i Poy Ne), 17. W Wn (| PROF. PAZ’). MARQUEZ PROF. CORAZON J. ANDRADA PROF. LAURENCE PR. USONA PROF. WILMA L. DECHAVEZ |“ ENGR. MICHAEL L. ZARCO, ~~ AE aan! Wd Wn 8 WrProfessor Wilma L. Dec! Engr. Michael L. 1od Magna Cum Laude wi 4 fd hor MA in Mathematics of the nsive experience 23 & taught Mathemati sr tight Sica two Government High ta, Nigeria, Sho has ors, and is currently ine Unwersy ott Jes College Algebr®, nic University ‘of the jos Calage Naor OBA stor of PUP n bNSOP a the Univer natura = High Se ta nis of requirements for MS Math been teaching for 25 years; and f Mathematics and Statistics. She is an author of books such \ometry Education at P ng Lungsod ng Maynila; have presently Chair of the Departn as Basic Statistics and Pia Zarco_is a consistent top academic scholar when he received his BSECE degree from the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. He received numerous awards, including Gintong Mogaaral ng Taon (Outstanding Engineering Student) and Achiever of the Year. He is a mathematics champion for four straight years in the University Mathematics Contest (1993-1996) and was awarded as PUP Math’ Champion when he won several mathematics contests namely, UP Math Madness VI and MTARSDECS Math Count. Presently, a fulltime faculty member at ‘PUP Taguig Campus and part faculty at PUP Manila and PUP Sta. Rosa Extension. Currently, he is completing his MS. ‘Applied Mathematics deoree, major in Actuarial Science at the University of the Phillippines-Dilir and is coach and trainor in the MTAP-OECS NCR.College Algebra Or. Normita A. Villa Prof. Paz. J. Marquez Prof. Corazon J. Andrada Prof. Laurence P. Usona Prof. Wilma L. Dechavez Engr. Michael L. ZarcoAS the basic foundation of all Mathematics courses, Algebra has to be studied, leamed and understood in a manner where students are provided with the best opportunity to develop enttical thinking. A lot of problems in business, economics, finance, investment and other fields an be easily solved using algebraic algorithms. The principles, methods and mathematical Procedures in Algebra may not be altered but there is an urgent need to present the ‘Way that will focus on the abilities, readiness and skills of students who will use this i is book has been written with the leamer in mind, Tho xplanations and application exercises are logically presented to maximiz understanding and learning. There are additional insights and problems given to strengthen absorption of knowledge as well as the appreciation of the lessons. The those who need the basic foundation but more particularly to those sharpen their skills and abilities in Mathematics. The problems presented vary in complexity to instruct the beginners and to challenge those with superior minds, Instructors and Mathematics facilitators will find _ approaches and techniques used in the concept presentation ‘ in amore relaxed and enabling manner.TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Sets and the Real Number System 1 1.1 The Chart of Real Number systen 1.3 Other k 4 1.4 Propert 8 1S Operati 1.6 Real E CHAPTER 2 Algebraic Expressions 18 ¢ 19 res 22 pralc Expre 24 39 Miscellaneous Exercises aa CHAPTER 3 Special Products and Factoring 51 3.1 Definition Terms 51 3.2 Basic Types of Expressions 52 3.3 Combinations of the Basic Types of Factoring 76 3.4 Some Practical Applications of Special Products Miscellaneous Exercises 89 CHAPTER 4 Algebraic Fractions 91 4.1 Definition of Terms 91 4.2 Signs of Fractions 92 4.3 Reduction of Fractions to Lowest Terms or Simplest Form 97 4.4 Multiplication of Fractions 100 4.5 Division of Fractions 102 4.6 — Addition and Subtraction of Fractions 105 4.7 Complex Fractions oD 110 *i CHAPTER S Powers, Roots and Radicals 5A Power of a Number 5.2 Principal 4” Root ‘ Fractional Exponents and Radical Form jes of Radicals 5.5 Changing the Order of the Radical 5.6 Changing Radicals to Simplest Forms 5.7 Addition and Subtraction of Radicals 5.8 Multiplication of Radicals 5.9 Division of Radicals Miscellaneous Exercises CHAPTER 6 Linear Equations Definition 2 Solution of Linear Equation in One Variable 6.3 Literal Equations and Formulas 6.4 _ Systems of Linear Equations 6.5 Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equations 6.6 _ Equations Containing Three or More Variables 6.7 Determinant as a Method of Solving Systems of Equations 6.8 Linear Equations in Two Unknowns 114 114 116 1208.5 More on Parabola CHAPTER 9 Quadratic Equations 9.1 Definition 9.2 Solution of Pure Quadratic Equations 9.3 Complete Quadratic Equations — Solution by Factoring | 9.4 Solution by Completing the Square 9.5 Standard Form 9.6 The Quadratic Formula 9.7 Sum and Product of the Roots 9.8 _ Formation of an Equation with Given Roots 9,9 The Discriminant 9.10 Equations in Quadratic Form 9.11 Radical Equation 9,12 Application of Quadratic Equations Miscellaneous Exercises 9.13 System of Equations Involving Quadratics | 8.4 Graphing Quadratic Functions F CHAPTER 10 Inequalities 10.1 Definition and Properties 10.2 Solution of Inequalities 10,3 Solution Set of a System of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables Quadratic Inequalities in One Variable Application of Solution of Inequalities to Basic Linear Programming5 Chapter Astronomers have Today, people share the desire to organize and cla: things. classified stars he groups called constellations. People ee to solve a variety of Problems using equations, graphs and