KINJUTSU

PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS

THE SEVEN GENERALS

PROCESS n P-V-T ∆H ∆U Wnf Wsf Q ∆S = Q/T

V2
P1 V 1 ln P 1 V 1 V 2P 1 V 1 P1
Isothermal/ V1 ln ln
Hyperbolic 1 W f =−W n Q=W nf T V1 T P2
T=c V2
mRT ln V2 P1
V1 mR ln mR ln
V1 P2
PV V2 T
=C
Isobaric T mC p ln mC p ln 2
0 mC p ∆ T V1 T1
P=c
P∆V V ∆P
Isometric/ mR ∆ T mR ∆ T P2 T2
Isochoric/ mC v ln mC v ln
∞ mC v ∆ T P1 T1
Isovolumic
V=c mC p ∆ TmC v ∆ T
T2
mC n ln
P 2 V 2−P1 V 1 T1

( )
n
P2 V 1

[ ]
= 1−n mC n ∆ T −1
P1 V 2
Polytropic n mR ( T 2−T 1 )
nWn ln ( )
T2
ln ( )
P2

( )
T2 V 1
n−1
1−n C n=C v ( k−n
1−n )
n= 1−
T1
=
P1

( ) ( )
= P2 V1
T1 V 2 ln ln
For isentropic
only:
P1 V2
For isentropic

( )
n−1
T 2 P2 n only: −m C p ∆ T
= −m Cv ∆ T
Isentropic/ T 1 P1 No heat transfer
No entropy changes
Adiabatic k
∆ S=0
S=c Q=T ∆ S=0

NOTES for PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS

1. Make use of the equations PV=mRT, P∆V=mR∆T, PV=8.314nT and PV=0.0281nT

2. Note the R, k, M, Cp and Cv relations. Values differ depending on the type of gas
3. Make use of Entropy-Heat relation: S = Q/T the term (∆T)/T leads to natural logarithm of temperature ratio
4. Work always have PV and can be substituted by mRT
5. Use absolute unit of pressure and temperature when multiplying or dividing.

PROCESSES OF STEAM

Change in Change in Change in

Process Work Heat
Enthalpy Internal Energy Entropy

Isobaric P ( V 2−V 1 )
H 2−H 1

Isometric/
Isochoric/ 0 U 2−U 1
S2−S 1
Isovolumic
H 2−H 1 U 2−U 1
Isothermal/ T ( S 2−S 1 )
Q−∆ U
Hyperbolic

Isentropic/ W nf =−∆ U =U 1−U 2

Reversible 0 W sf =−∆ H =H 1−H 2 0
Adiabatic
Adiabatic H 2 '−H 1 U 2 '−U 1 S2 '−S 1 0
CONVERSIONS 1 lb 4.4482 N
1N 0.225 lb
LINEAR 1 lb 16 ounces
1 yard 3 feet 1 lb 7000 grains
1 meter 3.281 feet 1 kip 1000 lbs
1 meter 1.0936 yard 1 slug (mass) 32.174 lbs
1 statute mile 5280 feet 1 slug (mass) 14.59 kg
1 statute mile 1760 yards 1 slug (mass) 143.12 kg
5
1 nautical mile 6080 feet 1N 10 dynes
1 league 3 nautical miles
1 league 18240 feet WORK and ENERGY
1 rod 5.5 yard 1 BTU 778 ft-lb
1 rod 16.5 feet 1 BTU 0.252 kcal
1 cable length 720 feet 1 BTU 1.055 kJ
1 fathom 6 feet 1 kcal 4.187 kJ
1 span 9 inches 1 Joule 1 N-m
1 furlong 220 yards 1 erg 1 dyne-cm
1 inch 2.54 cm 1 erg 10-7 J
1 inch 1000 mils 1 CHU 1.8 BTU
1 chain 4 rods 1 CHU 1.9 kJ
BTU – British Thermal Unit
MASS and WEIGHT CHU – Celsius Heat Unit
1 ton/short ton/US ton 2000 lbs.
1 tonne/ Mton 1000 kg ANGLE
1 tonne/ Mton 2205 lbs. 1 revolution 1 circle
1 long ton 2240 lbs 2π radians
1 kg 2.2046 lbs 360 degrees
1 lb 0.4536 kg 400 grads`= 400 gons
1 kg force 9.81 N 6400 mils
1 lb 32.174 poundal
AREA 1 US gallon/ gal 8 pints
1 ha 10 000 m 2
1 US gallon/ gal 16 cups
1 ha 11 960 yd2 1 US gallon/ gal 231 in3
1 acre 4046.8 m2 1 Br. gallon 277.42 in3
1 acre 0.4047 ha 1 ft3 7.481 gal
1 acre 43560 ft2 1 ft3 28.32 L
1 m2 10.76 ft2 1 ft3 1728 in3
1 m2 1.196 yd2 1 m3 1000 L
1 m3 264.2 gal
POWER 1 m3 35.31 ft3
1 hp 550 ft-lb/s 1 cavan 25 gantas
1 hp 33 000 ft-lb/min 1 ganta 3L
1hp 42.42 BTU/min 1 ganta 8 chupas
1 hp 2545 BTU/hr
1 hp 0.746 kW
1 metric hp 0.736 kW PRESSURE
1 boiler hp 33 480 BTU/hr 1 atm 101.325 kPa
1 boiler hp 35 322 kJ/hr 1 atm 0 kPag
1 TOR 200 BTU/min 1 atm 14.7 psi
1 TOR 12 000 BTU/hr 1 atm 760 torr
1 kW 3412 BTU/hr 1 atm 760 mmHg
1 kW 1 kJ/sec 1 atm 29.92 in Hg
1 hp = 1 mechanical hp = 1 british hp 1 atm 1.033 kg/cm3
= 1 imperial hp ≈ water hp ≈ electric hp 1 atm 10.33 m H2O
1 bar 100 kPa
VOLUME 1 MPa 1 N/mm2
1 barrel (bbl) 42 gallons 1 torr 1 mm Hg
1 US gallon/ gal 3.7854 L 1 ksi 1000 psi
1 US gallon/ gal 4 quarts
1 penny = 1 cent
1 nickel = 5 cents
1 dime = 10 cents
1 quarter = 25 cents
1 half = 50 cents
1 dollar = 100 cents

