ABSTRACT

Complete syllabus of floriculture for

Delhi Development Authority: Section
FLORICULTURE Officer Exam with Multiple Choice
NOTES (DDA: Questions
Ravi Baghel
SECTION DDA: SECTION OFFICER:
FLORICULTURE
OFFICER)
THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI: RAVI BAGHEL
 FLORICULTURE
Production: (‘000’ metric tonnes) : 2018-19 First Advance Estimates
Cut flower- 867
Loose flower- 1991
Total- 2858
State wise: (Total flower)
Area:
▪ Kerala>Jammu & Kashmir>Tamil Nadu
Production:
▪ Kerala>Karnataka>Tamil Nadu
Loose flower production:
▪ Tamil Nadu>Andhra Pradesh
Cut flower production:
▪ West Bengal>Chhattisgarh
Flower:
▪ Reproductive structure of angiosperm.
Floriculture:
▪ Floriculture is the branch of horticulture that deals with the cultivation,
processing and marketing of ornamental plants which includes
annuals, biennials and perennials viz., trees, shrubs, climbers and
herbaceous perennials.
Landscaping:
▪ Landscaping is the design and alteration of a portion of land by use of
planting material and reconstructions.
The first evidence of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) as an ornamental plant comes from
the seal of Mohen-jo-daro.
Garden-
▪ Originated from the latin term ‘Gyrdan’ meaning “to enclose”.
Netherland, the leading bulb producer worldwide.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Flower of lotus is used as the locket of the garland.
Arun titan (Amorphophallus titanium) is the largest flower in the world.
IIHR – Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (Bangalore-KN)
Short day plants –
▪ Gardenia, poinsettia, Kalanchoe, Bryophyllum, Viola
Long day plants –
▪ Baby’s breath, spider plant, Fuchsia, Rex begonia, Evening
primrose.
All India Coordinated research Project (AICRP) on Floriculture during 1970-71.
The directorate of Floriculture research (DFR) an Institute established
upgradation of project coordinator’s cell of AICRP on Floriculture during the XI
Plan.
Principle of Gardening:
Initial approach:
▪ A good designer should design the landscape in the available space.
The natural topography should be retained.
Axis:
▪ This is an imaginary line in any garden.
▪ In formal garden the Central line is the axis.
Focal point:
▪ Centre of attraction e.g. statue, fountain, rockery etc.
Mass effect:
▪ The use of single species in large numbers in one place.
Divisional lines:
▪ In a landscape garden, there should not be any hard and fast
divisional lines.
Proportion and scale:
▪ Definite relationship between different element.

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 ▪ Ex: A rectangle having a ratio of 5:8 is considered to pleasing
proportion.
Texture:
▪ Surface character of a garden unit.
▪ Generally, the texture is of three type-
1.Fine
2.Medium
3.Coarse.
▪ Ex: Gulmohar- Fine texture tree, Spathodea companulata- Coarse
texture tree.
Light and Time:
▪ The garden design should be planned in such a way that in the
afternoon time.
Tone and Colour:
▪ In a landscape garden, to have mases of single colour against a
mixture of colours.
▪ Primary colour: Red, Blue and Yellow.
▪ Secondary colour: Orange, Green and Violet.
▪ Tertiary colour: Fusion of one primary and one secondary colour.
In most part of tropical India these contrasting changes cannot be achieved but it
is possible to bring in some changes.
Mobility:
▪ In a temperate zone, the garden colour very sharply.
Example:
▪ 1. Bengal or Indian Almond (Terminalia catappa)- changes it leaf
colour into striking red twice anually before faling.
▪ 2.Lagerstroemia Flos-reginae: Changes the colour of leaves to
coppery shade in the autumn before falling.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ 3.Madhuca indica and Ficus religiosa- The new foliage of these
appearing as coppery red the spring.
Style of Garden:
1.Formal Garden: Plan is symmetrical
Clear structure and geometry shape.
Origin: Desert areas of Western Asia
Ex: A. Mughal gardens B. Persian gardens

2.Informal Garden:
▪ Most common garden styles.
▪ Plan is asymmetrical.
▪ It reflects naturalistic
effect of total view and
represent natural
beauty.
▪ Ex: Japanese garden.

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 3.Free style: Combination of both formal and informal style.
Ex:
1.Rose garden of Ludhiana
2.English Garden
3.Lal bagh
Mughal garden:
▪ Introduction – Babar
▪ Famous garden style in India
Features:
1.Terraces
2.Runing water
3.High protecting wall
4.Entrance gate
5.Baradari
6.Terminal Building
7.Chabutras and Stone Platforms.
Running water is the life of Mughal garden.
Baradari is a canopied structure with 12 doors.
Garden shape: Rectangular and square.
Symbol in Mughal garden:
▪ Running water- Life
▪ Cypress- Immortality
▪ Flowering trees and water ways- renewable of Life
▪ White Kachnar (Bauhinia alba)- Youth and Life
▪ Terminal building- Taj Mahal

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 Examples of Mughal garden in India:
S.No. Garden Name Place
1. Pinjore garden or Yadavindra garden Pinjore (Haryana)
2. Taj mahal Agra (UP)
3. Ram Bagh Agra (UP)
4. Mehtab Bagh Agra (UP)
5. Khusro Bagh Allahabad (UP)
6. Roshanara garden New Delhi
7. Humayun’s Tomb Nizamuddin (New Delhi)
8. Rashtrapati Bhawan New Delhi
9. Safdarganj;s Tomb New Delhi
10. Shalimar bagh Srinagar (J&K)
11. Nishat garden Srinagar (J&K)

Japanese garden:
▪ Also known as Nature in miniature.
▪ Famous in the world for their unique style, natural, spiritual beauty and
calmness.
▪ Prominent features: Water, stone and evergreen plants.
▪ Types: Hill (Tsukiyama or Tsukiyam-sansui: means hills and water), Tea,
Flat garden (Hira-niwa). Flat gardens are devoid of Hills, streams or
ponds.
▪ Natural landscape elements in Japan: Mountains, Islands, Rivers, Lakes,
Streams, Bridges.
▪ Sand garden is the totally devoid of plants.
Examples:
▪ Ryoanji garden (Sand garden): Kyoto (Japan).
▪ Roji-niwa is also known as passage garden.
▪ Buddha Jayanti garden: New Delhi

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 English Garden:
▪ Main features: Lawn, Herbaceous, Rockery.
▪ Rockery: An idea of a mountain or alpine garden with plants growing in
the crevices of rocks.
▪ Terms bioaesthetic planning coined by Professor Lancelot Hogben.
▪ Cottage garden was developed by Gertrude Jekyell.
▪ English garden architect: Repton and capability.
▪ French garden architect: Le Notre
▪ Hedge of yew and topiary are common features of cottage garden.
Examples:
Royal Botanical Garden (1757): Kew (England).
Royal Horticultural Society (RHS): 1804 (established)
Indian Horticultural Society (IHS): 1942 (established)
Royal Agri-Horticultural Society: Kolkata
Hedges:
▪ Shrub is planted on Boundary for fencing and used for ornamental and
protective purpose eg. Lantana, Inga.

Edges:
▪ (20-30 cm) Low growing perennial plants are grown on the border of plots
or beds eg. Irisine, alternanthera.

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 ▪ Trophy:
▪ Arrangement of potted colourful foliage/flowering shrubs/ flowering
annuals/herbaceous perennial around a tree or any central object.

Topiary:
▪ Art of training plants into different shapes like birds, animals, domes and
umbrellas eg. Clerodendraon, Duranta, Thuja. Skeletonizing is done for
Ficus religiosa.

Bonsai:
▪ “Bon-sai” is a Japanese term which means “planted in a container”
▪ Origin: China
▪ Bonsai is the ancient Japanese craft of dwarfing trees.

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 ▪
▪ Optimum size: 30-60 cm
▪ Root pruning and repotting is a necessary practice in bonsai culture.
▪ Famous person for Bonsai: V.P. Agnihotri.
▪ Suitable plants: Pipal (Ficus religiosa), Banyan (Ficus bengalensis),
▪ Chinese box/Orange jasmine (Murraya exotica), Firebush (Hamelia
Patens),
▪ Weeping fig/Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina).
List of Gardens in India:
S.No. Garden Name Place
1. Bryant park Kodaikanal
(Tamilnadu)
2. Botanical Garden
3. Sim’s Park Conoor, Nilgiris (TN)
4. Lal Bagh (Established by King Hyder Bengaluru
Ali) (Karnataka)
5. Brindawan garden Mysore (Karnataka)
6. Baradari Garden Patiala (Punjab)
7. Rose Garden Chandigarh
8. Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden Dal Lake (J&K)

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 Floral clock is the special feature of Lal Bagh Garden.
Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden is the largest garden of Asia.
International gardens:
▪ International Rose garden: Kortrijk (Belgium).
▪ Peggy Rockefeller Rose garden (World largest rose garden): New York.
▪ Royal National Rose Society Gardens (Formerly known as The Garden of
the Rose):
▪ Chiswell Green (UK).
▪ Keukenhof Garden (World famous Tulip garden): Amsterdam
(Netherland).
Loose Flower:
▪ Loose flowers are plucked from plants without stalk just below the calyx.
1. Jasmine 2. Tuberose
3. Marigold 4. Chrysanthemum
5. Hibiscus 6. Crossandra
7. Gaillardia 8. Chandni
9. Kaner 10.Spider lily
11.Eranthemum
Jasmine:
▪ Botanical name- Jasminum species
▪ Family- Oleaceae
▪ Origin- India
▪ Chromosome no.- 2n=24
▪ The word jasmine comes from Arabic word ‘Yasmine’
▪ Oldest fragrant flower cultivated by man.
▪ Jasmines introduced to India in the mid sixteenth century.
▪ Invaluable beidal garland and veni prepared from jasmine flower bud.
▪ J. sambac which is mainly grown for flowers.

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 Jasmine is a perennial plant
Origin of Arabian jasmine: East indies or India
Spanish jasmine: Persea and mullai south India
Most commercially grown species in India J. sambac (sensitive to forest).
Double flowering types of J. sambac is known as motia or mogra.
Most successful method of layering in jasmine: Ground layering.
Planting time: June to November.
Effective substitute for normal pruning: Pentachlorophenol (Chemical
defoliants).
Early flowering production: CCC (Cycocel) @ 1000 ppm
SADH (Succinic acid 2,2 dimethyl hydrazide) @ 1000 ppm
Seed viability: 10 months
Best time harvest for the extraction of concrete is early morning 6-8 am
1 tonne of fresh jasmine flowers gave concrete yield: 2.8-3 kg and obsolete yield:
1.3-1.5 kg
Varieties:
▪ Mullai:
▪ B.N.: Jasmine auriculatum
▪ CO-1(Resistant to gall mites)
▪ CO-2, Pari mullai

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 ▪ Pitchi:
▪ B.N.:Jasmine grandiglorum
▪ CO-1
▪ CO-2
▪ Arka Surabhi
Madurai jasmine known for fragrance in the world.
World famous jasmine oil extracted from Spanish jasmine
World best quality jasmine perfume in France.
World leading producer of jasmine oil- France.
1kg of jasmine concrete (wax like substance) to be produced nearly 800kg of
flower.
Jasmine flower contain- 0.25% Perfume (In form of volatile oil)
Alcohol extraction method is the best method for jasmine concrete extraction.
Important Jasmine species:
Common name Scientific Name Pruning Time Spacing (mtr)
Arabian/Tuscan Jasminum sambac October end 1.2 x 1.2
Jasmine
Mullai Jasminum Dec to Jan 1.8 x 1.8
auriculatum
Royal/Spanish/French/ Jasminum Mid-December 1.5 x 1.5 or 1.8 x
Catalonian Jasmine grandiforum 1.8

Species Shelf life Concrete recovery Concrete yield

(%) (kg/ha of flowers)
Jasminum sambac 28-30 hrs 0.14-0.19 13-28
Jasminum 28-40 hrs 0.28-0.36 11-15
auriculatum
Jasminum 24 hrs 0.25-0.32 13.5-20
grandiflorum

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Tuberose:
▪ Also known as Rajanigandha
or Nishigandha.
▪ B.N.: Polianthes tuberosa
▪ Famly: Asparagaceae
▪ Origin: Mexico
▪ Tropical flower crop
▪ Monocotyledon herbaceous perennial plant
▪ Single type varieties are more fragrant than double type.
▪ Single type varieties used as cut flower, loose flower and essential oil but double
▪ and semi double varieties are used as cut flower only.
Varieties
▪ Maxican single:
▪ highest recovery of concrete
▪ Phule ragini:
▪ dual purpose variety, developed by MPKV (Mahatma Phule Krishi
Vidhyapeeth), Rahuri.
▪ Rajat Rekha (Single typeI), Swarna Rekha (Double Type): Both vatiety
developed by NBRI.
▪ Shrinagar is offseason variety of Tuberose.
▪ Commercial propagation: Bulb
▪ Planting time: June to July
▪ Serious problem in tuberose cultivation: Aphelenchoides besseyi (Foliage
Nematode)

