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A PROJECT REPORT
ON

“DESIGN OF HVAC SYSTEM FOR BASEMENT OF AIKTC”

Submitted by
Ansari Rizwan Ahmed Iqbal Husain (13ME126)
Mukadam Awez Yaseen (13ME132)
Shaikh Rubel Mohammed Amin (12ME56)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNDER THE GUIDANCE
Of
Prof. Ghazi Altamash

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM
KALSEKAR TECHNICAL CAMPUS NEW PANVEL,
NAVI MUMBAI – 410206

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
ACADEMIC YEAR 2015-2016

i
 ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM
KALSEKAR TECHNICAL CAMPUS NEW PANVEL

(Approved by AICTE, recg. By Maharashtra Govt. DTE,

Affiliated to Mumbai University)

PLOT #2&3, SECTOR 16, NEAR THANA NAKA, KHANDAGAON, NEW PANVEL,NAVI MUMBAI-410206,
Tel.: +91 22 27481247/48 * Website: www.aiktc.org

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled

“DESIGN OF HVAC SYSTEM FOR THE BASEMENT OF AKTC”
Submitted by
Ansari Rizwan Ahmed Iqbal Husain (13ME126)
Mukadam Awez Yaseen (13ME132)
Shaikh Rubel Mohammed Amin (12ME56)

To the Kalsekar Technical Campus, New Panvel is a record of bonafide work carried out
by him under our supervision and guidance, for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering as prescribed by
University Of Mumbai, is approved.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(Prof. Ghazi Altamash)

Head of Department Principal

(Prof. Ansari Zakir)

ii
 ANJUMAN-I-ISLAM
KALSEKAR TECHNICAL CAMPUS NEW PANVEL

(Approved by AICTE, recg. By Maharashtra Govt. DTE,

Affiliated to Mumbai University)

PLOT #2&3, SECTOR 16, NEAR THANA NAKA, KHANDAGAON, NEW PANVEL,NAVI MUMBAI-410206,
Tel.: +91 22 27481247/48 * Website: www.aiktc.org

APPROVAL OF DISSERTATION

This is to certify that the thesis entitled

“DESIGN OF HVAC SYSTEM FOR THE BASEMENT OF AKTC”
Submitted by
Ansari Rizwan Ahmed Iqbal Husain (13ME126)
Mukadam Awez Yaseen(13ME132)
Shaikh Rubel Mohammed Amin (12ME56)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in Mechanical Engineering, as prescribed by University of Mumbai approved.

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

Prof. Ghazi Altamash

Date: __________

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After the completion of this work, we would like to give our sincere thanks to all those
who helped us to reach our goal. It’s a great pleasure and moment of immense satisfaction for us
to express my profound gratitude to our guide Prof. Ghazi Altamash whose constant
encouragement enabled us to work enthusiastically. His perpetual motivation, patience and
excellent expertise in discussion during progress of the project work have benefited us to an
extent, which is beyond expression.

We would also like to give our sincere thanks to Prof. Ansari Zakir Head Of
Department, and Prof. Shaikh Rizwan Project coordinator from Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Kalsekar Technical Campus, New Panvel, for their guidance, encouragement and
support during a project.

I am thankful to Dr. Abdul Razak Honnutagi, Kalsekar Technical Campus New Panvel,
for providing an outstanding academic environment, also for providing the adequate facilities.

Last but not the least I would also like to thank all the staffs of Kalsekar Technical
Campus (Mechanical Engineering Department) for their valuable guidance with their interest and
valuable suggestions brightened us.

Ansari Rizwan Ahmed Iqbal Husain (13ME126)

Mukadam Awez Yaseen (13ME132)
Shaikh Rubel Mohammed Amin (12ME56)

iv
 Contents

Abstract viii

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Heating 3
1.2. Ventilating 3
1.3. Air Conditioning 5
2. Literature Review 7
3. Problem Definition 9
4. Objective of Project 11
5. Heat load estimation 13
5.1. Calculation of heat load 15
6. Human comfort 20
6.1. Factor affecting human comfort 21
7. Analyzing & Design 25
7.1. Psychrometric chart 26
7.2. Summer condition of basement 27
7.3. Design of duct for summer 28
7.4. Winter condition of basement 30
7.5. Design of duct for winter 31
8. AHU of HVAC system 33
8.1. Filter 34
8.2. Heating & cooling coil 35
8.3. Blower/Fan 36
8.4. AHU virtual model 37

