S.NO.

1
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R & RL load

Aim:

To simulate the 1Ø half controlled rectifier circuit with R & RL load and obtain the
corresponding waveforms using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Formulae used:

Average dc voltage, Vdc=Vm(1+cos) (volts)


Rms output voltage,Vrms=Vm ((-)+sin2/2)1/2 (volts)
2
Average output current, Idc=Vdc/R (Amps)
RMS output current, Irms=Vrms/R (Amps)
Where,
Vm is the maximum input voltage
 is the firing angle of the SCR.
Operation:
The phase controlled rectifiers using SCRs are used to obtain controlled dc output voltages from
the fixed ac mains input voltage. The circuit diagram of a half controlled converter is shown in
Figure 1. The output voltage is varied by controlling the firing angle of SCRs. The single phase
half controlled converter consists of two SCRs and two diodes. During positive half cycle, SCR1
and Diode 2 are forward biased. Current flows through the load when SCR1 is triggered into
conduction. During negative half cycle, SCR3 and D1 are forward biased. If the load is resistive,
the load voltage and load current are similar.
If the load is inductive, the current will continue to flow even when the supply voltage
reverses polarity due to the stored energy in the inductor. At the end of positive half cycle, D2 is
reverse biased and D1 is forward biased. As SCR1 is not turned off the freewheeling current due
to the stored energy in the inductor will flow through the diode D1 and SCR1. When SCR3 is
triggered, the current gets transferred from SCR1 to SCR3. Load current now flows from supply
via SCR3, load and D4. At the end of negative half cycle, the freewheeling current will flow
through the diode D2 and SCR3.

Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:
Resistive Load

Inductive load:
Result:

Thus the Single Phase half controlled Rectifier with R & RL Load circuit is simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK and the corresponding waveforms are obtained.
S.NO.2
Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier with R & RL Load

Aim:

To simulate the 1Ø fully Controlled rectifier circuit with R & RL load and obtain the
corresponding waveforms using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Formulae used:
Average dc voltage, Vdc=Vm(1+cos) (volts)

Rms output voltage,Vrms=Vm ((-)+sin2/2)1/2 (volts)
2
Average output current, Idc=Vdc/R (Amps)
RMS output current, Irms=Vrms/R (Amps)
Where,
Vm is the maximum input voltage
 is the firing angle of the SCR.
Operation:
The phase controlled rectifiers using SCRs are used to obtain controlled dc output voltages from
the fixed ac mains input voltage. The circuit diagram of a fully controlled converter is shown in
Figure 2. The output voltage is varied by controlling the firing angle of SCRs. The single phase
fully controlled converter consists of four SCRs. During positive half cycle, SCR1 and SCR 2
are forward biased. Current flows through the load when SCR1 and SCR2 is triggered into
conduction. During negative half cycle, SCR3 and SCR4 are forward biased. If the load is
resistive, the load voltage and load current are similar.
When the load is inductive, SCR1 and SCR2 conduct from  to . The nature of the load
current depends on the values of R and L in the inductive load. Because of the inductance, the
load current keeps on increasing and becomes maximum at . At , the supply voltage reverses
but SCRs 1 and 2 does not turn off. This is because the load inductance does not allow the
current to go to zero instantly. Thus the energy stored in the inductance flows against the supply
mains. The output voltage is negative from  to + since supply voltage is negative.
Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:
Resistive load

Inductive load :
Result:

Thus the Single Phase fully controlled Rectifier with R & RL Load circuit is simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK and the corresponding waveforms are obtained.

S.NO.3

Three Phase Fully controlled Rectifier with R & RL Load

Aim:

To simulate the 3Ø fully Controlled rectifier circuit with R & RL load and obtain the
corresponding waveforms using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Theory:

The three phase full bridge converter works as three phase AC-DC converter for firing angle
delay 00<α≤900 and as three phase line commutated inverter for 900<α<1800. The numbering of
SCRs 1, 3, 5 for the positive group and 2, 4, 6 for negative group. This numbering scheme is
adopted here as it agrees with the sequence of gating of six thyristors in a 3-phase full converter.
Here each SCR is conduct for 1200. At any time two SCRs, one from positive group and
other from negative group must conduct together and this combination must conduct for 600.this
means commutation occurs for every 600. For ABC phase sequence of three phase supply
thyristors conduct in pairs: T1 and T2, T2 and T3, T3 and T4, T4 and T5, T5 and T6, T6 and T1.
Period, range of 2π SCR Pair in conduction
α + 30 ° to α + 90 ° S1 and S6
α + 90 °to α + 150 ° S1 and S2
α + 150 ° to α + 210 ° S2 and S3
α + 210 ° to α + 270 ° S3 and S4
α + 270 ° to α + 330 ° S4 and S5
α + 330 ° to α + 360 ° and α + 0 ° to α + 30 ° S5 and S6

Formulae used:

Average output voltage

RMS value of output voltage

RMS of the source current is

Each SCR conducts for 1200 for every 3600. Therefore the RMS value of SCR current is

Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:
Resistive load:

Inductive load:
Result:

Thus the three phase fully controlled Rectifier with R & RL Load circuit is simulated using
MATLAB/SIMULINK and the corresponding waveforms are obtained.