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 Marigold
▪ B.N.: Tagetus spp.
▪ Family: Asteraceae
▪ Origin: Central and south
America (Mexico)
▪ Cross pollinated crop.
Types:
1.African Marigold
▪ B.N.: Tagetus erecta
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=2x=24 (Diploid)
▪ Origin: Mexico
2.French marigold
▪ B.N.: Tegetus petula
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=4x=48 (tetraploid)
▪ Origin: Mexico and south America
▪ African marigold is also known as Rose of Indies.
▪ French marigold is dwarf in nature and profuse flowering.
▪ Marigold produces a substance called alpha-terthienyl, reduces the root knot
nematodes infection.
▪ Highest content of Zeaxanthin and xanthophyll: African marigold.
▪ Dried petals used for poultry increase the colour of egg yolk.
▪ Xanthophylls are the major carotenoids in the flower petals.
▪ French Marigold is allotetraploid species between T.erecta x T.tenuifolia
▪ Interspecific hybrids between African marigold and French marigold developed
by USA.
▪ Genetic male sterility found in Marigold and controlled by single recessive gene.
▪ Pinching: 40 DAT
▪ Seed rate- 800-1500 g/ha.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Chrysanthemum
▪ Family: Asteraceae
▪ Origin: Europe and Asia
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=36
▪ Also known as Glory of
East Queen of the East.
▪ Chrysanthemum is the National Flower of Japan.
▪ Chrysanthemum word derived from Greek word Chrysos means gold and
Anthemom means a flower.
▪ Chrysanthemum grown for two purpose: 1. Cut flower 2. Potted Plant
▪ Second largest cut flower grown all over the world.
▪ Inflorescence of Chrysanthemum – Capitulum
▪ Chrysanthemum is Short Day Plant but Thermozero cultivars are temperature
insensitive.
▪ In India small flowered varieties are mostly propagated by suckers or stolon.
▪ Commercial method of propagation: Suckers and terminal cutting.
▪ Chrysanthemum cineraraefolium is used for making an insecticide ‘Pyrethrum’.
▪ Flowering Time:
▪ South India: July to September
▪ North India: November to January
▪ Reduction of plant height: B-nine (0.25%) Phosphene D
▪ Pinching:
1.Soft pinching: 2-3 Open leaves are removed.
2.Hard pinching: Removing a longer portion up to hard shoot.
▪ Most important operation in Chrysanthemum.
▪ Pinching or stopping is the most essential for small flower.
▪ Purpose: to reduce the plant height and the promote axillary branches.
▪ Done at 14-21 Days after planting or 8-10 cm tall plants.

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 ▪ Disbudding is done at October.
▪ Most effective biocide for chrysanthemum: Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) @ 25ppm.
Crossandra
▪ Also known as firecracker flower.
▪ B.N.: Crossabdra infundibuliformis
▪ Family: Acanthaceae
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=40
▪ Origin: Indo-Malaya Region
▪ Crossandra is Tropical evergreen shrub
and polyploidy crop.
▪ Delhi crossandra (Triploid, 2n=30): Bright red colour
▪ Delhi crossandra is commercially propagated from stem cutting.
▪ Orange Crossandra (Tetraploid, 2n=40): Orange-yellow colour
▪ Type of Inflorescence: Spike
▪ Commercially Propagation: Seed
▪ Seed rate: 5kg/ha
▪ Pruning: done at late winter
▪ Wilt is the serious disease in Crossandra.
▪ Wilt: C.O.- Fusarium solani.
Hibiscus
▪ Also known as Shoe flower or Chine rose.
▪ B.N.: Hibiscus rosasinensis
▪ Family: Malvaceae
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=46
Intergeneric hybrid:
Thilagam: Hibiscus rosasinensis x malvaviscus arboreus

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 Gomphrena
▪ Also known as Globe amaranth
or Bachelors button
▪ B.N.: Gomphera Globosa
▪ Family: Amaranthaceae
▪ Annual, Tropical and Sub-tropical
flower plant
▪ Propagation: Seed

Important Jasmine Varieties:

1. Jasmine sambac:
Varieties:
1.Motia 2. Single Mogra
3.Double Mogra 4. Khoa
5.Rai Japanese 6.Mohra
2. J.grandiflorum:
Varieties:
1.CO-1 Pitchi
2.CO-2 Pitchi
3.Surabhi
3. J.auriculatum:
Varieties:
1. CO-1 Mullai 2. CO-2 Mullai
3. Large Point 4. Medium Point
5. Short Point 6. Long Point
4. J. multiflorum (Not Scented): Kakada, kund.
5. J. arborescene: Tree Jasmine, Muta, Bela.

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6. J. calophyllum: Pandal Malli.
7. J. flexible: Climbing Jasmine
8. J. humile: Yellow Jasmine
Propagation: By Semi hard wood Cutting.
Jasmine occupy maximum area under floriculture in India.
S. Muthuswami is associated with Jasmine.
Tuberose:
▪ Varieties (IIHR):
Varieties Type Purpose
Shrinagar Single Cut, Loose and Perfume
Prajwal Single Cut, Loose and Perfume
Arka Nirantara Single Longer blooming period
Vaibhav Double Cut flower and perfume
Suvasini Double Only for cut flower

Marigold:
▪ African Marigold:
▪ Varieties:
1. Cracker jack 2. Climax (1st F1 Hybrid)
3. Golden age 4. Crown of Gold
5. Chrysanthemum charm 6. Star Gold
7. Pusa Narangi Gainda (Orange Colour) 8.MDU-1
9.Pusa Basanti Gainda (Sulphur Yellow Colour)
10.Pusa Bahar (Yellow Colour)
11.Alaska 12. Fire Glow
13.Yellow Fluffy 14. Dusloom
15. Golden Jubilee 16. Show Bird

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 IIHR Varieties:
1.Arka Alankar (Yellow Colour) 2.Arka Agni (Orange Colour)
▪ Pusa Narangi Gainda: Popular in south India.
▪ Used in poultry industry, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
▪ Nugget is the most recent interspecific triploid hybrid developed by USA.
French Marigold:
▪ Varieties:
1. Rusty Red 2. Butter Scotch
3.Valencia 4. Pusa Deep (Maroon Colour)
5. Pusa Arpita (Orange Colour) 6. Cupid Yellow
7. Petite Gold 8. Yellow Pygny
9. Red Brocade 10. Golden Boy
11.Star Dust
▪ Red and gold colour hybrids (African marigold x French marigold) are developed
by USA.
Pest and Disease:
▪ Red spider Mite
▪ Flower bud rot is caused by Alternaria dianthi.
▪ Inflorescence blight is caused by Alternaria zinnae.
Chrysanthemum:
▪ Sen rin tsukuri (Japanese word): Japanese style of Chrysanthemum culture
means growing thousand blooms, geometric shape.
▪ Cascade form: trained to give effect to a water fall in blooming stage.
▪ Anemone and Korean type Chrysanthemum are suitable for cascade.
▪ Most suited varieties for cascade: jaya, Mayur, Modella, Perfecta and flirt.
▪ Pot mums means one cutting is planted in one pot,

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 IIHR Varieties:
1. Arka Swarna 2. Arka ganga
3. Chandrakant 4. Kirti
5. Ravikiran 6. Pankaj
7. Indira 8. Arka Pink Star
9.Yellow Gold 10. Yellow Star
11. Red Gold 12. Chandrika
13. Usha Kiran 14. Rakhi
NBRI Golden Jubilee Year Varieties:
1. Indiana 2. Kusum
3.Little darling 4. Mini Jessie
IARI Varieties:
1.Pusa Anmol: Gamma rays induced mutant cv. Ajay Thermo and
Photo insensitive variety.
Three flower flushes is a year
I. Oct-Nov
II. Feb-Mar
III. June-July
2. Pusa Ajay
3. Pusa Centenary: Gamma rays induced mutant cv. Thai Chen
Queen
NBRI Lucknow:
1. Shanti 2. Himanshu
3. Y2K 4. Kargil
5. Sadbhavna 6. Appu 7. Bindiya

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 Crossandra:
▪ TNAU Varieties:
1.CO-1 (Yellowish Orange) 2.Soundarya (Pink Colour)
▪ IIHR Varieties:
1. Arka Kanaka (Bright Orange Colour)
2. Arka Ambar (Biggest corolla size- orange red colour)
▪ Mutant Varieties:
Kanakadhara (Mutant of delhi crossandra, Bright orange colour)
▪ Exotic Variety: Fortuna and Diane
▪ Major breeding work in India: TNAU and IIHR
Hibiscus:
▪ IIHR Vaieties:
1.Anuradha 2.Ashirwad
3.Bharat Sundari 4.Geetanjali
5.Smt. Indira Gandhi 6.Ratna
▪ CO-3: Hybrid of Yellow Sport x Shanti
▪ Breeder in India: R.N. Bhatt and M. Virupaksha

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 Cut Flower
These flowers are harvested with stalk.
1. Rose 2. Gladiolus
3. Dahalia 4. Carnation
5. Gerbera 6. Orchids

Rose:
▪ Also known as Perfume of god, King of flowers, symbol of love and affection of
mankind.
▪ B.N.- Rosa spp.
▪ Family- Rosaceae
▪ Origin: Northern hemisphere (China)
▪ Chromosome no.- 2n=2x=14
▪ Top ranking cut flower in the flower
trade On the basis of average production and Consumption.
▪ Asiatic species: Mostly diploids
▪ Western species: Tetraploids
▪ Bourbon rose: Introduced by British in India.
▪ Damask rose: Introduced by Babar in India.
▪ Rose colour due to Anthocyanin pigments.
▪ Orange red to scarlet: Pelargonidin
▪ Crimson to bluish red: Cyanidin
▪ Blue to violet: Delphinidin
▪ Damask Rose:

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 Fruit type: Rose Hip
▪ Rich source of Vitamin-C (100mg/100g)
▪ Fragrance is controlled by polygenes.
▪ Important Rose species:
▪ Miniature rose is called baby rose or
fairy rose.
▪ Floribuda also known as hybrid polyanthus.
▪ Bourbon rose is known as reunion roses.
▪ Floribuda:
▪ China roses are the ancestor of the
present-day popular roses.

Common name Botanical name

Green Rose R.chinensis viridiflora
Damask Rose Rosa damascene
Bengal/Monthly/China Rose R.Chinensis
Musk Rose Rosa moschata
Himalayan musk rose Rosa brunonii
Dog Rose Rosa canina
Edward Rose Rosa bourboniana
Cabbage Rose Rosa centifolia
Yellow Rose/Pernet Rose Rosa foetida

Miniature roses:
▪ Hardy and suited for pot culture e.g. Puppy love.
▪ Ideally suited for edging, pots, rockeries and window gardening.
▪ Floribunda roses are most suitable for hedge.
▪ Miniature and dwarf polyanthas are used for beautifying terraces and
balconies.

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 ▪ Thornless cultivars of roses are belongs to category of “Grand Gala
Group”.
▪ Thorn less species: Rosa blanda
Group Parents Varieties
Hybrid Tea Hybrid perpetual x tea rose Peace, first red,
paradise, superstar
Floribunda Hybrid tea x polyanthas Blue berry hill,
apricot gem, confetti
Tea rose R.Chinensis x R.gigantean Lady Hillington, anna
oliver
Grandiflora Floribunda x hybrid tea Queen Elizabeth
Damask roses R.Gallica x R.phonenicia Celsiana
Albas R. Corymbifera x R .gallica Queen of Denmark
Noistte Roses R. Cinensis x R. Moschata Lamarque
Austrian briars Main source of modern yellow Austrian yellow,
roses Persian yellow
Rugosa Thorny Japanese rose Pink grootendrost

▪ Optimum temperature for cultivation of rose: 15.5oC

▪ Growth regulators: IBA and NAA
▪ Sand media is the best rooting media for rose.
▪ Ideal time for budding in northern plains: December – February
▪ Ideal temperature for bud union: 10-25oC
▪ Ideal time for planting in northern plains: Mid-October

Group Propagation
Commercial method T-Budding
Miniature rose Semi-hard or hard wood stem cutting
Climbers ramblers or polyanthas roses Stem cutting
Hybrid tea and floribunda T-Budding
Rootstock of roses used in India Stem Cutting
R.nitida, R.blanda, R.virginiana Root Cutting

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 Root stock Purpose
Rosa Indica var. Odorata Popular rose rootstock in North India,
Tolerant to powdery mildew and high soil
pH
Rosa canina Resistant to drought and heavy soil
Rosa multiflore Nematode resistant and common
rootstock used in coastal areas
Rosa rogusa Cold resistant
Rosa clinophylla (triploid species) and Heat resistant
rosa bracteate

Groups Pruning type

Floribunda Moderate to light pruning
Hybrid tea Hard pruning
Polyanthas Little or no pruning
Miniature/Climbers No pruning

Pruning time
2nd or 3rd week of October Rose
Oct-Nov North Indian Hills
Twice a year South India
23rd Sep – 16th Oct Commercial purpose

Wintering (Root Pruning) practice is followed for early flowering in Pune region
of MH.
After root pruning it takes 45 days to flowers.
Pinching and disbudding are also done in Rose.
Deshooting: mainly done in hybrid tea and increase the yield of 50-75%.
Bending is done in three months old plants: to induced the new sprouts (Balance
between source and sink).