v
9. Layout 38
9.1. Layout 39
10. Component & cost 41
10.1. Component selection 42
10.2. Selection of duct material 44
10.3. Cost 44
11. Conclusion & Future Scope 45
References 48
Appendix 49

vi
 List of figures
Fig.3.1: Basement area 10

Fig.5.1: Basement layout 14

Fig.7.1: Psychrometric chart 26

Fig.7.2: Summer condition of basement 27

Fig.7.3: Verification of duct size design for summer 29

Fig.7.4: Winter condition of basement 30

Fig.7.5: Verification of duct size design for winter 32

Fig.8.1: Blower 36

Fig.8.2: Virtual model of AHU 37

Fig.9.1: Layout (Top View ) 40

Fig.9.2: Layout (Front View) 40

Fig.10.1: Blowtech blower 42

vii
 Abstract

HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning) is technology of indoor and vehicular
comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor quantity of air. This project
is to design a HVAC system for the basement of AIKTC to bring the environment of basement
into the comfort zone for the people. So the people can work efficiently.

This report includes the design of HVAC system for the basement of AIKTC which contain
the calculation of heat load, design of duct according season like summer and winter, selection of

component & equipment for HVAC system and cost estimation.

viii
 Chapter 1

Introduction

1
 Introduction

HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to
provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a sub
discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid
mechanics, and heat transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as
HVAC&R or HVACR, (heating, ventilating and air-conditioning & Refrigeration) or ventilating
is dropped as in HACR (such as the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).

HVAC is important in the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such
as skyscrapers, onboard vessels, and in marine environments such as aquariums, where safe
and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity , using
fresh air from outdoors.

Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of "exchanging" or replacing

air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon
dioxide. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air,
keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air
within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air
quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided
into mechanical/forced and natural types.

2
 The three central functions of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning are interrelated,
especially with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within
reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can
provide ventilation, reduce air infiltration, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces.
The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as room air distribution.

1.1: Heating:-

Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building.
This can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to
heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical
room in a large building. The heat can be transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation.

1.2: Ventilation:-

Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature
or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon
dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside
as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for
maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be
divided into mechanical/forced and natural types.

3
1.2.1: Mechanical or forced ventilation:-

"Mechanical" or "forced" ventilation is provided by an air handler and used to

control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via
dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates much energy is required to
remove excess moisture from ventilation air.

Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and
sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a
function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. Direct drive fans are available
for many applications, and can reduce maintenance needs.

Ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing
the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants.
Because hot air rises, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by
circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor.

1.2.2: Natural ventilation:-

Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or
other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when spaces
are small and the architecture permits. In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and
flow out high building openings to the outside (stack effect), causing cool outside air to be drawn
into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must
be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via

4
natural ventilation may not be possible. Air conditioning systems are used, either as backups or
supplements. Air-side economizers also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans,
ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when
appropriate.

An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or air changes per hour:
the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes
per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten
minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though
warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to
a wind tunnel which have thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for
crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, and commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per
hour.

Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room.
Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to
reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants.

1.3: Air Conditioning:-

An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling

and humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed
windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant
indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into the
indoor heat exchanger section, creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made
up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air
intake is about 10%.

5
 Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be
removed through radiation, convection, or conduction. Refrigeration conduction media such as
water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants. A refrigerant is employed either in
a heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or
in a free cooling system which uses pumps to circulate a cool refrigerant (typically water or a
glycol mix).

6
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

7
 Literature Review
From the study of various technical papers, journals, reference books (of refrigeration and
air conditioning) and different literature on HVAC system design by qualified and experience
persons.