functions. These are important tools in business, science, and other areas. Algebra indudes methods in manipulating algebraic expressions that arise in applied problems in Biology, Physics, Business and other fields. In Mathematics, there is a classification of numbers into groups called sets. SETS AND THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM Algebra has evolved into a major field that is pre-requisite to leaming higher branches of Mathematics such as Geometry, Calculus, Trigonometry, Statistics and Numerical Analysis. Algebra is the foundation for solving quantitative problems that arise in nearly all fields of endeavor, including Medicine, Psychology, Sociology and Law. The concept of a set of numbers is fundamental to our study of Algebra. We begin by reviewing them briefly. The following set of numbers is used extensively in the field of Algebra. Arithmetic and geometric problems involve numbers such: 5,.=2,/0, 27132) =, ', Product set or the Cartesian product of two sets is a set of ordered pair (X,Y) Such " that xbelongs to Aand ybelongs to ® oe Let A={1,2,3} and 8 = {2,0}. The product set of Aand Bis A:SETS AN &. 11 ~ 20. Describe the sets defined in numbers 1 - 10 using the Rule method, C Identify the sets whether they are equivalent, equal, intersecting or 21. Set of rational numbers and the set of real numbers. Sulgg + 22. Set of positive numbers and negative numbers. 23. Set of integers greater than—5 and set of whole numbers less than 11 . Set of PUP students in Sta. Mesa and set of PUP students. yuloco} . Set of even whole numbers and multiples of 3 that are integers. jn aea(8 c=(An)ne oyarbutve set using the FS! Property:AvB={xlxc AorxeB} This is read as “A union Bis a set of all x°such that x belongs to A or Bor both”, 2. Intersection of a Two sets. The intersection of two sets A and Bis a set of elements ‘that belong to both sets. An Is read as a ae and 8". We use the symbol 4 for the intersection. Hence, Aneel} wR AnB=(xx 6A and x eB} pits py This is read as “A intersection Bis a set of all xsuch that x is an element of A and x is an element of 5’. a: 3. Complement of a set. The complement of A is a set whose elements are z the universal set but not in the given set. 4 is read as “the complementary of Wael aie aa(dreaxeu) Bal tn! Hence, ae Fe), Baro} Ti ead coe of Ai ast of sich hat ot ner A, but xis an element of the universal set U'. : If U =(1,2,3,4,5,6} and A=(,1,2,3,4}, then a : ; elements 4. Difference of Two sets. The difference of | 0 sets A and Bis a set whose terrible Acs Ge ibekabte IkExample: Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, A= (1,2,7,8}, 9 = {2.34.8}, C= To represent the given sets we construct the Venn diagram. oe oe the element that is found in all the three sets called common elemet ie This means that the three sets intersect. Hence, An BC = {8}- "hiages. Write 8 in the area where the three sets intersect, i.e. cnet Z Write 4 in the intersection area of 8 VC = {4,8}. ay Write 2 in the intersection area of Am 8 = {2,8}. ay Write 7 in the intersection area of ANC = {7,8}, then complete the eleperis Meech crce based on Ui ee ores ‘23. {3,4,5} 24. {1} 25. (6) 26. (1,5,6,7} 7. {3, 4,5} 28. {7} 29. {6,5} 30. {1,3,6} 31. {6,7,8) 33. (2,8) 34. {1,6} 35. {2,4,8) 36. {7,5} 37. {6,8} 38. (6,7} 39. {4,5} 40. {1,7,5}4.6 Real Numbers ne At the start of the chapter, the set of real numbers has been discussed briefly, Let us now discuss its properties or field axioms, Properties of equality and operations. Field Axioms or Properties F 1. Cesure Axiom. For any a, be R, (a+b) eR, abeR, This axiom implies that the sum or product of two real numbers Is also a real number. : Example: 5,7, then 5+7=12, 12¢Rand5x7=35, 35eR 2. Commutative Axiom. For any a, b, Ce R, @+b=b+a, ab= ba. This axiom implies that the sum or product of two real numbers is not affected by the order in which the addition or multiplication is performed, ‘sale. : Example: 6+8=8+6 and 8x6=6x8 iteEXERCISE 3 Name: Date:_____—— Course & Section: Name the appropriate axiom used in each of the following: 1, 8+3=3+8 2. 6+(1+7)=(6+7)+1 3. 0+0=0 4, -9+[-(-9)]=0 5. 8(12) =8(12-1) 6. 2(5) =5(2) 7, 4[3+(-8)]=4:3+ 4(-8) 2. (3)- ih -2)]-5+1=5[(-2)+6]+1ad auceaRAre exer 7& E { ined bY apply 8. i tain’ 3 acquaint ‘ourselves s robe E ined x eh aigenraic nts @ tiplication” ah ic expression is a grouP of const gration mu ‘operations ‘of addition” Z uw jus oF 3 minus Sig like 4x, Sry, : . form cx” where cis the | x monomial expression is 5 algebraic expresso” of the 2 umerical coefcent 200 the letter xis the literal coefficient and. ves the degree ofthe monomial 7 Example: 3x7, 4x77 axzy'. The degree of the first monomial 1S 2in x degre of the second monomial is 6; 2 1 and 4in ¥- ris 2 3 which contains two or more terms. a jomial in x is the ext nent of 2 SOT ee ee amanal the expression 58-4447 the and the Bi= cssenc SSO ix +2y- 7. Binomial expression \s a polynomial which contains two terms, for example 5) 8. Trinomial expression is @ polynomial which contains three terms, for example 4x? 45x47. which have the same literal coefficient and the same 9. Similar terms are terms ‘exponent, for example, 4x7 ysxty and 9x77. 10. Liked signed numbers are numbers with the same signs like 4,6, -9 and 2, 6, 8. 