 10 oun’? £ (steele n= Na =, cxe| eel —n KT . a Fence ee —O - E |_Na- exp [atest FH ey = 0-0255ev info : . : = 6: 3éev ” Na 2 2x10"" 7? Ng - PE (Nona) = (2x 10% 49M) = Pe 4X10" nF 2? af ne mt nies ev) ~ ~ Na [ee ED] Fep =Er — = KTInf a* vi Matron bis cane tinere ig iy No. Conservation OY ystal tt fag a ace on et I dgeve | 5 RNELA 40 LEA LAM e i ( is - aS ioredt ion (head and. phen.» p . : a ——. Avie: | inadion — —— ; CpdDrs hmapeeritios Ltt) datect etc. , — enegy a Be) Blt COnduchividy of Wstrinne &i fe 4-47y yo" ‘eri! Gnd Onin’ "ah | | “Talis | Nanda! ’ j ' 4 | ' — | | iee | Degenerate semivondsciot. in dena dads, aener tink, . po metal qatcsin. many nos (metal onide $6) devices. { |e - ay AS inget Js deped._v with he As ates [tm And. id the tansie, . | Phcortrectiows Qnd the Ferns Level at _reom temp Ae ten 4nd rinsic Fermi. level. (nj eens x some?) A Na ann ——__ps_nt _ t N_= eyp (Gn-eey _ ni Kr a . | + - : Tena porattne Glependent fonductivity. | —For_other demperahnes, 1D detaotine conducts wie eal consider two tachre. | i |(oecier conentesion temporntune dependence fe Ablow temperniuas toe election eteceertt on __—_ 4 J | nae tet: a SAE SEF xk 6 —D +. Wuhere-Na= nO. of enor er maf Auoilabte electra »——- {i Bud od. ufficently - temperature, thereia_ toormal geet | from valance and 40.06 Jn addition 30 the. electrons. donasl- vey the no: of doves wach thet n* [ve Mu) exp (5: ) —O —“Phin Lb tebral da si /\ve tet : jt 2 Low emp cradian & igo Hu : range tenp erature range rang or “ Nd. __ (nana) that npr ny avid fellas ea” De Loley Tutrimgle range Fat insie aboot a \- ASAD» To nilsattion rane, sarqe | dncwayy “3% ——-—' Mae Na a (4)