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 Harvesting stages:
▪ Cut flowers for local markets - harvested when the outer petals start
curling outwards.
▪ For distant markets – ‘tight bud stage, when the color is fully developed
but petals not unfolded.
▪ Loose flowers- harvested when fully open.
▪ Rose essential oil (Otto of roses) is extracted by steam distillation.
▪ Rose flower essential oil content: 0.02 – 0.05%
▪ The important oil yielding rose species: Rosa damascena, R. bourboniana,
Rose centifolia, R. alba and R. galliaca.
▪ In India, R. damascena and R. bourboniana are cultivated for rose oil.
▪ Bulgaria is the major producer and exported of ‘Otto of roses’.
▪ Most suitable species used for essential oil extraction (maximum oil
yield): R. damascena (0.057-0.058%).
▪ Modern oil bearing damask rose: R.damascena Trigintipetala..
▪ From 4000kg of petals 1 kg of rose oil is obtained
▪ Essential oil is a generic term applied to all aromatic products such as
essence oils, resinoids and concretes.
▪ Enfleurage is usually practiced to extract oil from delicate flowers, such
as rose, jasmine.
▪ Main composition of rose oil: Citronellol and Geraniol.
▪ Bulgarian rose oil is organized as the ‘ultimate best rose oil’ in the world.
▪ Rose water: water distillation of rose petals.
▪ Rose gulkand is prepared a mixture of rose petals with white sugar in a
equal properties (1:1)
▪ Rose gulkand used as a tonic and laxative.
▪ Edward rose is mainly used for making gulkand.
▪ Dried rose petals are called ‘Pankhuri’ mainly used for preparing cool
drinks.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Optimum yield of cut rose:
▪ Green house: 150-200 stem/m2/year
▪ Loose flowers: 3-5 tonne/ha/year
▪ Cut roses minimum vase life: 12 days
▪ International Registration Authority of Roses (IRAR) is located at USA.
▪ National Registration Authority of Roses (NRAR) is located at New Delhi.
▪ The roses society of India located at New Delhi.
▪ Asia largest rose garden: Zakir Hussain Rose garden is located Chandigarh,
Haryana
▪ 1st Hybrid Tea rose ‘La France’ was developed by Guillot in France in 1867.
▪ 1st Yellow Pernet rose was developed by Pernet –Drucher
▪ 1st Polyantha rose: La Paquerette (1875)
▪ 1st recorded rose perfume is in Charaka Sanghita.
▪ 1st rose variety released in India: Dr. S.D. Mukerjee in 1935, B.K. Roy
Choudhary, West Bengal.
▪ 1st rose variety of Dr. B.P. Pal (IARI): rose sherbet in 1962.
▪ Pioneer rose breeder in India: B.S Bhattachajee
▪ Scientific rose breeding in India: Dr. B.P. Pal, 1958
▪ “Rose in India” book written by Dr. B.P. Pal
▪ “Survey of Rose Breeding” in India book written by Dr. B.P. Pal
▪ Total number of species in rose: 120
▪ Generally accepted classification of roses is Rehder.
Pest and Diseases
▪ Serious pest of rose: Red scale (Anidellia aurantii)
▪ Die Back (Diplodia roseum) is very serious diseases of roses and appears after
pruning
▪ Black spot (Diplocarpon rosea)
▪ Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosea)
▪ Rose wilt is caused by virus (Aphids)

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Varieties:
▪ Important rose breeder in India: Dr. B.P. Pal, S.C. Dey, J.P. Agarwal,
A.P.Singh
IARI varieties:
1. Pusa Shatabdi 5. Pusa Mohit: Thornless variety
2. Pusa Komal 6. Pusa Christina
3. Pusa Ajay 7. Pusa Arun
4. Pusa Ranjana 8. Pusa Abhishek
Hybrid Teas:
1.Pusa bahadur 2. Pusa Mahak
3.Pusa Garima 4. Pusa Gaurav
5.Pusa Priya
Floribundas varieties
1.Pusa Barahamasi: Tolerant to dieback, powdery ildew and black spot
2.Pusa Pitamber (Jantar Mantar X Banjaran): Tolerant to powdery mildew
and black spot
3.Pusa Virangana
Fragrance rose cultivars selected by Department of post for unique stamps: 4
varieties: 2007.
First postal stamp variety: Mrinalini
Unique scented postal stamps IARI: Delhi Princess, Bhim, Jawahar
F1 hybrid roses: Pusa Arunima, Pusa Chandrana, Pusa Prema
Specific features:
▪ Induced mutation variety in IARI, New Delhi: Abhisarika, Pusa
Christiana, Madhosh
▪ Loose flower production rose: Neelambari and Arunima
▪ Banjaran: Best for garden display

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Exotic cut flower varieties in Pune regions : Skyline, Nobelesse and
Golden Gate
▪ Gladiator is very popular variety among rose growers of Nasik and Pune
(open condition)
▪ Chocolate brown colour patented in variety: Mohini (Aneuploidy)
▪ Hyper triploid (2n=22): Mohini
▪ Highly fragrant rose variety: Rose Sherbet
▪ Major promising exotic varieties: Skyline, Nobeless, Golden gate
▪ Cut flower variety: Pusa Gaurav
▪ Suitable for loose flower production: Neelambari, Arunima
▪ Cultivars suited for bush rose: Christian Dior, double delight, First prize,
Superstar.
▪ Varieties suitable for rockeries: fairy queen and magic
▪ Fragrant greenhouse cultivars: Jacaranda, Cocktail, Knfetti

Class Indian varieties Foreign varieties

Hybrid teas Poornima,Priyadarshini, Super star, First proze
Abhisarika, Abhaya, Pusa Sonia
Floribundas Banjaran, Kumkum, Arunima, Play boy, Confetti,
Mohini, Suryakiran Summer snow
Miniature Pushkala, Chandrika, Galkaxy, Rise and
Chunmum, Delhi Starlet Shine
Polyanthas Barani, Priti, Anjali Rashmi May wonder, Pink
showers
Climbers Climbing ramba, Climbing Show garden
Matangi

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Colour Variety
Red colour Grand gala, First red
Pink colour kiss, Mobls, Sonia
Orange colour Mercedes
Purple colour Jacaranda, Souvenir
Yellow colour Golden time, Frisco, Golden
gate
Bicolor Amour, Confetti, Rodeo
Bronze Safari

Bent neck: to early maturity.

Blackening of petals is due to low temperature and high temperature.
Average yield: 15-300 flowers/m2
National flower of England, Iran and UK.
Spacing:
▪ Hybrid Tea roses- 75 cm
▪ Floribunda: 60 cm
Preservation solution: 1-3% sugar + 100-200 ppm HQC (Hydroxyquinoline
citrate).
Most of varieties take about 60-65 days for blooming after pruning.
To increase shelf life: Pulsing treatment (High concentration of sucrose and
germicide for a short period of time).
Rose oil is the costliest oil.
Miniature roses are resistant to pest and diseases.
Bluing of rose plant: Accumulation of Ammonia (NH3).
Rose species having four florets: Rosa sericia.
Commercial life of roses is 8 years.
Major problem is rose breeding is seed setting.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Pest and Diseases:
▪ Serious pest of rose: Red scale (Anidellia aurantii)
▪ Die Back (C.O.:Diplodia roseum) is very serious diseases of roses
and appear after pruning.
▪ Black spot: C.O.- Diplocarpon rosea
▪ Powdery mildew: C.O.- Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosea
▪ Rose wilt is caused by Virus (Vector- Aphid)
▪ Important rose breeder in India: Dr. B.P. Pal, S.C. Dey, J.P.
Agarwal, A.P. Singh
IARI varieties:
1. Pusa Shatabdi 5. Pusa Mohit: Thornless variety
2. Pusa Komal 6. Pusa Christina
3. Pusa Ajay 7. Pusa Arun
4. Pusa Ranjana 8. Pusa Abhishek
Hybrid Teas:
1.Pusa bahadur 2. Pusa Mahak
3.Pusa Garima 4. Pusa Gaurav
5.Pusa Priya
Floribundas varieties:
1.Pusa Barahamasi: Tolerant to dieback, powdery mildew and black
spot.
2.Pusa Pitamber (Jantar Mantar X Banjaran): Tolerant to powdery
mildew and black spot.
3.Pusa Virangana

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 CARNATION
Also known as Divine flower and Garden pink
B.N.: Dianthus caryophyllas
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Chromosome no.: 2n=2X=30.
Origin: Southern France
Dianthus in Greek means Divine
flower.
Cool season crop.
Herbaceous half hardy perennial flowering plant.
Carnation is a long day plant (at least 8hr in a day).
First introduced carnation into India: 1980 (Sim type of carnations).
Present day modern carnation originated from Sim cultivar group.
Ideal conditions for round- the- year cultivation of carnation: Tamil Nadu hills
and mid hills of Himachal Pradesh.
Optimum temperature for standard carnation: 18oC-23oC.
Optimum temperature for quality flower production: 10-12oC.
North Indian plains, carnation plants need shade nets with 25-50% to get
quality flower.
Type of inflorescence: Spike.
Pinks carnations: Dianthas plumarius.
Chinese and Indian Pinks have come from Dianthas chinensis, Origin: China.
Standard carnation means one large flower on a single stem: large scale
cultivation.
More demand in Indian market: Standard carnation.
Spray carnation means with several smaller flowers per stem-popular in USA.
Sweet William : D.barbatus: Commercially grown for seeds.
1st Interspecific hybrid developed in the world by Thomas Fairchild (1717):
Carnation X Sweet William.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Pigments in flower
Groups Colour
Acyanic group White, yellow
Cyanic group Red, Salmon. Lavender, Pink
Transition group Crimson

Carnation classified into 4 classes

Chabaud/ Border or Malmaison Perpetual
marguerite picotee carnation
Annual Bushy type Massive habit Cut flower type
Seed propagation Symmetrical Fragrance flowers Better quality
flower
Fused petals
Low shelf life

Commercial carnation species:

Carnations types Originated / Derived from
Perpetual carnation D. Caryophyllus x D. chinensis
Marguerite carnation D. Chinensis x D. Caryophyllus
Royal carnation Malmaison x Perpetual
Malmaison types Seedlings of perpetual carnation
Yellow carnation D. Knappi (2n=2x=30)
White carnation D.plumarus (2n=6x=90)
Indian pink/ Chinese pink Dianthus chinensis (2n=4X=60) (Japanse pink)
Either tetraploid/ hexaploid Diathus gratianoplitanus (2n=6x=90)

Either tetraploid/ hexaploid Diathus gratianoplitanus (2n=6x=90)

Major work of carnation improvement: USA and France
Pioneer carnation breeder: Montague Allwood.
Popular carnation type in India: Clove scented marguerite carnation.
Marguerite type of carnation is generally grown as a winter annual.
Spray carnations can tolerate slightly warmer temperature.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Perpetual carnation stamens are transformed into petaloids.
Singleness flower is controlled by incomplete recessive gene.
Doubleness flower is controlled by monogenic dominant gene.
Staking is also done in carnation.
Pre-conditioning of cut flower in solution of AgNO3 is important to avoid
ethylene injury and prolong shelf life.
Storage temperature- 2-4oC
Sim carnation have great commercial importance.
Sim carnation need regular pinching.
Tinting:
▪ Colouring of white carnation.
Propagation:
▪ Margurite/Annual carnation is propagated by seeds.
▪ Perpetual/Perennial carnation is propagated through terminal stem
cuttings (8-10cm long with 4-6 leaf pairs).
For enhancement of root formation in cuttings: NAA @ 500ppm (quick tip
method)
Seed propagation types: Marguerite and Chabaud types.
Spacing:
▪ Standard carnation: 20 cm x 20 cm
▪ Spary carnation: 30 cm x30 cm
Special Practice:
▪ Green house directions (Length): North- South.
▪ Green house gutter direction : North –South, Polythene thickness:
200 microns.
Carnation crop needs to be supported with 4 or 5 layers of support material.
Best support material is metal wire.
Unpinched, this main stem produces flower called “Crown flower”.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Pinching or stopping:
▪ An important operation in the successful production of quality
carnation.
▪ Remove the head of this main stem at an early stage. Enhances the
more number of side shoots.
▪ Pinching should be done below 6th node.
Single pinching method:
▪ for getting early crop.
Pinch and a half:
▪ Continuous production flowers.
Disbudding:
▪ Removing undesirable immature flower buds (5-10mm) to provide
either large flowers
Spray or miniature type carnation:
▪ Central terminal bud is removed.
▪ Encourage lateral flower buds to develop.
Standard carnations:
▪ Side buds removed to give main flower a chance to develop.
Netting:
▪ Done at vegetative growth occupied in the middle of a flush.
Shoots growing the path have to be tucked back into the netting.
Preconditioning of cut flowers in solution of silver thiosulphate is an important
practice to injury and prolonging shelf life.
Carnation produce cut blooms after 16 to 20 weeks.
Pest and Disease:
▪ Red spider mite (Tetranychus uriticae) is a serious pest during hot
months and dry period.
Most common and devastative disease:
▪ Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthii).