11. Uniked signed numbers are numbers with different signs like =7,-3,+8,+10 - 2.1 Operations of Real Numbers 1, Addition. Consider like and unlike signed numbers. gs {@) In adding lke signed numbers add thet absolute values and pref their common number regardless of sign. To sign. Absolute value is the numerical value of a illustrate: +6 and -6 have the same absolute value but not the same real value. Hence, es & “erample 1: (-5)+(-7)=-([-5)+-2))=-(6+7)= 2the same sign, tt co ave unlike signs, tt a: (8)2()=* 0:58)-(8)-2 - prample 11: 49) +(4)-7 a" wr my SESre. * Course & Section; (EM1\" 2 Rating: ___—_———— Perform the operations as indicated. azyie(-8) - 1 11. (-81 +(8)(-9) Ne 1. (12)+(-8) _ 4 oo ls ) ' 2. (8)+(-9)+(-4)+(7) = 1292 (eae qx(as\- ‘ . 9- (15) <2! : 13. 20[-5 -(-9)] yp 9° 3. 9- (45) 224 ots Caleet 4. (3)(-8)(-6) = 4 14. 15+ (3)(4) +10 = ic 4y a i ee a8 ; 5, (14) -(9) = 15. 30=(6)(2)(3)+5 = ne (14)-() ($)eN0) > = —4 adele 552) 4 (-4) =vecese DORESSION, 2 anes symbols of 2.2 symbols of Grouping Expresso oe of aigedoie ot) and He eset owing removal ‘of symbols of grouping 5 govet the fo! ign, ¢ ey remorse 5 SIN ae 1. To remove a grou jd z ie a plus on § if ON ber Oe ieee Tan, Sea wt ET sar Se poe ore sible eiee-ar)-5e-¥ ‘on 3: (ax e5y)=2x- 7 2 1 ee rao worm od remove the innermost = blustration 4: 3 = See (ax+(r- -2(2x-3)}] 2x -[Bx+{x- 4x+6}] =2x-[Bx+x-44 +6] = Dx -3x-x444-6EXERCISE 5 —— Name: flaey fone f)_\Aongrelo Dota: Course & Section; CET V7 Ratings Remove the grouping symbol and combine similar terms. 4 1, 3a-{4a+3[20 ~2(2a+36)-(a- 6) -6(2 + )}(72-66)} “A 2, a— (56 —[a- (3c -30) + 2c -3(a-26-c)} 3. 3x ~[6+2{5x-2(4x + 6)+5x +7-6x}-10%] 4. 9x2 [6x2 + (3x7 43°? = (1-2?) -2x (4x +3) 44} +3(2 -1)|pn cessnis EXPRESSIONg | p( ) and Q(x). The of Zare substituteg, yn Solution: To add, group and combine similar horizontally OF vertically and add. s4x2 410043 x24 5x45 Sx? +15x +8 Find the sum of the polynomials 152? 192 +5, -20a” +102 -10 and -a -Sa-3. ‘The sum can be easily accomplished by vertical addition. Thus, 15a? -10a+ 5 a -20a” +10a -10 -a'— 52-3 =6a? =)SaagsMeise a seco . en aoe owen Pee ce ‘ t aes -?) 2_9x+8 gy? s9x-4 ianerey 7. 1x + By #102 2x -12y -32 xy ayye 13, Find the sum of the expressions: 4x +3y, 7x—Sy, 2x-3y and -10x + 4¥ Axt Fy Tx-Sy 3k ~3¥ + ~10x #4 Sxgly 14. Add: 2x? —4xy +7y?, 3x2 + 7xy-9¥7, 5x? By? ax? ~ Ixy + Fy? ue 3x? tI xy ~ Ay" Tate eis — 2 0x? taxy —19 ye 15. Add: 4ay —7bx + 3cd + 6bx + 6cd ~7ay ~2bx + 10bx ay ~ 12x} >¢0 : tlbxpucd ~~ — : FH _ = Tay - 2b« i 4Name: ee Rating: _____— Course & Section: 1. From the expression 82? —a”b + 4ab? — 126° subtract 6a%b- ab? +b. How much larger is the expression 3y? +4y +5 than the expression 5y?—3Y +9? In exercise 3-7 Sibiraié thes of the f¥St bwo esti acelre tierra Ore remaining expressions. 32) ee 3. aty —3ay +5y?, bay —y? +2a*y; 7a*y-y?, —10a2y —2y? é theons 378 teapeas od 25m? —3mn—Sn?, 3m? —Smn—n?;, Gameraeme 3m? - nr, 2mn— 27m3. Multiplication: Tt is very often useful to review the laws. of exponet can serve as tool for finding the product of algebraic expressions. Laws of Exponents If mand nare positive integers and a and O are any real numbers. 1a” .a" =a" 2, (2b)” = 270” Example: mn =a’ ifm>n,a*0 ifm=n, a20(b) Mt To 2 anise) ¢ st fo) ‘ erie) SS + (weir) EE 6. (377)60)(2"") er 2 seryare) sl(b) Multiplication of Monomial by Polynomial To. multiply a monomial by a polynomial, apply distil corresponding laws of exponent. ae 4axty? (5x37? + 2x? y?) = 20x4y? — 12x24 + 8x4 putive law and the 4 Example 1: Example 2: 2x2 (5x? -2x7 + 3x5) =10%° 4x4 46x29 -10x7 © Multiplication of Polynomials To multiply two polynomials, apply the distributive law and laws of combine similar terms as the case z Example: (4x +3y)(3x —5y)= 4x (3x -Sy)+3y(3x -5y) = 12x? —20xy + 9xy -15y? = 12x? = Ay - 159? _ This can be done vertically as F et 4x+3y de 3x -Syi ae ae } - é non) = weenie x2 + 4x -8) : (eens - (ose 727-4) | 6 (ar-s)0*+2) = sp. eave) 37 =a) ese 14, Gx +7) (X50) 15, (xs 3y)(2ee (HEia ‘4. Division of Algebraic Expressions: (@) Monomials by monomials To divide monomial by monomial divide their numerical coefficients then subtract i the exponent of the denominator from the exponent of the numerator of the same ; base. That is, applying laws of exponents. ayaa Example: Bee. 4x2y®z! = 4x2z (subtract the exponent of the same base) tytz (b) Polynomials by monomials ; Mi To divide a polynomial by a monomial, apply the distributive law. That is, dividing E each term of the numerator by the comman denominator. Example: Divide 363°b?c* - 48a°6’c* - 42a°b*c® by 6a*b*c?. x 2 Bprcd 344, Sebtion: 262207e! —s8a°b2C" OPES 6 5502 -7abhc* (c) Polynomials by polynomials To divide polynomials by polynomials, arrange the terms of the dividend and divi in their descending order and always leave ‘Space for missing term.9 92s. yeaa Waeeee ee 543EXERCISE 10 SRS 1, 10x! 7, BU . pee -S4. 8 24m An? 2s aaa2.4 Synthetic Division This is @ short method of dividing a polynomial by another polynomial. 1, When the divisor is of the type x + # Example 1: Divide 3x +2x3-—8x? +10 by x-2 Solution: We first arrange the dividend in a descending order of exponents, thus 2x?-8x?+3x+10 and write down only the coefficient of the terms. At the right hand side, place only the second term of the divisor with an opposite sign, thus io 2 3 10 ae To make the division: (2) Bring down the first term. a 3 10/2 (b) Multiply 2 by the divisor at right and place the product under the second term. 2-8 3 10| i 2 £ o 2-8 3 10| ‘ Ee fecase it HAPPENS to be yn this 25 Gawn, multiply, adg, means that it has aName: Course & Section: Divide the following using synthetic division. y, BA st0x +12 9, 2xt +733 ~5x +12 x43 x3 +20 -5x7-9 10, 28° 5x7 + 6x-6 xe? . x=? 