After studying various contents on RAC and HVAC system it is seeing that to design an
effective HVAC system for the basement of AIKTC some basic steps are to be followed like:

 Calculation of heat load (which includes heat transfer across the wall, heat transfer across
the glass of window, heat emitted through various appliances like tube light, fan,
projector, etc. and emitted from the people).
 Determination of zone of space to be condition with respect to the comfort zone specified
by ASHARAE.
 Various factors (Effective temperature, Moisture content of air, Air stratification, etc)
That affect the comfort condition of human being should also be consider in order
designing an effective HVAC system for the basement of AIKTC.
 Selection of different basic components (blower, compressor. Dehumidifier, etc) to form
a HVAC system to achieve comfort condition in the basement of AIKTC. The component
should be selected according to various parameter obtain during calculation steps (such as
air flow rate, tonnage of refrigeration, etc.)
 Sizing of duct: depending upon the velocity of air passing through the duct, air flow rate,
etc.
 After calculating heat load and size of duct required, layout is to be made. While deciding
layout take care that each component should be place in proper sequence and should be
occupied in space available.

8
 Chapter 3
Problem Definition

9
 Problem Definition

The basement of AIKTC is used for various purposes like class room, drawing hall, etc. As it
is used for these applications so the people continuously come and go into the basement.

As basement does not contain windows as much as required for the proper ventilation, so the
people who work into the basement does not feel comfortable and cannot work efficiently.

The purpose of this project is to design a proper HVAC system for the basement the of
AIKTC so the people who work in the basement can work effectively and efficiently.

Fig.3.1: Basement area

10
 Chapter 4
Objective of project

11
 Objective of the Project

The objective of HVAC are to control the temperature and of air inside the designated
“Air Conditioned” space along with control of moisture, filtration of air and containment of air
borne particles, supply of outside fresh air for control of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the
air conditioned space, and finally control of the movement of air or draught. All these factors
comprise of a successful HVAC system. Air conditioning has changed over the years from just
cooling of a space to the effective control of all the above parameters. So that the people working
across the air conditioned area can work efficiently.

12
 Chapter 5
Heat load Estimation

13
 Heat Load Estimation

 Take measurement of area and making layout.

Fig 5.1: Basement layout

 No. of light : 30
 No. of fan : 17
 No. of people: 275

14
5.1: Calculation of heat load:-

5.1.1: For summer:-

1. Heat load of empty area (H1) –

H1 = volume / 3024
= 608.5313/3024
= 0.20123 kcal/hr

2. Heat transfer through wall (H2) –

H2 = area × heat transfer coeff. × temp. Difference

= 38.475 × 2.81 × 15.5
= 1682.33 kcal/hr

3. Heat through window (H3) –

H3 = area × heat transfer coeff. × temp. diff × no. of window

= 0.6075 × 19.529 × (38-33) × 3
= 177.958 kcal/hr
4. Heat emitted through lights (H4) –

H4 = Watt × no. of light × 0.86

= 36 × 30 × 0.86
= 928.8 kcal/hr

15
5. Heat emitted through projector (H5) –

H5 = 1315 BTU/hr
= 1315 × 0.2913
= 385.42 kcal/hr

6. Heat emitted trough fan (H6) –

H6 = 641 × H.P of motor × no. of fan

= 641 × (60÷746) × 17
= 876.434 kcal/hr

7. Heat through people (H7) –

H7 = (2000÷24) × 275
= 22916.67 cal/hr
= 22.91667 kcal/hr

8. Total heat load (H.L) –

H.L = H1+H2+H3+H4+H5+H6+H7
=0.2013+1682.33+177.958+928.8+385.42+876.434+22.91
= 4074.05kcal/hr

16
5.1.2: For winter:-

1. Heat load of empty are (H1) –

H1 = volume / 3024
= 608.5313/3024
= 0.20123 kcal/hr

2. Heat transfer through wall (H2) –

H2 = area × heat transfer coeff. × temp. Difference

= 38.475 × 2.81 × 15.5
= 1682.33 kcal/hr

3. Heat transfer through window (H3) –

H3 = area × heat transfer coeff. × temp. diff × no. of window

= 0.6075 × 19.529 × (48.75 - 47.25) × 3
= 53.38 kcal/hr

17
4. Heat emitted through lights (H4) –

H4 = Watt × no. of light × 0.86

= 36 × 30 × 0.86
= 928.8 kcal/hr

5. Heat emitted through projector (H5) –

H5 = 1315 BTU/hr
= 1315 × 0.2913
= 385.42 kcal/hr

6. Heat emitted trough fan (H6) –

H6 = 641 × H.P of motor × no. of fan

= 641 × (60÷746) × 17
= 876.434 kcal/hr

7. Heat through people (H7) –

H7 = (2000÷24) × 275
= 22916.67 cal/hr
= 22.91667 kcal/hr

18
8. Total heat load (H) –

H.L = H1+H2+H3+H4+H5+H6+H7
=0.2013+1682.33+53.38+928.8+385.42+876.434+22.91
= 3949.47kcal/hr