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Flower blight (Botrytis cinarea).
▪ Stem rot (Rhizoctonia spp.)
Physiological disorder in carnation:
▪ Calyx splitting is very common in double carnation.
▪ Factors:
▪ Genetical, nutritional and environmental.
▪ Low temperature (< 10oC), low N2, high ammonical N2, low boron level.
▪ Sleepiness disorder is due to production of high ethylene/high stress.
▪ Curly tip disorder is due to low temperature, low light and N2 deficiency.
▪ Slab side is type of malformation during cool periods.
▪ Storage temperature: 4 to 6oC.
▪ Carnation is highly sensitive to ethylene.
▪ Ideal stage for harvest:
1. long distance transport – Paint brush stage
▪ Short distance transport – Semi open stage
▪ Tinting means application of artificial colour in white coloured carnation
flower.
▪ Tinting process is done in carnation.
▪ Enhancement of shelf life by silencing genes of ACC (Amino
cyclopropane carboxylate) oxidase and ACC synthase .
Varieties:
▪ IIHR Varieties:
1. Arka Flame: Tolerant to Fusarium wilt and nematodes.
2. Arka Tejas: Suitable varieties for greenhouse conditions:
3. White: White sim
4. Pink: Pink sim
5. Scarlet: William sim, King cardinal
6. Yellow: Ying midas, Golden wonder

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Two-toned varieties:
▪ Dairymaid, Eastern Wonder, Pelargonium, Peppermint.
Tetraploid cultivars:
▪ Sarafi and Mabdavian
Recently developed variety:
▪ Pico
Longest shelf life cultivar:
▪ Roland
Resistant to Fusarium wilt:
▪ Arbel and Scarlette
Transgenic carnation:
▪ Florigene company
Transgenic variety:
▪ Moon dust.
▪ Color: Violet purple
▪ Transgenic for better rooting ability: rol C gene
ORCHIDS
B.N.: Orchids spp.
Family – Orchidaceae
Orchid word comes from Greek
word ‘orchis’ means ‘testicle’.
India is native of many numbers of
orchids which are found in large quantity
in north eastern hilly region.
Indian origin orchids: Cymbidium, Dendrobium and Paphiopedilum.
Top ten cut flowers, Orchids rank sixth position.
Among orchids Cymbidium ranks the first position and in floricultural crops it
accounts for 3% of the total cut flower production.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 India accounts for nearly 7% of worlds orchid biodiversity contributing 1300
species. 80% are cut orchids and the remaining 20% is composed of pot plants.
The Netherlands is the largest exporter (39.67%) of orchids in the world.
National Research Centre for orchids (NRCO) located at Pakyong, Sikkim
Seed:
▪ Endosperm absent (Exalbuminous)
Bulbophyllum is largest genera of orchids.
Commercial propagation method: Tissue culture
Repotting is done every year in orchids.
‘Jewel’ orchids are valued for their beautiful leaves.
Gynoecium in orchid flower is called as “column”.
Fruit: Capsule
First tissue culture in orchid was discovered by: Morel
Important media components: Coal and Bark
Dr. Foya Singh and Dr. Abraham are associated with orchid.
Thailand is the largest world exporters of tropical orchids.
Most of the orchids are day neutral flowers.
Orchids are climate specific crop.
World largest importer of orchids – Japan
World largest exporter of orchids – Thailand
Orchid flower contains 7 parts: 3 sepals, 3 petals and 1 gynostemium or column
Specific feature of orchid flower: both petals and sepals are coloured.
1st artificial orchid hybrid: Clanthe dominy developed by John Dominy
Cymbidium (Temperate orchid) is now among the top 10 cut flowers of the world
market.
Most widely cultivated tropical and large number of species among orchids:
Dendrobium.
Monarchy of orchid in the world: Paphiopedilum
Most popular cut flower orchid in Asia – Dendrobium

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 3 Sepals + 3 Petals = Tepals
Commercial orchids grown in India are epiphytic
Temperate zone – Terrestrial orchids
Tropical zone – Epiphytic orchids
Sympodial orchids produce swollen stems (pseudobulbs) to store water and the
food material.
Sympodial orchids: multi stemmed growth
Monopodial orchids:
▪ Produces a single continuous stem without any rhizomes or pseudo
bulbs
Produce ‘aerial roots’ which help the plants to anchor as they grow upwards
Monopodial orchids: single stemmed growth
Intergeneric monopodial hybrids:
▪ Aranda, Assocenda and Mokaro
Among the sympodial orchids, major share on area is Dendrobium and its
hybrids.
Cymbidiums:
▪ Most popular winter and spring blooming.
▪ Semi-terrestrial orchids.
▪ Origin: tropical and sub-tropical asia.
Dendrobium:
▪ Potted plants and cut flowers (florierousness)
▪ Year round availability and lengthy vase life
▪ Most dominant crop in tropical orchid

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Classification of orchids:
Growing habits Orchids
Monopodial orchids Vanda, Vanilla, Aerides, Phalaenopsis, Arachnis and Aranda
Sympodial orchids Dendrobium, Cymbidium, Bulbophyllum, Oncidium,
Epidendrum, Cattleya
Epiphytic orchids Dendrobium, Vanda, Bulbophyllum and Obernia
Tropical orchids Vanda, Dendrobium, Mokara, Oncidium

Epiphytic orchids:
▪ Epiphytic orchids usually grow on tree trunks or branches
▪ Thick leaves and succulent stems have CAM and are drought tolerant with
higher water use efficiency eg., Dendrobium, Cattleya
Rhizomatous orchids:
▪ Requires terrestrial climate eg., Habenaria, Eulophia
▪ Main characteristic of the orchids is the layer of spongy tissue, known as
‘Velamen’ around the true root.
▪ Velamen tissue is a highly specialized organ facilities the absorption of
water and mineral salts.
Velamen common feature of epiphytic orchids.
Column or gynostemium, situated in the center of the flower, is the unique
structure of orchids distinguishing them from other flowers.
Gynostemium or column is formed by fusion of male (anthers) and female part
(gynoeious).
Stamens and style fuses to form a column or gynodrium or gynostemium.
Modified tapel of orchids is known as lip or labium.
Pollen in orchids is generally waxy masses known as pollinia (2-8)
Critical determining factor for in the genera of orchid family: “Pollinia”
Type of inflorescence in orchid: Simple raceme or spike or branched panicle
(bisexual flower)

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Type of orchid fruit: capsule
Pollination: insects
Important orchids:
Common name Genus Common name Genus
Tiny orchid (no leaves Taeniophyllum Sun loving orchid Renanthera
and stem) khasianum
First largest genus of Bulbophyllum Lady slippers Paphiopedilum
orchid
Second largest orchid Dendrobium Dancing lady Oncidium
Largest Indian orchid Galelola falconesi Spider orchid Brassia
Smallest Indian orchid Eria pusilla (1cm) Butterflies orchid Oncidium
Climbing orchid Arachnis and Vanda Moth orchids Phalaenopsis
Scorpion orchid/ spider Arachnis Dove orchid Peristeria
orchid
Fox tail orchids Rynchostylis Vine orchid Vanilla

First orchid Bletia purpurea (1731) was grown by Peter Collinson who was the
1st among the westners to grown an orchid.
Bee orchids – Ophyrs spp. show incredible ability to minute insects as bee or
wasp
Vanda – sepals and petals spreading orchid
Highly fragrant orchid: Aerides odoratum and Coelgyne ochracea
Original source of commercial vanillin: Vanilla planifolia
The drug chin shih hu obtained from dried stem of Dendrobium nobile is being
used in China as antipyretic and tonic.
Ideal for the growth of the tropical orchids: humid and warm atmosphere.
Orchid prefers high humidity: 75 – 80%
Orchid seeds are non-endospermic: 20-25oC
Pre-treatment of seeds: Sodium hypochlorite (2.6%)
Repotting is done at active vegetative growth stage.
Orchid germination media: knudson media.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Optimum temperature for orchids:
Type of orchid Temperature Night temperature Examples
range
Cool orchid 15.5-21oC 10-12.5oC Cymbidium
Warm orchid 21-29oC 15.5-18oC Vanda,
Phalaenopsis,
Dendrobium
Intermediate orchid 18-21oC 15.5-21oC Cattleya

Common media for epiphytic orchids: Osmunda

Propagation:
▪ Sympodial orchids are commercially propagated by division.
▪ Monopodial orchids are commercially propagated by top cuttings.
Off-shoots are miniature plants with roots from the nodes of old canes.
The shoots growing on the plants of orchids are called Keikis
▪ Keikes is more common in Dendrobium
▪ Keikes (shoot): produced from node region
Propagation methods:
Propagation methods Examples
Air layering Vanda
Flower stalk cuttings Phalaenopsis, Phaius
Cuttings Vanda, Arachnis, Ascocentrum
Off shoots (keikis) Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis,
Paphiopedilum
Division (most suitable for sympodial Dendrobium, Cattleya, Epidendrum,
orchids) Oncidium

Pseudo bulb is a secondary stem modification

Unique structure of orchid flower: column or gynostemium
Long spikes orchids: Dendrobium, Phalaenopisis, Aranda, Arachnis
Orchid flowers are stored at 5-7oC

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Storage temperature below 7oC causes chilling injury to the flowers
Major pest : snails and slugs
Effective control agent for snails and slugs: Metaldhyde
Major diseases: Heart rot (Phytophthore)
Common name Scientific name Related genera Varieties
Scorpion orchid Arachnis Renanthera Red ribbon, yellow
ribbon
Vanda Aerids and Ruby Prince, John
Rhyncostylis clubb
Moth orchid Phalaenopsis Doritis Rose Parade,
Temple cloud,
Diana pinky
Dancing girl orchid Oncidium Goldiana, Gower
Ramsey
Cattleya Brassavola, Laelia Edithe Bow Bells,
Suzanne

Types Varieties
Dendrobium Emma white, Sonia 17, Sonia 28, New pink, Pink tips, Candy
stripe
Cymbidium Peterpan, Promona
Phalaenopsis Texas star, Violet Mist
Vanda Evening glow, Honolulu
Cattleya White Christmas, Estelle
Oncidium Tiny Tim, St. Anne, Golden shower

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Gladiolus:
Sword lily/ Corn flag
B.N.: Gladiolus grandiflorus
Family: Iridaceae
Chromosome no.: 2n=2x=30
2n=4x=60
Origin: South Africa (Diploid)
Europe (Tetraploid)
Queen of bulbous flowers.
Gladiolus name from the latin word ‘Gladius’ means ‘Sword like’ because of
sword like shape of its foliage.
4th rank in International cut flower market.
Prefers open sunny condition for cultivation.
On the basis of their geographical origin Gladiolus sp. 4 groups.
Modern types of gladiolus are classified into 6 types on the basis of plant height,
flower size and arrangement on the spike.
Commercial propagation: Corms
Corms size: 4-5 cm diameter.
Corms are then packed in crates or in net bags and stored at cold storage 3-7oC
Breaking corm dormancy: Treating with Ethylene chlorohydrin or Ethrel
(1000ppm) or gibberellic acid (100-500ppm)
Curing is one of the essential post harvest operations for successful storage of
corms.
Corms curing done at 21oC for five weeks.
Descaling also stimulates germination of dormant cormels.
Planting time: November
Yield: 30 x 20 cm spacing provides yield 1,50,000 marketable spikes per hectare
Vase-life of gladiolus spikes varies from 5-10 days
Corms and cormels are ready for lifting from the ground 6-8 weeks after
harvesting of spikes.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Commercial life of any gladiolus variety: 10-15 years
Flower bud initiation starts when the plant is at 3 leaf stage.
Gladiolus is an indicator plant for fluoride pollution (symptoms: leaf scorching
appear drying of tip of leaves)
Fluoride injury reduced by spraying of lime 5% or Magnesium sulphate.
Important gladiolus breeder in India:
Bajrang Bahadur Singh Bhandari, R.L. Mishra, S.S. Negi, D. Mukherjee.
New IARI Varieties –
1. Pusa Unnati 9. Pusa Srijana
2. Pusa Red Valentine 10. Pusa Sarang
3. Pusa Shingarika 11. Pusa Shubham
4. Pusa Kiran 12. Pusa Manmohak
5. Pusa Suhagin 13. Pusa Bindiya
6. Pusa Gundjan 14. Pusa Kamini
7. Pusa Sukangn 15. Pusa Swapnil
8. Pusa Shweta 16. Pusa Swarnima.
PAU new varieties –
▪ Punjab Flame Punjab Elegance
▪ Punjab Lemon Delight Punjab Glance.
Varieties – Friendship, Priscilla, Show Princess.
New variety – Arka Aayush, Arka Manorama.
Shobha : Mutant developed from wild rose by irradiation
Peter pears : Mid – season cultivar
Nazrana : Hybrid between black jack X Friendship
Cultivars of great demand in International cut flower trade: Priscilla,
Peter Pears, White Friendship, Hunting Song, Nova Lux

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Important varieties released by various institutes:
Institute Varieties
IARI, New Delhi Agnirekha, Mayer, Suchitra, Neelam, Anchali, Archana, Bindiya,
Shweta, Vandana, Chandini, Kamini, Mohini, Sukanya
IIHR, Bangalore Arka Amar, Arka Gold, Arka Naveen, Kum kum aarti, Apsara,
Kum kum, Nazrana, Poonam, Sapna, Shoba, Sindu
NBRI, Lucknow Archana, Arun, Hans, Indrani, Kalima, Kohra, Manohar,
Manisha, Mohini, Mridula, Mukra, Priyadarshini, Sada bahar,
Smita
PAU, Ludhiana Punjab Dawn, Punjab Morning, Shan-e-Punjab