5, Beate tn, 123245047 eae xal 4, Ie 45x? 70-5 x-2z wen the divisor is of e seo?! Vas a vu nd term of gah mete tr pace the sow and at the left of To make the division: (ying te fit tom do ee R : ul () Divide this by the divisor at lef. (c) Muttiply the quotient in : nt (by Ue fot oe aeALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS cum by the divisor at left as in step 2. Repeat process until (e) Divide this t column. The fast is the remainder. the addition of the last 2-3 -12 -6 wer Seep = 14 a apy od Write the answer with the literal coefficients.Ff it ie —— <= | pare cre tho foowing OY syne visio” ee 0X3. Whon the divisor is of the type x? 4 ax 4 6. ~ Synthetic division of this type can be performed according to the following rules, 1, Just as in the previous types 1 and 2, (@) Arrange terms of dividend and divisor in descending order. (b) Write out only the coefficients of the terms of the dividend. d (¢) Place the coefficient of the second and third terms of the divisor at right but . change their signs. 2, Bring down the leftmost term of the dividend. (1 column) 3, Multiply this term by the two terms of the divisor at right and place the products under the second and third terms of the dividend, 4, Add the second column only, ‘Multiply again this sum by the two terms of the divisor at the right and place the Bp ere Unpisithe thd anc fouth iene cette ao : 6, There are now 3 terms in the third column and add these.xe? pares OEM x Gard ficient other than 1 , use a z this as in Nar co Fina a aces Sisection: Se — _5.\.) 17. ~12xy3z? -28y32-20x2y22? 3, 73? —100mFn? Cs, 18. 6y? 4y5 ,2y* gy? 4, 5x7 410K? 415 19. -10r3s2¢* _ 20/3523 4 5/2544 Se Dem ASR 13x) clpin ah Bo. Pte. ett. Aste 6. -48ax ~56ay? — 72272 21, at? +300? — ct? 7.120? y +622? 187? 22. 6d —Tad +50 23, 8a°b + 9a°c -10a° fs 24. mn? — 63m n> -B1mend(m-)GX~ ¢ unless the terms gf : 3x(m=n)- (m-n) cto 4y(m- ‘ot obvious its com o red of | Men, : imes the common bil oe ns are grou . i ee ; monomial factor. rome” (2+6) negative as in Exal ' parenthesis are changed if renga So Ne FeFactor each of the following expressions. 1. Sx(m+)-3y(m+a)=Lom)\Cox-) LL or -ey ae ey Z am(x-1)+ A(X -1)=(h-\)Canten)en 12 P+ m+m+h 3. ax (2x -3)+ bx (2x—3)(r4->)Casthe) 13. 3x2 +6x —7axyal xy 4, 12r(n+6) -85(7 +6) 6 = 51) 4. ax - ay + 2bx —2by + 3x -3ey, 5. 3b(x?-5) +5c(x?-5) 15. ea =8+ 7D 6. 2x(3a + 4b) +(32 +40) 16. 3ax -6bx + 4ay ~Bby ~Saz +106215, AND FACTORINg. — atic trinomlal. Heng, Exar ! 2. Genaral Quadratic Trinomial sy i) juries oy silt “re Dm Dapeng re ast i eran pbe)x ed : product Formulas: (2) (ter aol? wo c)(O" iter (5)° Example 1: (x43y(xt8)°* +3 ayer 5)(-7)* Bene or-ayr 7-50") ea Neaign (Ate 220x° t\= ee amples here are the following To factor a general quadratic vino asin above © steps: 1, Factor the first term. The factors will constitute the factors. first terms of the binomial) will constitute the second term of the binomial 3. Check by multiplying the first term of one binomial by the second term: of the Check by ulin te Poet of te rst mal YA first term of er bin an ok um ofthe products ws foun tose Ae anes tem of the quadratic inom If not, try other combination Of the first and last terms of te trinomial unt the binomial factors thus give a product equal to the given expression, 2 2. Factor the third term. The factors factors.Example 2: ‘Solution: Factor 3x? +4x—4, To factor the trinomial, we try the pair (3,1) as coefficient of x. Each of these is combined with each of the following pairs of ~ 4; (-44), (1-4), (2,-2), and (2,2), We have the last of Combination below: Possible Factors | Cross Product Sum: [_Gx+i)(~—4) [12x and x =lix (Gx=1)(¥+4) | fax and =x Tix (3x+2)(x-2) [| -6x and 2x ax (3x-2)(x+2) | 6xand -2x ax Hence, the desired result is 3x7 +4x—4 =(3x —2)(x +2), since the algebraic sum of the cross products of the combination satisfies the middie term 4x. 27 +5x +6 =(x+2)(x+3)uxt edie +18 2. x? -12x +32 3. a? +232 +60 4, m—4m-32 5, a*=7ab-180" 6. x2 +1047 +99? 7. y?-Syz- 3627 8. x? -18xy + 45y? 9. y? -19wy + 480? 10. 4x? -Sx-6 11. 6x? +7x-10 12. 15a? -12ab- 36" 36x? 31428 ons 3.7 tT th pe PI 7. pA ite 8. 952-90 : re et 19. 67 six-% 2.0 2». sort 19x y+ 12197 = 1. 25x7 +130 ap, TH? +1557 — BY fe 23(a-20) -6(2-24)* 9 24. gop + 30BPxy + OAD? >3. The Perfect-Square Trinomial This is @ special case of the general trinomial. If the binomial factors are the same then the trinomial is a perfect square. In other words, the square of a binomial is perfect-square trinomial, Product Formula; (@) (a+b) =a? 4205+ 82 (b) (2-6) =2*-22b +6? “The following are the steps in squaring a binomial: 1. Square the first term of the binomial. 2. Double the product of the fist and second terms to obtain the second term of the 3. Square the second term of the binomial. This is the third term of the perfect square Example 1: (x +2y)* = x2 + 4xy + 4y? Example 2; (2x -3y)* = 4x? -12xy + 9y? 7 8‘Name: course expand each ofthe following XP ne 4, (a+26)° 3. (m= ss (7x43) 5. (3x-8y) 6. (mm +3cd)° exercise *7 pee ae aoa (2 wy) 2 y-2) 13. [(22 -30)+eT 14. ((e-29)-4eF 15. [ax(o+36)) 16. (2x-3y) Rewhieh factors of a perfect-xquare Uringnial ane (wo like binomials, may be written os the square of a binomial, The tories of the vino factors are the square roots of the first and last Lerrns of the trinoriial: 46x 4 9= (4 43)(0 43) (003)? Example 1 Example 2: x? 14¥ 4 49e(y <7)? Example 3: 4x? + 20xy 4 25y? = (ay Sy)? Remarks 2: Note that the sign between the two terms of the binomial factors follows the sign of the middle term of the trinomial,2. x? -18x +81 3, 5+10y+y? 4. 