1 Reyn
CONSTANTS
PROPERTIES OF AIR

Constant Pressure Specific Heat

Cp = 0.24 BTU/lb-R
Cp = 0.24 BTU/lb-F
Cp = 0.24 kcal/kg-K
Cp = 1 kJ/kg-K
Cp = 1.0062 kJ/kg-K
Cp = 1.0043 kJ/kg-K

Constant Volume Specific Heat

Cv = 0.171 BTU/lb-R
Cv = 0.171 BTU/lb-F
Cv = 0.171 kcal/kg-K
Cv = 0.7186 kJ/kg-K
Cv = 0.716 kJ/kg-K

Gas Constant
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
R = 53.3 ft-lb/lb-R

Density
ρ = 1.2 kg/m3
ρ = 0.0749 lb/ft3

Specific Heat Ratio

k = 1.4 (for cold air)
k = 1.3 (for hot air)
SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO (K)
O2 = 1.395
N2 = 1.399
CO = 1.399
H2 = 1.4
Ar = 1.666
Ne = 1.666
Hg = 1.666
He = 1.667
CO2 = 1.288
NH3 = 1.304
CH4 = 1.321

Universal Gas Constant

R = 8.314 J/mol-K
R = 1545 ft-lbf / lb-K
R = 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K

PROPERTIES OF WATER

Density
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
ρ = 62.4 lb/ft3
ρ = 9.81 kN/m3
ρ = 1 kg/L
ρ = 1 g/mL
ρ = 1 g/cm3

Specific Heat
Cp = 1 BTU/lb-R
Cp = 1 BTU/lb-F
Cp = 1 kcal/kg-K
Cp = 4.187 kJ/kg-K

For Ice
Cp = 2.09 kJ/kg-K
Cp = 0.5 BTU/lb-R
Lf = 335 kJ/kg
Lf = 144 BTU/lb
Lf = 80 cal/g

For Steam
Cp = 2 kJ/kg-K
Cp = 0.5 BTU/lb-R
Lf = 2257 kJ/kg
Lf = 970 BTU/lb
Lf = 540 cal/g

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS (kg/kmol)

C = 12
H=1
O = 16
N = 14
S = 32
Air = 28.97

ORGANIC FUELS
Suffixes:
-ane = CnH2n+2
-ene = CnH2n
-yne = CnH2n-2

Prefixes n-value
Meth =1
Eth =2
Prop =3
But =4
Pen =5
Hex =6
Hep =7
Oct =8
Non =9
Dec = 10
Undec = 11
Dodec = 12

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Seawater = 1.03
Mercury = 13.6
Ocean = 1.023

Density
ρ = 2406 kg/m3 (concrete)
ρ = 7200 kg/m3 (cast iron)
ρ = 7850 kg/m3 (steel)
ρ = 0.284 lb/in3 (steel)
NUMERICAL PREFIXES
Prefix Symbol Exponent (10n)

Exa E 18
Peta P 15
Terra T 12
Giga G 9
Mega M 6
Kilo k 3
Hecto h 2
Deca D 1
Deci d -1
Centi c -2
Milli m -3
Micro μ -6
Nano n -9
Pico p -12
Femto f -15
Atto a -18

MACHINE DESIGN CONSTANTS

For Steel
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
k = 6.5 x 10-6 /F
k = 11.7 x 10-6 /C

Modulus of Elasticity
E = 30 x 106 psi
E = 207 GPa

Modulus of Rigidity
G = 11.5 to 12 x 106 psi
G = 80 to 83 GPa

For Cast Steel

Material Factor = 0.7

For Aluminum
E = 69 GPa

Naming Refrigerant
R-ABC
ABC + 90 = CHF
CHF = Carbon Hydrogen Fluorine

Color Coding for Pipes

Water Green
Steam Silver Grey
Oil/ Mineral/ Combustibles Brown
Gases/ Fumes Yellow Ochre
Acid/ Alkalis Violet
Air Light Blue
Waste/ Drainage Black
Electricity Light Orange
Communications White
Fire Fighting Materials Safety Red
Hazardous Services Safety Yellow

Moment, deflection, angular deflection

Steel, Copper, Aluminum

E
G
Thernmal expansion coefficient
Density
Poisson’s ratio
0
1
x′x′ = centroidal axis
xx = any axis parallel to the centroidal axis
II = moment of inertia about the x-axis
I¯I¯ = centroidal moment of inertia
AA = area of the section
dd = distance between x and x’

I=I¯+Ad2
K = sqrt (I/A)

2
1 reyn = 1 lb-sec/in2