Colour of important varieties:

Colour Varieties
Pink Applause, Friendship, My love
Orange Autumn Gold, Coral seas
Red Black Prince, Hunting song, Oscar, Victoria
Yellow Folk song, Golden harvest, Golden peach
White Friendship
Purple, violets Pusa Sarang, Pusa Shingarika, Blue moon, Mayer

Pest and disease:

▪ Most devasting disease : Wilt/collar rot – Fusarium oxysporium f.sp.
gladioli
▪ Neck rot or dry rot (Stromatinia gladioli)
▪ Bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus echinopus)

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Anthurium:
▪ B.N.: Anthurium spp.
▪ Family: Araceae
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=2x=30
▪ Origin: Columbia
▪ Tropical, semi terrestrial and perennial
herbaceous plant.
▪ 2nd cut flower among the tropical cut flowers.
▪ Anthurium is a Greek word (Anthos)
▪ Anthurium is divided into 4 groups.
▪ Economic part: Spathe
▪ Major exporter of Anthurium: Netherland
▪ Flowers are protogynous in nature.
▪ Inflorescence: Spadix
▪ Anthurium is cross pollinated crop.
▪ Pollination: By Bees.
▪ Fruit type: Berry
▪ The flower consists of a colour full modified leaf called the “Spathe”
▪ Spadix is commonly known as “candle”
▪ The spadix or the inflorescence contains 50 to 200 flowers.
▪ Spathe growth: Double sigmoid growth curve.
▪ Most preferred color of the spathe is “Red” followed by pink.
▪ Dwarf species is currently referred to as andreacola types.
▪ Anthurium color pink to dark red is due to cyanidin and coral to orange is
due to pelargonidin.
▪ Anthurium bloom throughout the year, one bloom arising from the axil of
each leaf.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Important species:
▪ Flowering species:
▪ Anthurium andreanum, A. browni, A. schesianum.
▪ Foliage species:
▪ A. corrugatum, and A. crystalenlum.
▪ 1st widely cultivated Anthurium pot plant: Anthurium scherzerianum (Foliage
Anthurium).
▪ Anthurium andraeanum: 2n=30
▪ Commercially cultivated for cut flower production.
▪ Anthurium scherzerianum: Flamingo flower or Flame plant: Commonly used as
potted plant.
▪ Production of greyish orange spathe: A. scherzerianum x A. wendlingerii.
▪ Most suitable for commercial cultivation of anthurium: High temperature, Low
RH and low cost polyhouse.
▪ Temperature for initiation of flowering: 18-24oC
▪ Hybrid anthurium cultivar grow in high temperature: 30 oC
▪ Optimum temperature for vegetative growth: 18.3oC
▪ Leaf scorching is common when temperature exceeds 35oC and high RH.
▪ Ideal RH for anthurium: 80%
▪ Shade requirement for anthurium: 60-80%
▪ Ideal shade: 75%
▪ Advisable shade in commercial practice: 50% shade on the top and 25% shade
net below.
▪ Enrichment of CO2 induce the vegetative growth (900 ml/m3)
▪ Summer month needs 80% shade and light intensity: 2000- 3000 lux
▪ Suitable species for potted plants or grown I pots: Anthurium scherzerianum-
Miniature type
▪ Optimum spacing for commercial cultivation of Anthurium: 45cm x 45 cm (5
plants/m2)

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Anthurium starts producing suckers once they attain an age of 12-16 months
▪ Suckering capacity can be improved by application of BAP (Benzylaminopurine)
@ 75 ppm at monthly interval.
▪ To production of high number quality of flowers and highest number of suckers
per plant: 31: 10: 10 NPK @ 0.2% + GA3
▪ To delaying of spadix necrosis, spathe blueing and longest vase life: BA
(Benzyladenine) @ 25 ppm + 8-HQC (Hydroxyquinoline citrate) @ 30 ppm
▪ Stage of harvest: Spathes completely unfurl and well developed spadix,
development of true flowers on spathe.
▪ Leaf pruning and de-off shooting is the commercial practice to enhance the
quality of flowers.
▪ Angle between spathe and spadix should not exceed 45 o
▪ Yield: 8-12 flowers/plant/year
▪ Harvesting maturity: Unfolding of the spathe is complete.
▪ The optimum storage temperature for anthurium is 14-17oC
▪ The longevity of the spathe on the plant varies from 60-90 days
▪ The standard, upright and shaped spathe are mostly preferred in the markets
Pest and diseases:
▪ Most serious disease:
▪ Anthracnose/Spadix rot/ Black nose (Colletotrichum
gleoesporidoes)
▪ Major problem in anthurium:
▪ Bacterial disease (Pseudomonas solanacerum)
▪ Source of bacterial disease resistance:
▪ Anthurium antiquiense
▪ Colour break in spaths is due to calcium deficiency.
▪ To stablize the spathe colour:
▪ Application of lime or CaNO3 @ 5g/plant

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Important varieties:
▪ Temptation, Leema white, Honduras, B-13, Sunset orange, Sun-
shine orange, Meringue, Glamour, Agnihotri, Candy queen, Nitta
▪ New interspecific hybrid:
• Anthurium x Red hot
▪ Floriferous interspecific hybrid:
• Anthurium cv. Showbiz
▪ Clonal selection variety:
• Uniwon, Marian Seaforth
▪ All day fragrance variety:
• Tasuta Pink
▪ Bicoloured spathe:
• Obake
▪ Green coloured:
• Midor
▪ Miniatyre cultivars:
• Lady Anne, Lady jone

Dahlia:
▪ B.N.: Dahlia variabilis
▪ Family: Asteraceae
▪ Origin: Maxico
▪ Dahlia are deciduous, tuberous-
rooted hardy perrinials.
▪ Cultivated dahlia is tetraploid (2n=32)
▪ Facultative short day to day natural plant.
▪ Dahlia 1st introduced in India: 1857 Agri-horticultural society of India,
Kolkata

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Yellow colour in Dahlia- Chalcones and Aurones
▪ Largest producer of tuberous rooted Dahlia: Netherland
▪ Common popular Dahlia in India: Gaint decorative
▪ The National Dahlia Society of England has classified Dahlias into 10 groups
▪ Preferred photoperiod: 12-14hrs day length.
▪ Commercial propagation: Terminal stem cuttings.
▪ Dahlia is propagation by seeds, tuberous roots and cuttings.
▪ Planting time:
▪ North India: September to December
▪ South India: May-June
Important species:
Name Species Features
Tree Dahlia D.imperialis White with red tinged
flowers
Cactus Dahlia D. juarezi Scarlet flowers
Ancestor of Dahlia D. variabilis – the Octoploid species; Self
garden type incompatible
Highly variable species D. coccinea Single red flowers
D. merckii Lilac and yellow flowers

▪ Tree Dahlia D.imperialis White with red tinged flowers.

▪ Cactus Dahlia D. juarezi Scarlet flowers
▪ Ancestor of Dahlia D. variabilis – the garden type
▪ Octoploid species; Self incompatible
▪ Highly variable species D. coccinea Single red flowers D. merckii Lilac and
yellow flowers
▪ Self incompatibility is major problem in breeding
▪ To induce flowering in dahlia: GA3 @ 100 ppm
▪ Reduction of plant height: CCC (Cycocel), MH (Maleic Hydrazide)
▪ Disbudding is done at “Pea stage”

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Major air pollutant to dahlia: Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
▪ Ideal temperature for tuber storage: 4-7oC
▪ Satisfactory method of flower preservation: late cutting
▪ Important breeder in Dahlia: Swami Vinayanda. P.K. Das, A. K. Dey
▪ Decorative varieties:
▪ Bappaditya, Glory of India, Nearest blue, Nirmal Chandra,
Prabhujee, Prime Minister
o Sectorial chimera mutant: Manalai
o Natural mutant cultivar :
▪ Multiple flower mutant cultivar developed by Broentjes and
Bauseso (Holland),
o 1960 through tuber irradiation (gamma irradiation)
o Major disease: Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)
Gerbera:
▪ Also known as Transvaal Daisy/Barberton Daisy/African Daisy.
▪ B.N.: Gerbera spp.
▪ Family: Asteraceae
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=50
▪ Origin: South Africa
▪ Stemless perennial herb, cold sensitive
with mono and double flowering types.
▪ Sensitive to salt.
▪ Choice crop for polyhouse cultivation.
▪ Leading cut flower in India.
▪ Gerbera was 1st discovered in 1878 in South Africa by botanist “R.Jameson”.
▪ Famous gerbera breeder: R.Z. Lynch.
▪ Best species is the commonly grown in Garden: Gerbera jamesonni.
▪ Present day cultivar originated from Gerbera Hybrida:
• Gerbera jamesonni x Gerbera viridifolia.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Himalayan Gerbera: Gerbera kimziana.
▪ Potted gerberas are commonly known as Samurai.
▪ Inflorescence: Capitulum (Protogynous)
▪ Optimum temperature for cultivation: 25-27oC.
▪ Optimum night temperature: 12oC.
▪ Optimum pH for quality flower production: less than 5.
▪ pH for long flower and stem: 5-7.2
Propagation:
▪ Division of clump, cutting taken from leaf auxiliary bud, tissue
culture.
▪ EMS is the best mutagen for single gene mutation induction in seeds.
▪ Planting time: June-July
Varieties:
▪ Sunset, Neveda, Sangna, Vino, Venturi, Gold Spot, YCD-1, YCD-
2.
▪ IIHR Varieties:
▪ Arka Krishika: Suitable for open condition.
▪ New varieties:
▪ Arka Ashwa and Arka Nesara.
▪ Highest yielding variety: Maron Clementine.
▪ M/S terra nigra of holland is a leading firm developing excellent cultivars of
gerbera.
▪ Problems in gerbera:
▪ Serious pest: Leaf Minor (Liriomyza trifoli)
▪ Major disease in green house condition: foot rot (Phytopthora crytogea)
▪ Stem break is disorder: 10 cm below the capitulum (flower stem not fully
developed)
▪ Stem break is the post harvest disorder due to lead (Pb) deficiency.
▪ Higher pH leads to chlorosis.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 China aster
▪ B.N.: Callistephus chinensis
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=2x=18
▪ Family: Asteraceae
▪ Origin: China
▪ Most popular among the annuals.
▪ Comet type: (Quilled flower) 1886
▪ Non branching type: James Vick, 1893, USA
▪ Classified into three groups.
▪ These flowers are multiple colours.
▪ China aster is self-pollinated crop and Geitonogamous.
▪ Propagation by seeds.
▪ IIHR varieties:
▪ Kamini, Voilet cushion, Shashank, Arka Aadya, Arka Archana.
▪ Aster yellow: Viral disease is transmitted by leaf hopper (Macrosteles
fascifrons).
Bougainvillea:
▪ Also known as glory of the garden.
▪ B.N.: Bougainvillea glabra
▪ Family: Nyctaginaceae
▪ Chromosome no.: 2n=34
▪ Propagation: Semi-hard wood
cutting.
▪ Breeder of bougainvillea in India: T.N.Khushoo, S.N.Zadoo, D.Ohri, Vishnu
Swarup.
▪ Varieties:
o IARI:
▪ Vishakha, Dr.B.P.Pal, Spring Festival, Summer time, Sonnet,
Stanza.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 o IIHR:
▪ Chitavathi, Dr. HB Singh, Jawahar Lal Nehu, Purple Wonder,
Sholay, Usha.
▪ Natural mutant variety: Mary palmer.
▪ Multibracted variety: Mahara, Cherry Blossom.
▪ Veriegated foliage variety: Thimma.
▪ Bicolored variety: Partha.
Lotus:
• National flower of India.
• B.N.: Nelumbo nucifera
• Origin:India
• Family: Nelumbonaceae
• Tropical and sub-tropical climate.
• Most spectacular flower in the world.
• Associated with religion and culture.
• Sacred flower in India.
• Symbol of beauty and prosperity.
• Yellow lotus introduced in India from USA.
• Yellow lotus: Nelumbo leuta
▪ Origin: North America
▪ Variety: Krishna, Double rose color.
• Lotus breeder: Perry D. Slocum, USA.
• Interspecific variety: Parry’s Giant Sunbrust : N. nucifera x N. lutea
• Ideal temperature for flowering: 30-35oC
• Commercial weed: Water hyacinth
• Leaf spot (Cercospora spp.) is a common disorder of Lotus.
• Maximum depth of lotus seed sowing: 2.4m

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 • Common method of propagation: Seeds
• Seed having longer viability or impermeable seed coat.
• Tolerant to cold: Nelumbo lutea
• Seeding to flowering: 1-2 years
• Seed rate: 4-5 kg/acre of pond or lake
• Rhizome harvest during the month of October to November.