97? ~30rs +255? E 5. 36m?+84mn+49n2 13 6. 99° - 48pq + 649?Remarks 3: It |s Important to be familiar with the characteristics of a trinomial. It will enable one to recognized it if mixed with other The first and last terms are positive perfect-square and the midd twice the product of their square roots. :y 18. sor? 42+ 24. + Bay + 196y? a 19. 225x7+120x+__ 25,___ + 330xy +121y? 20. __ +120ab +2256? 26. __ +130ab +2567 21. __+209+1 27, __ +234ab +1696"(x+2y(x-2)=" 4 (axss)(ar—s)-160 3p) = 498-90" (7a+30)(72Name! Course & Section Find the product of the following binomials 1, (2x +3) (2 <3) Aye q 2, (x +12)(x 12) 3, (a4 4b)(a~ 4d). 0% -\\h,! 4, (3m + 52)(3m-Sn) = a" 15m" 5. (8x +3y)(Bx ~3y)LAy2 4 y? 6, (152-+.b)(15a -b) — 9150! ~ b* 7, (0? +6e)(d?—6e) «41 - 5.9% 8. (9 +10)(9M=10) = e\= wo BXERCISE 20 SPECIAL PU Date; 2 Ratings 9 (¥42)(0-7) yh gq 10. (7b +2c)(70b-2c) Ab = oct 11, (0.9/0 + 0.5y) (0.9mn -0.5y) 12.(9x2y +0,012)(9x*y ~ 0.012) Hy 2Y\( 4 2v 13, (2.24)( “| wee 10 13)\10 13 15. [so + (4d + 59)|[6o (40+ 59)] Sigeaved oN AE Saeed 1. (bt oy)(Le 4) ) Cita -aiby)2 e028y? ) =(* +X -Y ) if = (9+ mo ) ( cee} (97 Example 3: = i: 25xe. ae | -36, iy? =(5x+ 7 }EXERCISE 21 Re Course & Section: See Factor each of the following expressions completely. 1. x? -12CX41) C ky 2, x2=64 =C¥43) 01-5) 3, 252-9 =GaYcsa-4) 4 43? -16-Ca+4) Cra-4) 5. 9x2-16 C3x%4)Cax-4) 6. 16m? -n2Z4nsn) Cim=n) 7, 36Y? -4927= Coy +32) Cey-3) 8. x77? -36 9, 26? ~100c? 16. 81x* — 625 17. 256x* —B1y* 18. 49¢8 —25x!0 19. 36x49 4 20. 6” -c®" 24. (a+) -121 22. (m=n) -225 23, (x +2y) -64e? 24, (32-76)? - 49? 6b) -81c? 25. (afirst factor paar" (x29) -27=(x-3) cart asp (anh 1670“ apie -2tar 5)Name: vate eee Dates —__——= & Section: Course a Rating:______— Factor the following sum or difference of two cubes, 1. y? 216 11. 1000m1* =1728 2. x7-512 12. eas +277 3, BY? +729 13. 64x39 -y? dé 4.0 -125 14. (x 42y)?-1 5. 8a? +125 15. a6? -27c7 16. x41oe of 04 powers ‘oon, mor aitfere™ y Remarks 2: yi also possible 10 factor ne “fs pattern of the two cubes 34b*) ae app ab * a produc Tonner? (0) be semen ae @ i é = (b) eee” 4 : f © a+b’ saan tee” nie ee ay Example: s x en cee sponse 7") . (x=2y)(x" +20"Nome: — or Iocutes @ Section: re Factor the following expressions completely. 1, mod A Ll, 32x5 +243y5 2, xeys—25 12. x° -1024 aia: 13. x9 +512y? a wtny? 14, a°b® -729¢° 5a’(c) The third term of the product binomial and the square of the (6) Te ast term ofthe products theEXERCISE 24 Name: fcouce B\Section: <7 sau rare Factor each of the following expressions. 1, a? +12a7b + 48007 +6467 2. 8x? - 60x? +150 —125 3, 64a) +144a°b + 108ab? +275 4, x2 418x7y +108xy? +216 y? 5, y3+24y2z + 192y2? +5122ee: s-2097-54(0-47) Example 3: sab? +36abxy +27. Bxample 4: get -s6x=7x(x°-8)=74( any? = 320(40 7 x22) Ni fiEXERCISE 25 RSection: ot: eee ae a= ne Factor the following expressions completely. Name: Course 1. 32x7y -50xy* 11. x? (a+ b)-9y?(a+b) 2. ax? —4ax+4a 12. 3m?x? + 18m? x + 27m 3. Smp* -1257q* 13. 6429 -128x? + 48x 4, 22ab? + S2ab + 16a 14, S4a¥x3 + 43203x9 5, Bbx2—24bxy + 18by? 15. x3 (m-n) -64y?(m-n) 16. 6x4 +12x7y -90x*y? 17. 7a?x? +126a?x +5674"an _(x+4y) eat oy -( Te eer? -2(x4+27) Nr =IEXERCISE 26 eee Name: ieouese 8 Section: 25 eas aaa Factor the following expressions completely. - 1, x7 -9y? -3x +9y 11, 39466-28446" 2. 4a? -2567 +2a-5b 12. 4x —By + 3x? -12y7 3. 16m? - 4997 + 20mr + 3Spr 13. 14422 -169y? -12« +13y 4. 36x? —B1y? ~ 1812 -27yz 14x -y4 48-9? 27-7 15. x2 —y? + ax + bx - ay — by 16. 25x? -36y7 102-1222, The Combination of ‘He Ce: oars eerie, SOUPIG ty ‘Two Squares ad ( hi we) Pee 027 eyes j ‘ , 2 threo worm”? fom Z k poe mal He py!) aaa uas . dy . aap oll ys gen? o[(xt t eee A) ji j example 2: Factor x=" +47 a gqysore winimnia ; Solution; The ast three terms form 2 iy papiasie BPA taste i. efoly- 1) |x - -2)) a (nry-W)A~ y+22) ample 3: Factor a? +620 +962 x? Oxy -16/" Solution: There are two perfect-squares in the given expression. =(2? +606 +96?) - = (1? + xy +167?) = =(2+36)" -( 4, =[(a+36)+ ("+ + f ae ae i I - ey F= (2 +3yf ty? =[(2? +37) + 9 ][(? +37) = (x? +7 + 3y?)(x? -ay 43/7) ample 2: Factor x4 8x? 4.4. ‘Solution: A8-Bx25 4 =(x4 4x2 + 4) ax? = (12-2) 4x? -[(e-2)s2¢]-2)-24] = (x? 42x -2)(x? -2x-2)} Name: Course: Far he ning ress et A, x24 10x 425-259? 2. 4x? —12ay + 977 1627 3, 99? —b?-6te-9c2 4. 4992-6407 4166-1 5, x2 4120 +36-4y? 6. 16x? ~ 40ay +25)? -362 7. x2+18x +81 -100y2 8, 25a? ~90?- 420-49 9% 121m? —n? 4240-144 10, x? - 164 +64—64y2 21. 9x4 64x22 5 Gqy? 22 axt 4 4y4 23x42 16 exencase 7” eS << ae axt-28 te: pain 2_ 22522 aoy ay + 366% 2-160? - 480° 22522 2281)" tn +130ay —2Sa* 12.97 dact* 2_369y? 2_g4aw + 36w2 i 4gx? -16Y' os % 14. 121 a te DO+9 iz t= +4 esos 19, a1 +2026? +96" 20. 16a4 -56a2 +253, The Perfect-Square and the General Quadratic Trinomial Example: Factor x? +2ay+ y 43x 4342, PSDP au IY 4a (ue Day ay?) s (BK 439) 42 = (xe yP+3(xey)e2 Tf we let x+y = A, the expression is required to the form A +3A42=(As1)(A+2) Re-substituting x+y for Ain the above factors, we get [lesy)+t][(x +r) ed] = (rs y eae y+)2 412K + 30y 45 pba days yh 2 e2y 3 499 -27b44 42.28 = i | 2 whens Pears td f Baan ge xt aay 44y? 44-BY 32 a 14, sco ser thee 4 Gx? 121y +6y2 412-4 92-152" tengo. ae sor? 1817 12/7 “14K 7 AS 6. 