19
 Chapter 6
Human comfort

20
 Human Comfort

Human comfort depends upon physiological and psychological condition. Thus it is

difficult to define the term „human comfort‟. There are many definitions given for this term by
different bodies. But the most accepted definition from is given by the American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) which state: “Human comfort
is that condition of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment.”

6.1: Factors Affecting human comfort:-

In designing winter or summer air conditioning system, the designer should be well
conversant with a number of factors which physiologically affect human comfort. The important
factors are as follow:

1. Effective temperature
2. Heat production and regulation in human body
3. Heat and moisture losses from human body
4. Moisture content of air
5. Quality and quantity of air
6. Hot and cold surface
7. Air stratification

21
6.1.1: Effective Temperature:-

The degree of warmth or cold felt by human body depends mainly on the following three
factors:

i. Dry bulb temperature

ii. Relative humidity
iii. Air velocity

In order to evaluate the combined effect of these factors, the term effective temperature is
employed. It is defined as that index which correlates the combine effect of air temperature,
relative humidity and air velocity on the human body. The numerical value of effective
temperature is made equal to the temperature of still saturated air, which produces the same
sensation of warmth or coolness as produced under the given condition.

6.1.2: Heat production and regulation of human body:-

The human body acts like a heat engine which gets its energy from combustion of food
within the body. The process of combustion produces heat and energy due to the oxidation of
products in the body by oxygen obtained from inhaled air. The rate of heat production depends
upon individual‟s health, his physical activity and his environment. The rate at which the body
produces heat is termed as metabolic rate. the heat production from a normal healthy person
when asleep is about 60 watts and it is about 10 times more for a person carrying out sustained
very hard work.

22
6.1.3: Heat and moisture losses from body:-

The heat is given off from the human body as either sensible or latent heat or both in
order to design any air conditioning system for spaces which human bodies are to occupy, it is
necessary to know the rate at which these two form of heat are given off under different
condition of air temperature and bodily activity.

6.1.4: Moisture content of air:-

The moisture content of outside air during winter is generally low and it is above the
average during summer, because the capacity of air to carry moisture is dependent upon its dry
bulb temperature. Thus while designing an air conditioning system, the proper dry bulb
temperature for either summer or winter must be selected in accordance with the practical
consideration of relative humidities which are feasible.

6.1.5: Quality and quantity of air:-

The air in an occupied space should, at all times, be free from toxic, unhealthful or
disagreeable fumes such as carbon dioxide. It should also be free from dust and odour. In order
to obtain this condition, enough clean outside air must always be supplied to an occupied space
to counteract or adequately dilute the sources of contamination.

23
6.1.6: Air Motion:-

The air motion which includes the distribution of air very important to maintain uniform
temperature in the conditioned space ordinarily the air velocity in occupied zone should not
exceed 8-12 m/min. the air velocities in the space above the occupied zone should be very high
in order to produce good distribution of air in the occupied zone, provided that air in motion does
not produce any objectionable noise.

6.1.7: cold and hot surface:-

The cold or hot object in a conditioned space may cause discomfort to the occupant.
Thus, in the designing of an air conditioning system, the temperature of the surfaces to which the
body may be exposed must be given considerable importance.

6.1.8: Air stratification:-

When air is heated, its density decreases and thus it rises to the upper part of the confined
space. This result in a considerable variation in the temperatures between the floor and ceiling
levels. The movement of the air to produce the temperature gradient from floor to ceiling is
termed as air stratification. The air conditioning system must be designed to reduce the air
stratification to a minimum.

24
 Chapter 7

Analyzing & Design

25
7.1: Psychrometric chart:-

It is graphical representation of the various thermodynamic properties of moist air. The

psychrometric chart is very useful for finding out the properties of air and eliminates lots of
calculations. There is a slight variation in the prepared by different air conditioning
manufacturers but basically they all are alike.