Alstroemeria
• Inca/Peruvian Lily: 2n = 2x =16
• Origin : South America
• Family : Alstroemeriaceae
• Hardy perennial
• Protandry
• Required photoperiod for flower
induction: 11 – 14 hrs
• Propagation: Rhizome
Day lily
• Day lily: Hemerocallis
• Origin: Eastern Asia : 2n=2x = 22
• Family: Asphodelaceae
• Herbaceous perennial
• Toxic alkaloid : Hamercallin
• Yellow day life : Hamerocallis fulva
• Golden or orange day life : H. auarantica
• 1st colchicine induced tetraploid plant : H. washingtonia
Synthetic species: Hemerocallis s washingtonia : Colchicine induced tetraploid
o Propagation: Division of clumps

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Baby’s Breath
• Gypsophila : 2n = 2x = 34
• Origin : Caucasus Mountains
• Family : Caryophyllaceae
• Cool season crop
• Major cut flower in korea
• Suitable for rock garden
• Gypsophila panniculata, Gypsophila arrostii
• Used as filter material with other cut flowers
Stock
• Gilly flower : Matthiola incana
• Family : brassicaceae
• Biennial crop
• Potential source of 3 –
linolenic acid which is used for
dietary supplements and
industrial uses.
• Classified into 4 groups
• Most of cultivars developed from M. incana x M. tricuspidata
• Trisomic variety (2n = 14+1) : Snow Fake
• Trisomic carry “Ss” genes
• Trisomic :
▪ production 100% double flowers suggested by Frost (1928)
• Propagation :
▪ Seeds
• Important cultivars :
▪ Cinderella Series

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Bird of Paradise
• Bird of Paradise : Strelitzia reginae
• Origin : South Afirca
• Family : Strelitziaceae
• Herbaceous perennial, evergreen
plant
• Cut flower species : Strelitzia reginae
Heliconia
• Parrot plantain/ False plantain / Lobster’s claws / Parrot flower
• Origin : Central and South America
• Family : Heliconiaceae
• Ideal crop for coconut gardens
• 50% production in India : West
Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh
• Ornamental part : Highly modified
leaves and bracts
• Type pollination : cross pollination
• Main pollinators : Humming birds and bats
• Propagation : Rhizome, Side shoots and suckers
• Optimum temperature for cultivation : 21 – 35oC
Petunia
• Petunia : Petunia hybrida : 2n = 14
• Family : Solanaceae
• Short life cycle : 4 months
• Tender perennial
• Type of pollination : Cross
• Mode of pollination: Honey bees

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 • Complex pollination syndrome exist
• Propagation : seeds
• Modal plant for genetic studies engineering (Flower colour)
• Type of male sterility : Genetic male sterility (GMS)
Amaryllis
• Belladonna lily
• Also known as Hippeastrum/
Royal Dutch/ Amaryllis/ Trumpet
Lily /Night Star Lily
• Amaryllis and Hippeastrum is a bulbous flowering plants
• Amaryllis means sparkle or twinkle
• Hippeastrum different from amaryllis : solid scape and absence of scales
between the filaments.
• 6 species mentioned in Firminger’s manual of gardening in Hippeastrum in
India
• Amaryllis belladonna :
• Origin : South Africa
• Deciduous plant, self sterility diploid
• Hippeastrum :
• Hippeastrum aulicum : 2n = 20
• Origin : South America
• Natural septaploid plant : Hippeastrum blumeracia (7x =
77)
• Breeding method :
• Line hybrid and group hybrid method

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Gaillardia
• Blanket flower : Gaillardia pulchella
• Origin : North America
• Family : Asteraceae
• Tropical crop
• Frost hardy plant
• Grown in dry land, to reduce the soil erosion
• Used as loose flower and garland preparation
• Propagation : Seeds
Zinnia
• Poor man’s rose : Zinnia elegans
• Family : Araceae
• Rhizomatous perennial herb
• Ornamental part : Corolla like spathe
• Propagation : Rhizomes
Statice
• Statice Sea lavender : Limonium spp.
• Origin : Europe
• Family : Plumbaginaceae
• Limonium is a Greek word, meaning a
meadow
• Commonly found in salt marshes
• Cool season crop
• Used for dry flower, cutflower and garden decoration
• Cut flower species : Limonium sinuatum
• Medicinal purposed : Limonium propsum
• Propagation : Seeds Variety : Midnight Blue

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Lilium
Lilium : Family : Liliaceae
Monocot plant
Winter hardy species
Prefers sunny climate
Susceptible to high temperature (>30oC)
Plant growth regulator used for plant height control: Ancymidal, CCC and
Ethrel
Important species belongs to Lilium group
Cut flower production:
▪ L.longiflorum (Easter lily, Trumpet lily) – used for church
decoration
Reflexed petal lily :
▪ L. martagon (Turk cap lilies)
Tiger lily :
▪ L.tigrinum: Origin – Japan, Triploid species: 2n = 36
Double flowered lilum :
▪ L. tigrium var. flore-pleno, Edible species : L. maximouizii
Oil yielding species :
▪ Madonna lily : L. candidium
Blooming period
▪ Asiatic lilies: Early June
▪ Oriental lilies : July – September
▪ Tiger lilies : September
▪ Resistant sources
▪ L. henryi : Resistant to fusarium and virus
▪ L. candidium : Tolerant to low temperature and low light, Year
round flowering ability
▪ L. cauricum : Resistant to Fusarium wilt

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Major problem
▪ Gametophytic self – incompatibility
▪ Interspecific incompatibility
▪ Long day induce vegetative growth of the plant
▪ IAA promotes bulblet formation
Propagation: Bulb/seeds
▪ Bulbils producing lily : Tiger lily
Major disease: Leaf blight : Botrytis eliptica
▪ Serious pest : Thrips (T. vancckei)
▪ Serious pest on bulb : Mites
▪ Physiological disorder : Leaf scorch or leaf burn or tip burn is
due to high Mg and Al in soil
▪ Bud blast is due to complex factors
▪ Longer shelf life : 25% bud colour storage
Annual Flowers
▪ Colour scheme and grouping of annuals:
▪ Basic /Primary colours:
• Red, Yellow, Blue (RYB)
▪ Secondary colours:
• Orange, Green, Violet (OGV)
▪ Hard/ Warm/ Hot/ Bright colours:
• Red, Orange, Yellow (ROY)
▪ Soft/ Cool/ Light colours:
• Blue, Violet, Green (BVG)
▪ Neutral colours:
• White, Black, Grey (WBG)

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Monochromatic:
• When hue with its light and dark color are brought in
arrangement
▪ Dichromatic:
• Using of two colours.
▪ Polychromatic:
• Using if various colour.
▪ Predominant color in nature: Green
▪ Complementary/Contrasting colours:
• Blue +Orange
• Red +Green
• Violet +Yellow
Primary colours Secondary colours
Blue + Yellow Green
Yellow + Red Orange
Red + Blue Violet

Analogous:
▪ combination of blue and green, yellow and orange
Triads:
▪ combination of yellow, blue and red
Based on flower colour:
▪ White flowered annuals:
• Alyssum, Callistephus chinensis, Nigella
▪ Yellow and orange flowered annuals:
• Calendula officinalis, Zinnia, Tagetus
▪ Blue colour annuals:
• Ageratum, Corn flower, Linaria

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Based on growing season:
▪ Winter season:
• Antirrhinum, China aster, Ageratum, Carnation, Pansy, Phlox,
Nasturtium, Nigella, Salvia, Cineraria, Gazania, Sweet alyssum
▪ Summer season:
• Cosmos, Coreopsis, Gaillardia, Portulaca, Sunflower, Tithonia,
Zinnia
▪ Rainy season:
• Balsam, Cockscomb, Gomphrena, Marigold, Gaillardia
Based on flowering season:
▪ Early blooming annuals:
• Celosia, Balsam, Gomphrena, Salvia, Zinnia, Coreopsis.
▪ Late blooming annuals:
• Althea rosea, Antirrhinum, Carnation, Sweet william,
Hollyhock
Based on hardiness:
▪ Hardy annuals:
• Sweet pea, Digitalis, Rudbeckia, Viola
▪ Tender annuals:
• Oxalis
▪ Fragrant annuals:
• Phlox, Alyssum, Carnation, Lathyras odoratus, Sweet william
Specific practices
▪ “Pricking” term give to the operation of transferring the young
seedlings to pan or tray
▪ Staking:
• Sweet pea, Morning glory, Nasturtium

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Pinching:
• Carnation, Marigold, Dianthus (Pink)
▪ Based on specific purpose:
▪ Screening purpose:
• Hollyhock, Cineraria
▪ Peculiar shape: Clianthus
▪ Dry flowers:
• Statice, Helichrysum, Acroclinumm, Lady’s lace, Nigella
▪ Cut flowers:
• Carnation, Sweet william, Antirrhinum, Corn flower
▪ Loose flowers:
• Marigold, Annual chrysanthemum, Aster, Sunflower, Zinnia,
Gaillardia
▪ Bedding purpose:
• Dahlia, Marigold, Phlox, Pansy, Carnation, Petunia, Ice Plant,
Candytuft
▪ Shade loving:
• Agertum, Alyssum, Calendula, Delphinium, Balsam, Verbena,
Salvia, Phlox
▪ Annuals suitable for shady situation: Salvia, Cineraria
▪ Edging of beds and walks: Brachycome, Portulaca, Alyssum
▪ Hanging baskets: Ageratum, Petunia, Phlox, Zinnia
▪ Window boxes and hanging baskets: Candytuft, Nasturtium,
Petunia, Phlox, /Portulaca, Zinnia
▪ Potted plants:
• Carnation, Anthirrhinum, Aster, Petunia, Cineraria, Pansy,
Phlox, Petunia
▪ Rockery purpose:
▪ Humid regions: Brachycome, Phlox, Ageratum

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ▪ Dried and cooler parts of India: Limonium, Linum, Schizanthus
Propagation of annuals:
▪ Bold seeded annuals:
• Sweet pea, Nasturtium, Sunflower, Morning glory
▪ Annuals which are difficult to transplant:
• California Poppy, Linaria
▪ Germination in dark:
• Nigella, Phlox, Amaranthus, Allium
▪ Germination in light:
• Nicotiana, Lobella, Echium
Type of pollination:
▪ Self-pollination:
• Balsam, Clianthus, Lupin, Sweet pea
▪ Often cross pollination:
• Antirrhium, Aster, Dahlia, Salvia, Linum, Linaria, Wall flower
▪ Cross pollination:
• Alyssum, Arctotis, Calendula, Cineraria, Gazania, Stock,
Zinnia
Mechanism for cross pollination in annual flowers:
▪ Heterostyly: Primula
▪ Self incompatibility (SI): Ageratum, Antirrhinum, Daisy, Gerbera,
Petunia, Nicotiana
▪ Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS): Ageratum, Petunia, Sunflower
▪ Indian origin:
• Gomphrena, Balsam, Lady’s lace

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Ideal sowing time for annuals in South India : September to October
In Northern Hills, all annual flowers are grown during summer i.e March – April
In India, Pune and Bangalore all annuals can be grown due to it peculiar climate
Sowing and transplanting time
Annuals Sowing time Transplanting time
Summer season annuals Mid – February to Early March - April
March
Rainy season annuals June July
Winter season annuals September October

Common Name Scientific Name Family

Sunflower Helianthus annuus Compositeae
Annual chrysanthemum Glebionis coronaria Compositeae
Fid marigold Mesembryanthemum Aizoaceae
criniflorum
Cape marigold Dimorphotheca aurantiaca Compositeae
Pot marigold Calendula officinalis Compositeae
Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia Compositeae
Hyacinth flower Iberis species Brassicaceae
Corn flower Centaurea cyanus Compositeae
Cone flower Rudbeckia bicolor Compositeae
Wall flower Erysimum cheiri Brassicaceae
Butterfly flower Schizanthus wisetonensis Solanaceae
Sage flower Salvea splendens Lamiaceae
Star flower Phlox drummondii Polemoniaceae
Everlasting flower Helichrysum bracteatum Compositeae
Monkey flower Mimilus tigrinus Scrophulariaceae
Paper flower Acroclinium roseum Compositeae
Floss flower Ageratum houstonianum Compositeae
Dog flower Antirrhinum majus Compositeae
Blanket flower Gaillardia pluchella Compositeae
Cock’s comb Celosia cristata Amaranthaceae
Love lies bleeding Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthaceae
Bechelor’s button Gomphrena globosa Amaranthaceae

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Zinnia Zinnia elagans Amaranthaceae
Sun plant Portulaca grandiflora Compositeae
Summer cupress Kochia scoparia Chenopodiaceae
var.tricophylla
Lady’s lace Pimpinella monoica Apiaceae
Larkspurs Delphinium hybridum Ranunculaceae
Phlox Linum grandiflora Linaceae
Trod flox Linaria bipartite Scrophulariaceae
Hollyhock Alcea rosea Malvaceae
Coreopsis Coreopsis tinctorial Compositeae
Cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus Compositeae
Cineraria Senecio cruentus Compositeae
Clarkia Clarkia elegans Onagraceae
Bells of Ireland Moluccella laevis Lamiaceae
China ster Callistephus chinensis Compositeae
Baby’s breath Gypsophila elegans Compositeae
Lupin Lupinus hartwegii Fabaceae
Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus Tropaeolaceae
Love in the mist Nigella damascene Ranunculaceae
Pansy Violax wittrockiana Violaceae
Petunia Petunia hybrida Solanaceae
Sea lavender Limonium sinuatum Plumbaginaceae
Stock Matthiola incana Brassicaceae
Sweet alyssum Lobularia maritima Brassicaceae
Sweet William Dianthus barbatus Caryophyllaceae
Sweet pea Lathyrus odoratus Fabaceae
Shirley poppy Papever rhoeas Papeveraceae
California poppy Eschscholzia californica Papeveraceae
Verbena Verbena hybrida Verbenaceae
Swan river daisy Brachyscome iberidifolia Compositeae