4x? +12ay + 9y? -12x -18y +8 sa A 2? bry + 30y? +131 +507 +153.4 Some Practical Applications of Spactal Products 1, SUM and Difference of Two Tarnie A Practical application of the product of the sum anid difference of two terrrs Ke multiplication of some numbers, This is considered a short method to multiply mentally some two-digit numbers, Example 1: 19(21) = (20 -1)(20 +1) - 400 1 900 Example 2: 92(28) = (30 + 2)(30 2) - 900 A= 196 Example 3: 45(35) «(40 +5)(40-5) = 1600-25 « 1575 Example 4: $4 (46) » (50 4 4)(50-4) = 2500-16 = 2404*f ali) 2, 24(18) 3. 36(24) 4, 33(27) 5. 41(39) 6. 43(37) 7, 38(22) 416. 65(75) . 71(69) ;2. The Square of Binomial The square of a bi sot : ‘Nomis! can also be applied in the multiplication of two-digit — Example 1: 24? = (20 +4)? = 400 +2(20)(4) +16 = 576 Example 2: 52? =(50 +2)? = 2500+ 2(50)(2)+4 = 2704 Erample 3: 69° = (70-1)? ~ 4900+ 2(70)(1) +1 = 4761uty te folowing mental i aMISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES a ee rsa 8 Seton eee Factor the following expressions completely. 4.317 +1442 -5 nS peAa PIN a z pat-ylex-y 12. 7x (x + 2) - 63x’ 2 2 3. 207 +0+2 13. 64x? —196y’ 14, 225x? 4120x +16 4. 2x34 4x? -16x 5, x? -25+ xy -Sy 15. x2 +10xy +25y2 +2x+10y 16. x? +10xy + 25y? +2x +10y - 482. axt+7x-6 pa ful % aa? prsaee? 23. ie lee f eines 24, sia? —6407 +6380 ~ 5600 3 a , i 25.193? -20% 3s. 207 19014 oe, _* i - 4 26.4 +8x2 +144 36. p-3m+6-2m : 37, ext Vty F b 27. 49x4+90x7 +121 28. a6 - 6327-64ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS Solutions of fractional equations and simplification of algebraic operations particularly those that Involve division need skills and competencies in manipulating fundamental operations with algebraic fractions, An algebraic fraction is the indicated quotient of two algebraic expressions, such as a aay 2x+3 3 2_3x+2 Bxz' x-4 a x=2 After performing operations on fraction, the results are always expected to be given in their simplest or lowest forms. An algebraic fraction is said to be in its simplest form when there are no factor common to both numerator and denominator. 4.1 Definition of Terms The numerator and the denominator of a fraction are called terms. Thus, in %, 3ab is the numerator, cd is the denominator and the terms of the fraction are both 3ab and ca. Similar fractions are those that are alike in their denominators and dissimilar fractions are those with different denominators. 2a 6 x+2 oa ‘ lustration 1: pene . Illustration 35’ 3b and 367 we similar fractions. Ilustration 2: pee Cie are dissimilar fractions. 3x 2a x41 Mixed fraction is the sum of an integer and a fraction. A mixed expression is an algebraic expression partly integral and partly fractional. - Ilstration 3:24 and 42 are mixed fractions. 6 a eX wixa3 . | Mlustration 4: 7450 3x 7 and 85 ae are mixed expressions. _ Vila, Marquez, Andrada, Usona, Dechavez, Zarco {94 ate me3 is 127". A Lod =, tiusratin 9: The LDF yr (vay) Illustration 10: the LeDet and is a+b a-b1. The value of the fraction remains the same if the signs of the numerator denominator are changed, or if any 2 of the 3 signs of a fraction are changed. Example 1: tb bet 2. The sign of the fraction is altered if anyone of the signs of the terms is changed. xX = Xx ? % Exemple2; “ie eS yoyoy 3. When the terms of the fractions are expressed in factored form, the sign of the fraction remains the same if a number of the factors in either numerator OF denominator, or in both are changed. § » —— 3)C4Y(5) _ (-3)(—4)(5) _ (3-405) came NB} Bas AE) x4 2)(x=3) _(-x-2)(—x 43) (x 42)(x-3 (x=4)(5=x) (x44)(x-5) (-x + 4)(x-5) 4. pelea atta at aM eae cll : anced a ar es eh ao RNS) CANA)(S)_ (4) 2)65) pace eRe Bey GSI 7 Example 4:Remarks 1 1, Only multiplication and divisions are the permissible operation, , Not one but both terms Of the fraction must be multiplied or divided by 4 given umber of expressions: 3. The same NUMBEF OF AXprasslOns Must be Used In multiplying or dividing both terms of the fraction. 4, Zero cannot be used as multiplier or as divisor, Remarks 2; Adding and subtracting the same nonzero run eesson fom a terms of a fraction, the value of the fraction changes. ’ , 1051088 ton as Bample li 2" iaes sanple2: 293, 22 by («+3) 4. me ele) 5. 3 by (x+3) 2 e 6, 37-4 by (m-x) +1 2x? es eae jTo reduce a fraction to a lowest term, factor the numerator and denominator. ‘Then divide both the numerator and denominator by all common factors (cancel like factors). The remaining factors are written as products. _ tax3y4z 4x3y22)(3y2 3 PoP (¥-ylery x+y PEE ee eT tng 2)(x-2 2)(x -2 2 eae Ce pot ne eS 3 a ay —bx+ a(x-y)-6(x-y) (x-y)(a—-5) samp; 2X=e Bk bby 2 See and bec ac Carel peeae c(b+a)(b-a) okie og Example 2:32u5 —v> x2 46x +9 Bi area 31. x 4X6 4au% - 4auv +av’ 2528 Ss Ee 32, 8-3u +20? -u3 8-120 +6u? -u> 2 23. er 33, Serv oe (rey)? +6(xty)+9 2u9 —u2v? -y4 es (a-b-c)* = GS 256) cece 5(x-y) 22 +02 +c? +2ab —2ac-2be * 330-2) 24,cae be i ie 4 Tae eT ‘common factoring can facilitate m the terms of the fraction. _ 38 se 1st “ “ay 7z ByeEXERCISE 34 ame: Date: ise & Section: : cou SS Rating: Find the following indicated products, a 2 2 y2+y-2, Sy? -38y421 xe y Yi Vendor 2 + Dy + ye-7 yr 42y eS; (+72) pote 9 6x+6y a 2 tay 227, 2 10, 22 48x +15 | xt ade 2a(a+b)” 6?(a—b) 124242 + "303" a33(946) a2 —o2 Baty, 2 Pty A 2-4 xP ext Bu Gee yey eZ Seg x+2 om a2-sa+4 , a -4a+4 5 Sx=4y_ 2x45 aaa 4x2 oy? 2y-3x Xeax at yf ely oop ae L275 ext = 4p cee-14ny 18xy? te Se esa 12. 