Fig7.1: Psychrometric chart

26
7.2: Condition of basement during summer season:-

Fig 7.2: Basement condition for the summer season

 Form above chart it can be observed that the temperature of basement varies between 47o
C to 48o C and the comfort condition is in between 22o C to 27o C.

27
7.3: Design of duct for summer:-

 Selecting the velocity of flow from standard table according to application.

V = 350 m/min
= 6 m/s

 Taking air flow rate

Q = H.L/ (ρ × Cp × (To – Ti))

Q = 4734.95 / (1.2 ×1005× (48 – 46))
Q = 1.96 m3/s

 Taking width of duct as

b= 0.3 m

 Area of duct

A=axb
= a x 0.3

 Now,

Q =AxV
1.96 = a x 0.3 x 6
a = 1.08 m

28
 Equivalent circular duct

Deqv = (1.3(a × b)0.625 ) ÷ (a + b)0.25

=(1.3(1.08×0.3)0.625 ) ÷ (1.08+0.3)0.25
= 0.62 m

 Mass flow rate of air

H.L = m Cp (To-Ti)

4734.9 = m × 1005 × (48 - 46)

m = 2.35 kg/s

 Verification

Fig 7.3: Verification of duct size

29
7.4: Condition of basement during winter season:-

Fig 7.4: Basement condition for winter season

 Form above chart it can be observed that the temperature of basement varies between 28o
C to 30o C and the comfort condition is in between 22o C to 27o C.
 So our objective is to bring the current basement condition into comfort zone.

30
7.5: Design of duct for winter:-

 Selecting the velocity of flow from standard table according to application.

V = 350 m/min
= 6 m/s

 Taking air flow rate

Q = H.L/(ρ × Cp × (To – Ti))

Q = 4590.2 / (1.2 ×1005× (30 – 28))
Q = 1.90 m3/s

 Taking width of duct as

b= 0.3 m

 Area of duct

A=axb
= a x 0.3

 Now,

Q =AxV
1.90 = a x 0.3 x 6
a = 1.15 m

31
  Equivalent circular duct

Deqv. = (1.3(a × b)0.625 ) ÷ (a + b)0.25

=(1.3(1.15×0.3)0.625 ) ÷(1.15+0.3)0.25
= 1.08 m

 Mass flow rate of air

H.L = m Cp (To-Ti)

4590.2 = m × 1005 × (30 - 28)

m = 2.28 kg/s

 Verification of duct size

Fig 7.5: verification of duct size (winter)

32
 Chapter 8

Air Handling Unit

33
 Air handling unit of HVAC system

An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to
regulate and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
system. An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling
elements filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers.[2] Air handlers usually
connect to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air through the building
and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air directly to
and from the space served without ductwork.

Small air handlers, for local use, are called terminal units, and may only include an air
filter, coil, and blower; these simple terminal units are called blower coils or fan coil units. A
larger air handler that conditions 100% outside air, and no recirculated air, is known as a makeup
air unit (MAU). An air handler designed for outdoor use, typically on roofs, is known as
a packaged unit (PU) or rooftop unit (RTU).

Components of an AHU:-

8.1: Filter:-

Air filtration is almost always present in order to provide clean dust-free air to the building
occupants. It may be via simple low-MERV pleated media, HEPA, electrostatic, or a
combination of techniques. Gas-phase and ultraviolet air treatments may be employed as well.

34
 Filtration is typically placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the downstream
components clean. Depending upon the grade of filtration required, typically filters will be
arranged in two (or more) successive banks with a coarse-grade panel filter provided in front of a
fine-grade bag filter, or other "final" filtration medium. The panel filter is cheaper to replace and
maintain, and thus protects the more expensive bag filters.

The life of a filter may be assessed by monitoring the pressure drop through the filter
medium at design air volume flow rate. This may be done by means of a visual display using a
pressure gauge, or by a pressure switch linked to an alarm point on the building control system.
Failure to replace a filter may eventually lead to its collapse, as the forces exerted upon it by the
fan overcome its inherent strength, resulting in collapse and thus contamination of the air handler
and downstream ductwork.