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Ornamental Shrubs
▪ An area of the garden devoted exclusively to shrubs is called as
“Shrubbery border”
Flowering shrubs:
▪ Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus mutabilis, Calliandra sp., Ixora
parviflora, Nerium, Bougainvillea
Foliage shrubs:
▪ Acalypha tricolor, Codiacum variegatum, aralia, Eranthemum
elegans, Graptophyllum, Pisonia alba
Flower and foliage shrubs:
▪ Ceatrum nocturnum, Cestrum diutnum, Murraya paniculata,
Jasminum sambae, J. auriculatum
Specimen shrubs:
▪ Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hamelia patens, Thevatia peruviana,
Murraya paniculata
Salt tolerant shrubs:
▪ Bougainvillea sp., Russelis juncea, Thevatia peruviana, Nerium
indicum, Vcaesalpinia pulcherrima
Salt sensitive shrubs:
▪ Buddleja davidii, Lagerstroemia indica, Barleria cristata and
Hamelia patens
Winter flowering shrubs:
▪ Poinsettia pulcherrima, Homskioldia sp., and Doembya sp.
Propagation:
▪ Seed: Thevatia peruviana, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Calliandra sp.
▪ Cutting: Cestrum diurnum, C. nocturum, Hamelia patens, J.sambae
▪ Layering: Ixora sp., Bougainvillea
▪ Ground layering: J. sambac, J. multiflorum
▪ Terminal cutting: Eunymous japonica, Ficus panda, Brunsfelsia
americana

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 ▪ Most popular in Indian gardens as flower are used for offering
worship to lord Shiva : Thevetia peruviana
▪ Flowers are shed like tears by falling of morning sunrays :
Nyctanthes arbor – tristis (Har - Shringar)
▪ Shrubs highly suitable for ornamental hedge : Lantana camera,
Murraya panniculata
Indian origin shrubs
▪ Rukamini, Har- Shringar, Cup and saucer, Clerodendron, Crossandra,
Chitra, Barleria, Weeping merry, Chandni
Topiary or Tree sculpture
▪ The term ‘Topiary’ is dervied from Roman words ‘ars topiaria’
meaning ornamental gardening
▪ Topiary art started in the 1st Century A.D.
▪ Topiary is a technique of shearing plants into non typical shapes,
usually sculptural in form
▪ Topiary are garden novelties (like espaliers) Shaped into forms as
fantastic imaginations like corkscrews, chess pieces, chair, peacocks,
tables and countless animals.
▪ Eg., Garden of levens Hall in England
In India, the hanging gardens or kamala Nehru Park of Mumbaiis famous for
topiary work.
Most common shrubs for topiary : Clerodendrum inerme and Duranta plumieri
Temperate regions : Box (Buxus sempervirens) and English Yew (Taxus baccata)
Generally, the typical shapes of birds and animals are done with Clerodendrum
and Duranta.
Common shrubs used for shapes of domes, cones, spheres and umbrellas are done
with Bougainvillea, Thuja occidentails, Cupressus, Putranjiva rouxburghii and
Polyalthia longifolia.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Common Shrubs
Common name Scientific name Family Flower colour
Yesterday , today, Brunfelsia Solanaceae Blue
tomorrow pauciflora
Lady of the night Brunfelsia Solanaceae Yellow
americana
Night queen / Raat Cestrum Solanaceae Creamish white
ki Rani nocturnum
Day king / Din ka Cestrum diurnum Solanaceae White
Raja
Tree of sadness/ Nyctanthes Oleaceae White
Night jasmine arbortristis
Snow bush Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae Foliage
nivosus
Star cluster Pentas lanceolata Rubiaceae Pink, Red, Crimson
Cape jasmine Gardenia Rubiaceae White
jasminoides
Mussaenda Mussaenda luteola Rubiaceae Yellow
Poinsettia Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae White
pulcherrima
Peacock flower Caesalpinia Fabaceae Red, yellow
(Gulmohri) pulcherrima
China shoe flower Hibiscus rosa – Malvaceae Scarlet
sinensis
Pigeon berry Duranta plumeri Verbenaceae Blue
Cup and saucer Homlmkioldia Lamiaceae Red
sanguinea
Hamelia Hamelia patens Rubiaceae Red
Lolypop plant Pachystachys lutea Acanthaceae Golden yellow
December flower/ Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Violet blue
Barleria
Dancing lady Fuchsia hybrida Onagraceae Red, Purple

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 Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plants Part used Variety Alkoloids Uses
Aloe vera Leaves - Aloin Laxative purpose
Asgand Roots Jawahar Withanine Aphrodisiac
(Aswagandha) Indian Asghand - somniferine property immuno-
Ginseng 20 modulator
Medicinal Yam Tubers Arka upkar, Diosgenin Production of
FB(c)-1 contraceptive pills
Fox-Glove Leaves - Digoxin Heart disease
Opium Capsule Telia, Codeine painkiller
(Latex) Dholia
Dill or Sowa Seeds - Carvone Improve digestion,
control vomiting,
carminative property
Guggul (kiluvia) oleogum - Z and E- Anti – inflammtory
Gugglusteroids hypoglycaemic
Henbene Leaves - Hyoscyamine Anti-asthma, Anti-
cholicgenic
Isabgol Husk, seed Gujarat Mucilage Anti-diarrhoea
isabgol-1,2 Laxative
Khasi - kateri Fruits Arka Solasodine Production of
sanjeevani contraceptive pills
Liquorice Roots Harayana Glycyrrhizin Anti – inflammatory,
Mulathi 1 Spasmolytic activity
Periwinkle Roots and Nirmal, Vinblastine, Tranquilizer,
leaves Dhawal Vincristine, Anticancer , Anti-
Ajmalcine neoplastic
Pipali Unripe fruit Vishwam Piperine Improve appetite,
(Female Laxative
spike)
Sarpagandha Roots RS - 1 Serpentine, Anti – blood
Ajamlicine, pressure
Reserpine
Senna Leaves and KKM-1 Sennosides Laxative and
Pods (A,B,C) Constipation

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Kalmegh (king of Whole - - Jaundice
bitterness) plants
Glory Lily (state Seeds - Colchicine Anti – gout (Joint
flower of Tamil Pain)
Nadu)
Cinchone Bark - Quinine Treatment of malaria
Datura Whole - Hyoscine , Preanasthetic
plant tropane surgery
Abroma Root bark - - Intra – uterine
diseases and other
gynaecological
disorders

Common Name Botanical Name Features

Sweet flag Acorus calamus, Aquatic pernnial herb, propagation: Rhizome ,
(Vasumbu) Araceae Economic part : Rhozome, Bitter principle :
Acorin, Used: Expectorant action and Remedy
for asthma
Adhatoda Adhathoda vasica, Economic part: leaves and roots, Alkolids :
Acanthaceae Vasicine Uses: Asthma, Chronic bronchitis,
cough
Indian penny wort Centella asiatica Economic part : leaves
(Vallari) ,Umbelliferae Volatile : Vellarine
Ipecae cephaelis, Economic part : whole part
ipecacuanha, Alkaloids : Emetine
Rubiaceae Uses : Treatment of amoebiasis
Medicinal coleus Coleus forskholii, Economic part : Tuberous roots, Alkoloids :
Lamiaceae Forskholin (syn. Coleonol), Uses : hypertension
and eye disoeder
Datura (Umattai) Datura Economic part : leaves and fruits, Alkoloids :
stamonium, Stramonium (Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine)
Solanaceae Uses : Pre-anaesthetic in surgery and child birth
Glory lily, gloriosa Gloriosa superba, Economic parts : seeds and tubers, Alkaloids:
lily or lily flower Liliaceae Colchicine, 0.7 to 0.9 seeds 0.15 to 0.3 tubers,
(state flower of TN) Uses : Colchicine is used in the treatment of

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 ‘Gout’ a common disorder, Propagation : ‘V’
shaped rhizomes
Madhunasini Gymnema Economic parts : Leaves, Uses: anti – diabetic
sylvestris , property Alkaloids : Gymnemic acid
Asclepiadeace
Indian saraparilla Hemidesmus Economic part : Roots, Uses : Tonic and blood
(Nannari) indicus , purifier
Asclepiadaceae
Leucas (Thumbai) Leucas aspera, Economic part: Leaves , Uses : Anti-pyretic ,
Labiate Chronic rheumatism
Killanelli Phyllanthus niruri, Economic part : whole plant, Uses: Hepatitis B
Euphorbiaceae and Jaundice , Alkaloids : Phyllanthin and
hypophyllanthin , Varieties : CIMAP,
Navyakrit
Thippli Piper longum, Economic part : Dried unripe fruits, Uses :
Piperaceae Chronic bronchitis
Tuthuvalai Solanum Economic part : Berries and flowers
trilobatum, Uses : Chronic bronchitis
Solanaceae
Tylophora Tylophora Economic part : whole part, Alkaloids :
(Asthamakodi) asthmatica, Tylophorin, Uses: Dysentery, Expectorant
Asclepiadaceae
Brahmi Bacopa monnieri , Economic part : whole plant
Scrophulariaceae Alkaloids : Brahmine and herpestine, Uses :
enhancing memory and vitality (Celestrail
drugs)
Cinchona C. Officinalis, Economic part : Bark, Uses : Anti-malarial
Rubiaceae drugs, Alkaloids
Insulin plant Cheilocostus Alkaloid : Diosgenin, Uses : sex hormones and
speciosus, steroidal drugs for family planning and health
Costaceae programmes all over the world
Cowhedge Mucuna pruriens, Economic parts : seeds, Alkoloids : Mucunine
Fabaceae and mucunadine, Uses : treatment of
elephatiasis Aphrodisiac, Nervine tonic

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 Sweet worm wood Artemisia annua, Alkaloids : Artemisinin (0.05-0,17%)
Asteraceae , Uses : Anti-malarial drug, Varieties : Asha,
Origin : China Jeevanraksha, Suraksha (CIMAP)
Henbane Hyoscyamus Tropane alkaloids (Hyoscine)
niger, Solanaceae

Flower arrangement:
▪ Flower arrangement includes fresh flower, foliage, dried twig and
fruits.
Veni:
▪ A special kind of flower arrangement is widely used in South India to
decorate the long plait of hair (Veni) at the time of Bharat Natyam or
during marriage ceremonies.
Style of flower arrangement:
1.Occidental/Western/British style: Massing of flowers
2.Oriental/Eastern style: Line arrangement with foliage and flower.
Oriental style involves Zen-Buddhism i.e. Japanese flower arrangement.
Japanese style flower arrangement is called as Ikebana.
Moribana is also known as natural Ikebana.
Three basic lines in Japanese flower arrangement:
1.Earth
2.Man
3.Heaven
In Japanese language fillers means Jushi.
Dry flower arrangement:
▪ Potpourri is a mixture of dried, sweet scented plant parts including
flowers, leaves, seeds, stem and roots.
Glycerine method is commercially used for foliage preservation.
Skeletonizing is done for Ficus religiosa.

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 Styles Features Other name
Morimona Fruits, vegetables and flower are English flower
arranged arrangement
Moribana Piled flower in shallow containers Natural Ikebana
Nageire Flowers are 1.5 times taller than Western style
flower base
Jiyubana Moribana + nageire style Free flower arrangement
Zeneibana Beautiful sculpture using wood, sone, Depicting any natural
rocks and metals scenery
Zeneika Straight material with uneven height Abstract style and does
not simulate nature

Flower Arrangement
▪ Types:
1. Fresh flower arrangement
2. Dry flower arrangement
Style of flower arrangement
1.Western style: a ‘mass’ concept of arranging flowers in an even
symmetry.
2. Eastern or Japanese or Ikebana styles: Which are based on specific
rules and angles, using less material.
Basic differences between eastern and western arrangements are:
Western style Eastern Style
Symmetrical Asymmetrical

More flowers to create mass effect the beauty of individual material

Accessories are never used In Ikebana interesting branches, drift
wood, pieces of bark, shells etc., are used
to imitate the nature

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.
Western styles:
▪ Western style flower arrangements are associated with ‘mass’ or a
number of flowers and foliage arranged together in a graceful manner.
▪ In England and Europe, this style was first used to decorate palaces,
mansions and churches.
▪ Generally, triangular, round or oval shapes were created, but after the
Second World War, more designs like the L-Shape, Crescent and S-
Shape were introduced.
▪ A vase for a western arrangement requires to be fitted with a pin holder
as well as a wire-netting. It also make use of an ‘ oasis’ or a block of
plastic foam which is very light but becomes solid and heavy when it
is immersed in water for approximately twenty minutes.
Different models: Choice of the pots
The triangular model A brass vase
The Round bowl model A brass vase
The Oval bowl model Rectangular and boat shaped containers
vase
The L-Shape model Rectangular container
The S-Shape model Vase with a stem (or) a tall vase
The Crescent shape model A vase with stem

Eastern or Japanese or Ikebana styles

▪ Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement, also known as
kado, the "way of flowers“.
▪ Floral arrangement as a collection of particolored or multicolored
arrangement of blooms.
▪ Ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems
and leaves, and draws emphasis towards shape, line, form.
▪ The main rule is that all the elements used in construction must be
organic.