S.NO.4

SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Aim:
To simulate the 1Ø AC voltage regulator circuit and obtain the suitable waveforms using
MATLAB/SIMULINK

Theory:
AC regulators are used to get variable AC voltage from the fixed mains voltage. Some of the
important applications of AC regulators are: domestic and industrial heating, induction heating in
metallurgical industries, induction motor speed control for fan and pump drives, transformer tap
changers in utility systems, static reactive power compensators, lighting control etc., Earlier, auto
transformers, transformers with taps and magnetic amplifiers were employed in these
applications because of high efficiency, compact size, flexibility in control etc. Two thyristors in
anti parallel are employed for full wave control. In this case, isolation between control and power
circuit is most essential because of the fact that the cathodes of the two thyristors are connected
to the common point. For low power applications, a triac may be used. In this case isolation
between control and power circuitry is not necessary.
Formulae Used:
The triggering pulse is generated at the point at which the associated cosine wave becomes
instantaneously equal to the control voltage.
In other words,
2V sin (-t) = VR
At this instant t= and hence
2V sin (-) = VR
= - sin- (VR/2V)
R max=22V/CVR
Where, VR- breakdown voltage of the Diac
- firing angle delay
V- Supply voltage

Circuit Diagram:
RL

R MT2
AC
line
RD MT1
G
MT1 MT2
C

Fig 1. Single phase ac regulator

Operation:
A triac control circuit for lamp dimmers is shown in Fig.1. A diac is a gateless triac designed to
breakdown at a low voltage. During the positive half cycle, the triac requires a positive gate
pulse for turning it on. This is provided by the capacitor C. When its voltage is above the
breakdown voltage of the diac, the capacitor C discharges through the triac gate. When the triac
turns on, the capacitor Voltage will be reset to zero. A similar operation takes place in the
negative half cycles, and a negative gate pulse will be applied when the diac breaks down in the
reverse direction. Adjustment of series resistance, R determines the charging rate of capacitor C
and hence the value of the phase angle delay. The output power and thus light intensity are
varied by controlling the phase of conduction of the triac.

Model
Graph:

VS

wt

V0

wt

Result:

Thus the 1 Ø AC Voltage regulator with R load circuit is executed with the help of MATLAB
software and the graph is plotted.
S.NO.5

Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix using MATLAB Software

Aim:

To develop a computer program to form the bus admittance matrix, Ybus of a power system.

Theory:

The Ybus /Zbus matrix constitutes the models of the passive portions of the power network. Ybus
matrix is often used in solving load flow problems. It has gained widespread applications owing
to its simplicity of data preparation and the ease with which the bus admittance matrix can be
formed and modified for network changes. Of course, sparsity is one of its greatest advantages as
it heavily reduces computer memory and time requirements. In short circuit analysis, the
generator and transformer impedances must also be taken into account. In contingency analysis,
the shunt elements are neglected, while forming the Z-bus matrix, which is used to compute the
outage distribution factors.
This can be easily obtained by inverting the Y-bus matrix formed by inspection method or by
analytical method. The impedance matrix is a full matrix and is most useful for short circuit
studies. Initially, the Y-bus matrix is formed by inspection method by considering line data only.
After forming the Y-bus matrix, the modified Y-bus matrix is formed by adding the generator
and transformer admittances to the respective diagonal elements and is inverted to form the Z-
bus matrix.
The performance equation for a n-bus system in terms of admittance matrix can be
written as,
I 
1 Y
11
Y .... Y   V 
12 In 1

I  Y Y .... Y   V 
2
 21 22 2 n
   2

.   . .  . 
     
.  . .  . 
 I 
n
 Y
n 1
Y .... Y   V 
n 2 nn n

(or)
I = Ybus.V
The admittances Y11, Y12,… Y1n are called the self-admittances at the nodes and all other
admittances are called the mutual admittances of the nodes.

Formulae Used:
n
Main diagonal element in Y-bus matrix = Y
j 1
ij  Bij

where Bij is the half line shunt admittance in mho.

Yij is the series admittance in mho.

Off-diagonal element in Y-bus matrix , Yij = -Yij

where Yij is the series admittance in mho.

Flowchart:
START

Enter the number of buses,n

and lines

Enter the mutual admittance

between the buses

Set the bus count i =1

Calculate the diagonal term,

Yii = sum of all admittances
i = i +1 connected to bus i.

Is i = n

Calculate the off-diagonal

term, Yij=Negative sum of the
admittances connected from
bus i to bus j.

Compute Z bus matrix by

inverting Y bus matrix

Print Y bus and Z bus matrices

STOP
Algorithm:

Step 1: Read the values of number of buses and the number of lines of the given
system.
Step 2: Read the self-admittance of each bus and the mutual admittance between the
buses.
Step 3: Calculate the diagonal element term called the bus driving point admittance, Yij
which is the sum of the admittance connected to bus i.
Step 4: The off-diagonal term called the transfer admittance, Yij which is the negative
of the admittance connected from bus i to bus j.
Step 5: Check for the end of bus count and print the computed Y-bus matrix.
Step 6: Compute the Z-bus matrix by inverting the Y-bus matrix.
Step 7: Stop the program and print the results.

Sample Problem:
The bus and branch datas for a 3 bus system is given in table below. Form Y bus matrix by
inspection method.

Bus Code Impedance Bus Number Admittance

1-2 0.06 + j0.18 1 j0.05
1–3 0.02 + j0.06 2 j0.06
2-3 0.04 + j0.12 3 j0.05

Solution:

Formation of Y bus:

 1 1  1 1 
   j0.05 
 0.06  j0.18 0.02  j 0.06  0.06  j0.18 0.02  j0.06 
 1  1 1  1 
Ybus     j 0.06 
 0.06  j0.18  0.06  j0.18 0.04  j0.12  0.04  j0.12 
 
 1 1  1 1 
  j0.05  
 0.02  j0.06
 0.04  j0.12  0.04  j0.12 0.02  j0.06 
Theoretical output:

6.66  j19.95  1.66  j 5  5  j15 

Ybus   1.66  j 5 4.16  j12.44  2.5  j 7.5 
 5  j15  2.5  j 7.5 7.5  j 22.45

Result:
The Y bus matrix was formed for the given system by direct inspection method and the results
were verified using MATLAB program.