4a2+a3 3 Bea? 4? nay ab a+b ‘ : aay oy day Beeps aca 3 4, *=8+(r-6) 14, at, ot 2x6 +5, x41 y2py aoe, aoe ts, 1603 ,2an4 pre : y= Ser 0 ; 32, We ‘ eo 18 (442) 6 X-3 3x?-7 Bi Se tax Axe say? x2 og),2 45x12 ®; % : faye 38 28 eae whe} yt weet BOTA (xh 9-2? 3420-97 ms aS wat 50 a Wa sg Noa a2+6a+8, a=4 3 pateGaus otaa=2 **? ag, 62 +i ~400? 22 ssn 672 11-30? 12r+11rt-1 rie +: ‘Qn? 5m-34.6 Addition and Subtraction of Fractions Just like the arithmetical fractions, algebraic ones can only be subtracted If the fractions are similar, Similar fractions are alike in denominator. steps in addition or subtraction of fractions: ds If the fractions have the same denominator, add or subtract the numerator over the common denominator, 2, If the fractions are dissimilar, find the feast common denominator. To do this, a. Factor each denominator completely. b. Take the product of all prime factors which occur in the given denominators each to the highest power in which It appears in any one of the denominators. 4, When the LCD Is found, exes a aon 25a ener ron aig denominator. The fractions are then similar. : 4, Add the numerators as in (1) and express the result in simplest form. Sx 3x 10 gxample 1: Find the sum of 2% 42% 20 f Og 7 ‘alae ; ‘The LCD Is 7y, thus Sx 3x10 5x43x-10 ex-10 TTTx43 X-3, 3X x-3 Kt3 y2W9Date:__— Name: Rating ¢_____—— Course & Section: perform the indicated operations. Express the result in simplest form. 41, 4x=Sy43_2x=2¥=4 2x-3 2x -3 55 tp, 24+1_3x-5 M-2 x42 3 gp ee q m—6m-7_ m?-5m-6 a ee 14, 2 =3m+4_,4m=9 i yoy s m7m+i0 M3. cei ANE | e719 aptaaa egal a. Pedogpal ayy ee “ex Woy Bigyey aay A” she eT 34-9 9K 49 an : M18 3h. bh ‘som rey 30? 30 oe 5. a(ardoy a 0490 savu? anu BG fee Prvturar et 2 Pee 3 ey yv=a) e=aNe-V) OHNE)2x-1 x55 ae 3 oye4Sx-3 x2C Owais (ae -a2 a+b bc are 3195 1 ee + ac-c2 +ab-be at ab—acsbe be ab+ beac 1 1 3 38/2 arses? pear ee oe(ec apeieie | NS a re al Ae a +omer of (-2) =(-2)-2K2)=$ sernetimes the quantty ried toa certain power IS it ee pe p-eyeleet 4 aat\(o2)-pample 1: (5x2) =S2x0K) a 256 pample 2: (x™) =x 3 (2 ty?) = (-2)8 eK OHM 2 6x82 pemarks: ‘The value of any quantity (except zero) raised to the zero power Is 1. pample#: x=, x40 grample 5: (2a)? =1 gample 6: (8/7 +3y +5) =1 is the of a number is Evolution Process of extracting the rot of quant, The O88 O08 Te ie one of its like factors. Thus, the square root of 25 is 5 because 5 x 5 root of 8 is 2 because 2 x 2 x 2=8. the square root of 3 is wrten as Vand the cube root of 51s written as 45 The symbol Vis called radical sign, In the expression YS, 3 is the ax. The index indicates which root is to be extracted. There is no need to write 2EXERCISE 38 pret (jirse 8 Section: ____ =iiamaniaeene A Raise the following quantities to the indicated power. 1. (6x) 11. (se) 2. (-306?)? 12. (amy 3. (402) 13. (ab?) 4 (2) oie (Anew) 5, (2+8)(a-6)? a si(3y33\ <2 5 (#+7\(-#)Find the value of each of the following expressions. Mer ee 42. 107-37 robe 9. 007rhe) EXERCISE 39 ean Ra : ae ae Course & Section: es A Give the simplest radical form of the following quantities. | ae sey OR GE] Osa , 2. 4? :{1) Ver rea = [EW] 3. st =/3) Ver Brat Seal a. fos team ax 2 Ix? : 5. (2092 VCR 9.x)" = YX) Aon ter = (he)prot eee) afk . 6 _ fie mustration 9: = #0 iq Mustration 10: “= = 2 ie =49. a 10, a7?aos 1215 = 85 r Oe ee b Example 4: 3V16+5V8 -3 yayt+5(e)\2-20? =p oso 1542 = 42 E Example 5: ad Fang) APN) NM _aal «rails? - 9249? = -Salla®Name; Course & Sect a Rating; __ simplify by combining similar terms, 1, V5 46/5 +8V5 2, 2Va7 -BY12 + 7/75 3, 15V8 + 5V18 + 9/2 r sie i 4, U6 + 29-54 + 392 5, avb+Varb +2a/bnumerator that wil produce 2” to ts given index in cones P-ff3--F 5 6 one EEE?— which an fe a difficult aigebrale equations, It ig thy utmost skillful It. 80lviIng equations and ihe ace tee problems. 6.4 Dofinition An equation is 8 statement that expressions ‘expressions celled the scias or members ofthe equotion and ara ousted by the Broa = ‘The properties of an equation are: 1. Reflexive property: ana : 2, Symmetric property: Ifa=b, then b=a. ‘ 3, Transitive property; If a= band b= c, then aac. 4, Addition property: Wa=b and c=d, then a+c=bed. 5, Multipiication property: Wa= band c=d, then a-b=b-d. * Examples of equations: 3 (0) 4x +3=18-x ieee (AG aoa x : The expression 4.x +3 in Example (a) is 1 as | right member of the given equation. — os %6x +324. ¥ Given, a ne 234 x ‘Add and subtract the some quantities to bath sides, ? xm ad ‘Axioms of addition and subtraction, : xm Axiom of division (by 7), check: Substitute 3 for all x jn the original equation, 6(3)+3= 24-3 1843=24-3 2=21 ‘The substitution resulted in an Identity. x = 3 is the truth set. rample 2: Solve for x in (x= 4)42(x45)a 344 3x -1242* +10 =3x44 Distributive property : 5x-2=3x+44 Simplify the left ‘ 2x =6 j 3 Ree X=3 Substituting x =3 in the orig1. 6x+3=3x+27 2. 2(x-4)+5(x-6)= x44 3, 20x +8(2x+5)=12(x+3)+28 4. 10x +24 =6x+ 48 5, 8(x+3)=5(x+5)+2 6. (x+2)(x-3) = x7 45x +36 LINEAR E s0.(2x48)(0x-2)= 6* +4)(x-8)-a F 20.327 ify4(x+3) _ aor: 16 i port ga2x+3 Gee pasr-e = 3Xt 5LINEAR EQUATION: 6.3 Literal Equations and Formulas yanti sae ae pel Wf an equation In which some of all 77 at In tne business letters is called litera’ equation. This kind of C1 ced In ang the other simple equations discussed. ‘economics fall under the category of literal equations: J gp? for Yo" fis wn the Un is SON Solve the equation S =Vo! Example: Solution: S=vo+59t Given S-Agt?