8.2: Heating and/or cooling elements:-

Air handlers may need to provide heating, cooling, or both to change the supply air
temperature, and humidity level depending on the location and the application. Such
conditioning is provided by heat exchanger coil within the air handling unit air stream, such coils
may be direct or indirect in relation to the medium providing the heating or cooling effect.

Direct heat exchangers include those for gas-fired fuel-burning heaters or

a refrigeration evaporator, placed directly in the air stream. Electric resistance heaters and heat
pumps can be used as well. Evaporative cooling is possible in dry climates.

Indirect coils use hot water or steam for heating, and chilled water for cooling (prime
energy for heating and cooling is provided by central plant elsewhere in the building). Coils are
typically manufactured from copper for the tubes, with copper or aluminum fins to aid heat
transfer. Cooling coils will also employ eliminator plates to remove and drain condensate. The
hot water or steam is provided by a central boiler, and the chilled water is provided by a

35
central chiller. Downstream temperature sensors are typically used to monitor and control "off
coil" temperatures, in conjunction with an appropriate motorized control valve prior to the coil.

8.3: Blower/ Fan:-

Air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage blower driven by an AC

induction electric motor to move the air. The blower may operate at a single speed, offer a
variety of set speeds, or be driven by a Variable Frequency Drive to allow a wide range of air
flow rates. Flow rate may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet dampers on the fan. Some
residential air handlers in USA (central "furnaces" or "air conditioners") use a brushless DC
electric motor that has variable speed capabilities.[1] Air handlers in Europe and Australia and
New Zealand now commonly use backward curve fans without scroll or "plug fans". These are
driven using high efficiency EC (electronically commutated) motors with built in speed control.

Multiple blowers may be present in large commercial air handling units, typically placed
at the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork (therefore also called "supply
fans"). They are often augmented by fans in the return air duct ("return fans") pushing the air into
the AHU.

Fig 8.1: Blower

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8.4: AHU virtual model:-

Fig 8.2: AHU

37
Chapter 9

Layout

38
 Layout

9.1: Layout:-

The conditioned air (cooled or heated) from the air conditioning equipment must be
properly distributed to rooms or spaces to be conditioned in order to provide comfort conditions.
When the conditioned air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to the
spaces to be conditioned, then the ducts are installed. The duct system conveys the conditioned
air from the air conditioning equipment to the proper air distribution points or air supply outlets
in the room and carries the return air from the room back to the air conditioning equipment for
reconditioning and recirculation.

It may be noted that the duct system for proper distribution of condition air cost nearly 20
to 30 percent of the total cost of the equipments required and the power required by the fans form
the substantial part of the running cost. Thus, it is necessary to design the air duct system in such
a way that the capital cost of duct and the cost of running the fans is lowest.

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Fig 9.1: Layout (Top View)

Fig 9.2 : layout (Front View)

40
 Chapter 10

Component selection & Cost

41
10.1: Component selection:-

10.1.1: Blower:-

Table 10.1: Blower

Sr.No. Blower Air flow rate(m3/s) Cost(Rs.)

1 Blowtech 0 to 2.19 8500
2 Acme 0 to 47.19 13,000
3 Supertech 0 to 12.51 11,000
4 compliance 0 to 7.08 10,000

 On the basis of the air flow rate and the cost blowtech is selected. the

Blowtech blower specification:-

 Type : centrifugal
 RPM : 3500 rpm
 Power : 5 hp(230V, 50 Hz)
 Air flow rate : 0 to 2.19 m3/s
 Static pressure range : 760 to 765 torr
 Blower diameter : 190 to 380 mm
 Material : steel.
 Feature : dampers, door

Fig 10.1: Blowtech blower

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  In case if the number of people in the basement increases the heat load will also increase.
So for effective working of the HVAC system we propose Compliance blower whose
capacity is 0 to 7.08. It will take care of increase heat load.

10.1.2: Condenser:-

Table 10.2: condenser

Sr.No. Condenser Capacity(Kcal/h) Cost(Rs.)

1 GSX130181 4517.20 7300
2 GSX140181 5125.65 9267
3 GSX160181 4824.82 8217
4 GSX160241 5030.45 8463

 On the basis of the capacity and the cost Goodman GSX130181 is selected.

Condenser specification:-

 Model : GSX130181
 Nominal capacity : 4517.20 kcal/h
 Efficiency : 13 SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio)
 Compressor required : Rotary compressor

10.1.3: Compressor:-

 For the effective working of above selected condenser the compressor required is rotary
compressor of 208 V /230 V and single phase 50 Hz. So that Hitachi SHY 33MC2-S
rotary compressor is selected.

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Compressor Specification:-

 Cost : 8033 Rs.

 Capacity : 4675 kcal/h
 Power : 1.2 KW
 Current :6.2/5.8 Amp at 208/230 V

10.2: Duct material:-

 Galvanized steel: Galvanized mild steel is the standard and most common material used
in fabricating ductwork. For insulation purposes, metal ducts are typically lined with
faced fiberglass blankets (duct liner) or wrapped externally with fiberglass blankets (duct
wrap).
 Aluminum: Aluminum ductwork is lightweight and quick to install. Also, custom or
special shapes of ducts can be easily fabricated in the shop or on site.
 Based on the cost, availability, and requirement the galvanized steel is selected for the
duct material.

10.3: Cost:-

Detail cost
Component cost 32,333
Duct manufacturing cost 6400
Other cost 2500
Total cost 41,233

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 Chapter 11

Conclusion and Future Scope

45
 Conclusion

The HVAC system for the basement of AIKTC is designed successfully by following
basic steps obtained from various content on the HVAC system design. After installation of
HVAC system proposed in this report, the people in the basement will feel comfortable. Because
various factors that affect the human comfort (like effective temperature, air motion, etc.) will be
achieve within the range. It will give comfort to people in the basement.

Further improvement in the propose design of HVAC system for the basement of AIKTC
also has scope. Areas where further improvement is possible in the project are discussed in the
future scope of this report.

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 Future Scope
The following things can be adopted in future in order to enhance the working of
designed HVAC system.

11.1: Insulation:-

The heat emitted through the wall is 42.6% of the total heat load. This percentage of heat
addition in the total heat load can be minimizing by providing insulation to the wall which emits
heat in the conditioned space.

11.2: Elimination of fans:-

The heats emitted through the fans are 22.19% of the total heat load. This percentage of
heat addition in the total heat load can be minimize by eliminating fans from conditioned space,
after installing the HVAC system design in the basement of AIKTC.

11.3: Introduce LED lights:-

The heat emitted through the lights is 23.51% of the total heat load. This percentage of
heat addition in the total heat load can be minimize by introducing LED lights in the condition
spaces as LED emits less heat as compare to florescent lamp/lights.

11.4: Provision for future expansion:-

The area of the basement would be expanded in future so accordingly there will be a
change in heat load so the size of duct will also change accordingly and as a result of this change
there will be a need of high capacity blower which can be selected from above stated table.

47
 References

 P.N.Ananthanarayan , “Basic Refrigeration & Air Conditioning”, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publication, third edition, 2009
 P.N.Ananthanarayan, “Basic Refrigeration & Air Conditioning”, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publication, fourth edition, 2013
 R.S.Khurmi, “ Refrigeration & Air conditioning”, S Chand Publication, fifth edition,
2015
 Arsha Viswambharan, "Sustainable HVAC systems in commercial and Residential
Buildings", International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, Volume 4, Issue
4, April-2014
 Lars sonderby Nielsen, " Building Integrated System for Sustainable Heating and
Cooling", REHVA Journal, Feb-2012
 Sheetal Kumar Patidar, “Modern trans in building an HVAC design tool”, International
Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research, May-2002.
 Khayti Saxena, “HVAC Schematic System Design”, International Organization of
scientific Research Journal Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Sept-2006

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 Appendix
H1 : Heat load of empty area

H2 : Heat transfer through wall

H3 : Heat transfer through window

H4 : Heat emitted from light

H5 : Heat emitted from projector

H6 : Heat emitted from fan

H7 : Heat emitted from people

H.L : Total heat load

Q : discharge or air flow rate

ρ : Density of air

A : Area of duct

V : Velocity of air flowing through duct

a : Wirth of the duct

b : height of the duct

Deqv : Equivalent diameter of circular duct

Cp : Specific heat at constant pressure

TO : Outer temperature of basement

Ti. : Inside temperature of basement

m : mass flow rate of air

49