=Vvot Axiom of subtraction. vot =S-t9t? Exchange of places: ‘Axiom of division.EXERCISE 46 ir a Seton Date;_____- aS Rating: cove the following for the letter indicated. 1, x+ox=c-d, for x 2 my+6n=9-2y, for y 3, [=2+(0-1)d, for 4, A=F(B+b)), for h 5. v=zar7h, for h 6, [=a+(n-1)d, for n Mj AG _ AG 44273-4273 A V3 12, = 4 for t, 42735 +273. & 13, P=2(/+w), for w id. 5 =f [2a+(n-1)4], for d 15, S= 3022 +(7-1)¢), for 2 eet) ogjation in 6.4 Systems of Linear Equation? tne simple eee sre umes wen te era Muto pe solution Necessity In the preceding section egret unknown, the 50 called 076 | va es certain P ‘are two unknowns or even’ a different approach. of Equations which are both in The a we et gna a ' lady EE) sy ¥=4 ear gthe say net 2(4)+¥=4- 2(8)+¥=4 2(-3)+¥=4 ee ee y-10 The single linear equation w+y=4 pairs of values. However, when a pair of linear Given, there is a single pair of values of the at the same time. When two or more we call them simultaneous equations and ‘A system of equation is called 2 consistent pa 8 a num has an Infinite 1Eee (c) Dependent system ar tay ake soution are Infries 5 (3,3), (4,2), (511), (6,0), (7,-1), 65 Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equations ,. Graphical Solution unique solution of a pair of consistent lations i: coordinate of the Tre cection of the straight lines representing the given sais a sample: Solve for x and y graphically in the following equations. Bays solution: Construct the table of values for x and yfor each of the given equations. For 2v—y =3: For 3x+y=7: Plot the pointEXERCISE 47 note! Section: Date:___— wa | oe the following pairs of eq as ing them into each of the Seay enon Boe ck ee wey et x=By =0 1 4x-¥ Sie y= =45 xt = 186 tay = Ce aa 2 15x-4¥ 9 aay a14 x + By = 34 2x +6y =7 3 brsby =-14 10. 9x79) 29 x=2y 36 xa2y 20sniy ection (1) 09 7208 a 7(5x +4 =7) ce 5(7x +87 =6) cuteract equation () fom equa (7 197-39 yen substitute -1 for yin equation (3). sx+3y=7 5%43(-1)=7 5x-3=7 wy > etn MD gsxrsynNO! mn Nae & Sect couse preaye td ge esy 13 1s hax = aka 2y 2§ w- yn8 2 gre l3y = 44 wey etd nB w-4y 2 a yey 1d x EEL gy Sxt2y a7 nye 5 4 Say e-2 =A5y = -30 5. ate 6) <2 = y=-7 | tee) aon | Wr 4sy 975 1 eae S+) Etlmination by Substitution : (b) Sa ag st me variable, one of the variables © : Bxample 1: ina ie @) Be solution: Brenan on y=s-* (6) Subsitute 5-* for yin equation 2) 3x-2(5-*)75 3yx-10+2"=5 gx=5t10 bx =15 wad Substitute 3 for xin equation 3. y=5-xSolve for xin equation (1), xa Substingte 3y for >In equation (2), 2(3y)+3y 18te) oN exercise? '& Section! by substitution methods aoe sone for x20d Y fhe ay ™ seedy a8 a) yay 8 id ant = ; £uS * gy a 46 ae 1a AG) -yans soa a dyaia 1 43y = 9 4 oy Day 25 xed 44 Bx + 4(y +3) = 56 psi )e ptsk k Find the value of xand ¥. Negeany W be mjaals ols Be \ 1 eh: alse an| xen s nn ne a w i lant ir: 1 wlxa] x Nv snub bi eases ltaee : ‘i gy sotutlon by compari#o” ‘ " sol Inthe method of solution by cont nd nce ntl In terms of the a unKnow ‘ D each equal other, The result Is on Pahie ving om nd 1X Aaa prample: solve the equations aye solution: ven 4) z nay =i i axey® @) solve equation (1) for In terms of eld Gy i solve equation (2) for xin terms of 4: le 7 glee 4) - ree (4) Equate values of xin equations (3) and (4). tae4y a dct ; 4 56+16y =S-Y¥ Cotect tes in euaton (3).Scat = a > Se oo 3x-4y =17 ey a x+3y =U 3x+y=14 2» Mty=29 12 yt2ya13 gr -Sy =35 3x +Sy = 3 Gay =19 13 yi ay na + 2y = 22 = a Uiaeey 16 ay-2y =7 5, X+_5=2) 5. yt 2y 5 5 on 1 sxi20 = hy 2 By =15 & iauiy 238jes ations contain three of M siying the ellinl . 4 canbe ve 4 hyo variables ean) three or more Wi y method. The same p mare vias SON ' ZA that one variable IS eliminated at a time. | Be ‘Example: Find the value of x, and # j Pr i) if) av+dy-2"4 S ax-sy+z70 0) x-ay-209 Eliminate Zin equation sx-yn4 xo n equation (2) ane uation (3) by addition: (5) coofficient of Y equal in Eliminate zal 4x-7y23 suitily equation (4) by 7.to make the equation (4) and equation (5): 7(6x-y=4) oF 35x77 «28 ‘subtract equation (5) from equation (6) a2xt4y 204 2(1)+4()-2=4 244-204 -Z=4-6 ~2=-2 z=2 Use the results in the original ‘equations, Qe +4y—z04 2(1)+4(1)-2=4 2+4-224 4=4 3x-5y+z=0 3(1)-5(a)+2=0'& Section: se value of unknown inthe ol Name: Course Solve for Co es : ted Cpe uM =~ 2* w+ 32-1 a ye 3 : Biipsde=B 3x-4¥* a-20+5e= 6a-2b+3¢=8 3, $312b24¢ =10 3-20+5c=-2 87 +25-3t=-3 4. Sr-65+5t=18 8r+45-20=6 W2m-4n +6 =-2 ‘Sn-3p=-26 * 10m+6n43p =17 20 43y =, a aces r- y-2z=9devised a rije gp peterminant na 0 Method ane Gamers Ruel uations ng by the constants of in the eighteenth century, for oanieg ithe solution set of variables etertensres OF ‘matrices formed DY the equations: A marrivis a square BITaY of number such #5 bal of order sory we ome ard cos 8 EL ea the matrix. An ee associate a real number cae te Secerinant 2 of IS fer arto order, the value of the deena = | Aleab- 2 2 4| 3, - 2 For a matrix of order 3, the value of the determinant Is 44 of A cnc ane and)pee ia) PF p<] = [axay] ~[GX2)]=4-6._p ie 2) (ee a PSS =[0SX-9) + (aN6)07)4¢ n4)(-8)) ~[XS-3) + 86) 5 ~(45eean ee ae 48-72) = 360say -2 011 UNS 7 <30 y-32=9 gy sBtant 3y-zs pe yada a8 wey, za9 yo +37 =3, Yoh saz-5 +3Z0—4 a Byers gre Yn2Zal a Waser ore Sam Pts ee 16. 4+3Y- Be . yaputiply in (Dy Multiply 2in (2), subtract (4) from (3), Factor (5), ivide (man) in (6) ‘Multiply in (1), Multiply bin (2), Subtract (3) to (8),