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 The styles each flower arrangement contains the following three components.
1. Containers: The containers or vases for flower arrangement differ in
size, shape and material. It may be of porcelain, ceramic, brass, bell
metals, bamboo, drift wood etc.
Glass containers are not generally preferred as vases.
2. Mechanism: Flowers are held in poisition in containers. Pin-holders,
clay balls or a crushed wire mesh are all commonly used in containers
to hold the flowers in position.
Wire: GI wire
3. Flowers: When different flowers are combined orange coloured
flowers may be combined with red flowers or blue flowers with violet
coloured flowers.
Prolonging the vase life of flowers
1. Prevention of pollination
2. Prevention of blocking of the conducting vessels of the flower
stalks:By dipping the stems of cut flowers in boiling water for 20 -30
seconds. (e.g. Rose, Iceland poppy, Dahlia, Zinnia, Chrysanthemum,
etc.)
3. By burning the stems of the cut flowers for 15 seconds (e.g. poppy)
4.By dipping in dilute acids like N/500 nitric acid.
5.Splitting the stems in woody flowers like hydrangea, Rhododendron
before placing them in cold water.
6.Use of preservative solutions has been known for many years in
lengthening the vase life of cut flowers.
7.Preservatives normally include sugars, biocide, anti-ethylene
compound and hydrated compound.
8.Silver thio sulphate is an anti-ethylene compound in the preservative

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 Solution while quinoline compound is a biocide.
Dry flower arrangement:
▪ Dry flower products are handmade paper, lampshades, wall quilt,
decorations, books, candle holders,etc.
▪ Harvesting flowers : Flowers or leaves for drying may be collected at
any time during the growing season.
▪ The best time of day to cut is midmorning.
▪ Dampness can lead to mould and slows drying.
▪ Damp or over matured plants should not be harvested.
Harvesting foliage:
▪ The leaves will be at peak maturity.
▪ Foliage is dried by preserving in a solution of water and glycerin.
▪ Young green leaves and dormant leaves : Not harvested (They not
absorb glycerin)
Drying Techniques:
• Air drying:
▪ This is commonly referred to as the “hang and dry” method.It is the
oldest and easiest drying technique. It is one of the longest drying
methods.
▪ It usually takes three to four weeks for the flowers to dry completely.
▪ The ideal place for hanging the flowers is a place with ideal conditions
like:
▪ Darkness
▪ Very good airflow
▪ Perfect humidity levels
▪ Water drying
▪ Press drying:
• One of the most popular methods for drying flowers is to put
them under pressure

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 ▪ Drying by embedding in dessicants
▪ The best all around method.
▪ Most well known is silica gel and borax but clean dry sand can also be used
Glycerin drying:
▪ This is done by immersing leaves or placing stems in a 33 per cent glyceroll
solution.
Microwave oven Drying:
▪ Flowers with thick petals like magnolia are not suitable for drying in
microwave.
▪ Brightly colored flowers are best to dry.
▪ Wired flowers should not be used in a microwave oven
Freeze drying – Freeze drying (technically known as “lyophilization”)
▪ It is a state-of-the-art technique and the most effective method for flower
preservation today.
Bleaching and Dyeing- Various chemicals like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen
peroxide and sodium chlorite to be the most commonly used bleach for plant
foliage.
▪ Skeleton Leaves:
▪ Skeleton leaves are semi-transparent leaves, also called fossil leaves.
Oven dry method:
▪ Helipterum, Chrysanthemum, gerbera and Limonium: 45-49oC @ 48 hours
▪ French Marigold: 45-49oC @ 72 hours
▪ African Marigold: 45-49oC @ 96 hours
▪ Zinnia and Delphinium: 40-44oC @ 48 hours

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 Medicinal Plants
• More than 90% of the formulations under the Indian Systems that is,
Ayurved Siddha, Unani and Homopathy (AYUSH), predominantly
contain plant-based raw materials.
• Central Scheme for development and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
was implemented in 1990-91.
Economic parts
• Fruits:(Senna, S.virum, Datura)
• Leaves: ( Senna, Datura, Periwinkle, Tylophora)
• Flowers: (Butea, Bauhinia)
• Stems :(Liquorice, Ginger, Dioscorea, Costus, Garlic)
• Roots : (Rauvolfia, Periwinkle, Ginseng)
• Seeds: (Isabgol, Abrus, Nuxvomica)
• Bark: (Cinchona)
1. Aloe:
• First aid medicine plant :
• B.N. :Aloe vera
• Family: Liliaceae
o Perennial succulent plant
o The source of the drug: Aloin and C-glucosides (Barbaloin
o Aloe vera gel contains a glucomannan: used as a biogenic
stimulators and wound healing hormones.
2. Indian Ginseng/winter cherry/Ashwgandha
• B.N.: Withania somnifera :
• Solanaceae: 2n = 48, Origin – India
o Prefers subtropical to tropical climate
o Economic parts: Roots
o Uses: Immuno-modulator, Anti-stress, improve the male potency
o Alkaloids : Withaniols (0.13-0.68%): highest in bark

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 o Major alkaloids: Withanine and Somniferine
o Withaferine: Antibiotic and antitumor activites found highest in
leaves
o Seed rate: 10 – 12 kg/ha
Varieties
• JNKVV:
o Jawahar Ashgand -20, Asgandh-WS-90-134
• CIMAP:
o Poshita
• Yield :
o 600-700 kg of dired roots/ha
• Related species :
o chinese gingeng (Panax gingeng) : Araliacae
• Economic part : Fleshy roots
3. Dill/ Sowa :
• B.N.: Anethumgraveolens var. sowa
• Family: Apiaceae
• Origin: Mediterranean region
• Long day plant
• Economic part : leaves and fruits
• Uses: preparation of grip water controlling vomit and improving
digestion
• Leaves: herb oil (Phellandrene)
• Essential seed oil content (2.5-3.0%): Carvone
Important species:
• European dill: A.graveolens
• Indian dill: A.sowa
• Seed rate: 5-10kg/ha

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 • Yield – Herbage yield: 2.5 to 3.0t/ha
• Seed yield: 1-1.4 t/ha
4. Babchi
• B.N.: Psoralea corylifolia
• Family: Fabaceae
• Chromosome No.: 2n = 20, 22:
• Origin: China
• Treatment for leucoderma, leprosy and psoriasis
• Economic part: The seed is surrounded by a sticky, oily pericarp
• Alkaloids: Coumarins (Psoralen and Isopsoralen)
• Type of fruits: Single seeded pod
• Propagation: seeds
• Average dry seed yield: 2t/ha
5. King of bitters/ Rice bitters /Kalmegh
• B.N.: Androgrophis paniculate:
• Family: Acanthaceae
• Origin: India
• Economic part: Whole herb
• Uses: To treat snake bites, acute jaundice
Alkaloids:
• Major alkaloids in leaves: Andrographolide
• Major alkaloids in roots: Andrographidin A,B,C,D,E and F
• Kalmegh is propagation: seeds or cuttings

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 6. Safed Musli
• B.N.: Chlorophytum borivilianum
• Family: Liliaceae
• Origin: India
• Saponin is the chief medicinal compound present in the roots
• Uses: Aphrodisiac, helpful in curing impotency, diabetes, as
alternative to Viagra.
• Propagation: Root cuttings
• Yield: 2000kg of fleshy roots/ha
7. Guggul /Indian Bdellium tree
• B.N: Commiphora wightii :
• Family: Burseraceae
• Origin: Africa and Asia
• Woody perennial spiny shrub
• Economic part: Gum resin
• Uses: Treatment of arthritis and obesity
• Commercially cultivated in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat
• Active principle: Z and E gugglusterones (Anti-inflammatory,
reduction of cholesterol content in blood, hypoglycaemic properties)
• Annual pruning is necessary practice
Variety:
• GAU:- Marusudha
• Enhancement of gum flow : Application of Ethephon @ 40 ppm
• Tapping is done for extraction of gum
• Average yield: 200-500 g/tree/ season

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 8. Henbene/ Black henbene
▪ B.N.: Hyocyanmus niger
▪ Family: Solanaceae
▪ Origin: Europe
▪ Long day plant
▪ Economic part: Leaves
▪ Uses: Treatment of asthma, whooping cough and intestinal disorder
▪ Average total alkaloids: 0.05%
▪ Major alkaloids content: Hyoscyamine
▪ Egyptian henbene: H. muticus (soures of Tropane alkaloids)
Varieties:
▪ CIMAP: Aela
▪ CIMAP: Aekla
▪ CIMAP: IC-66; Popular variety due to short duration
▪ Seed rate : 3 kg/ha
▪ Average yield : 2500 kg of dried leaves/ha
9. Medicinal Yam:
▪ B.N.:Dioscrea floribunda
▪ Family: Dioscoreaceae
▪ Origin : Central America
▪ Economic parts : Tubers
▪ Diosgenin ie the active ingredient for oral contraceptive pills
▪ Dioscrea floribunda, Diocorea composite (3%) widely grown for
diosgenin production in India
▪ Diosgenin content in tubers : 2-7%
▪ Varieties: Arka Upkar, FB (c)-1
▪ Propagation: Tuber pieces
▪ Average yield: 50-60 tonnes/ha

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 10. Foxglove:
• B.N.:Digitalis lanata
• Family: Scrophularaceae
• Origin: Europe
• Economic part: leaves
• Digoxin:Used for heart diseases/lifesaving medicine
• Two important species:
o D.lanata : 1-1.4% glycosides
o D. purpurea : 0.2-0.4% glycosides
• It contains 3 lanatosides A,B,C
• Propagated by seeds (8kg/ha)
• Yield: Average dried leaves : 2-5.5 tonnes/ha
11. Pyrethrum:
• B.N.: Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolim : Asteraceae :
• Origin: Mexico
• Prefers cool and dry climate
• Pyrethrin is the synthetic insecticide derived from its flowers
• Kenya is the largest producer in the world
• Economic part: Flowers
• Average pyrethrin content in South India hills: 1.19%
• Highest pyrethrin content found in achenes (93%)
• Variety: C-793is a high pyrethrin variety
• Propagation: seeds
• Maturity index: 3-4 rows of disc florets opened
• Average yield in South India: 180-400 kg/ha
• Economic life of plant in South India hills: 3-4 years

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 12. Opium:
• B.N.: Papaver somniferum
• Papaveraceae
• Origin: Eastern Europe
• Prefers subtropical and temperate climate
• Uses: Painkiller
• Opium and codeine are used for analgesia and hypnotic effects
• Heroine is a semi-synthetic derivative of morphine
• Fruit type: Capsule
• Lancing: Latex obtained from the matured capsules (40 alkaloids)
• Lancing done at 15-25 days after fall of petals
• Total alkaloids contain 9-14% morphine content
Varieties: Chetak, JawaharAphim 16, Ranghatak, Talia, Kirtiman, Swetha,
Shyama and Vivek
• Sanchita: high morphine content in straw.
• Sujatha: opium free poppy for the production of oil and seed
• Shunhra: high morphine content
• Talia and Dholia are local races of opium
• Propagation: seeds (broadcasting 7-8 kg/ha, Line sowing 4-5 kg/ha)
• Raw opium yield: 50-60 kg/ha
13. Sarpagandha
• B.N.: Rauvolfia serpentine
• Family: Apocynaceae
• Origin – India
• Tuberous soft taproot system.
• Economic part: Dried root (Total alkaloids: 55 alkaloids)
• Uses: controlling blood pressure

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 • Major alkaloids: - Ajmalicine, Serpentine, Reserpine: Uses
Hypertension, sedative, tranquilising agent
• Total alkaloid content: 1.4 – 3%
• Average total alkaloid content: root bark: 2.4% wood: 0.40% and
• fibrous root: 2.52%
• Propagation: seeds (6kg/ha), root cuttings, stem cuttings
• Yield: 1.5 – 2 tonnes of dried roots/ha
14. Senna:
• B.N. – Cassia angustifolia
• Family - Fabaceae
• Origin: South Africa
• It is leguminous crop but lack of nodule formation
• India is the leading producer, exporter in the world
• Senna growing districts in Tamil Nadu: Tirunelveli,
Rammanathapuram, Maduri and Tuticorin.
• Economic parts leaves and pods (contains sennosidesA,B,C,D)
• Sennosides is used for laxative and purgative purpose
• Indian senna (Cassia angustifolia) contains 1-5.3% of sennosides
• Alexandrian senna (Cassia acutifolis): 4-4.5% of sennosides
• Variety: TNAU: KKM – 1
• Seed rate: 5 kg/ha
• Sowing time of Tamil nadu: February – March (Tirunelveli tracts) and
July-November
• Average yield: Irrigated conditions: - Dry leaves 1500kg/ha and Pods
700 kg/ha,
• Rainfed conditions: Dry leaves 1000kg/ha and Pods 400 kg/ha

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 15. Pipali / long pepper
• B.N. : Piper longum
• Family: Pieraceae
• Origin: Western Ghats of India
• Dioecious plant
• Commercially grown in homestead and backyard of home
• Economic part : Unripe female spikes (i.e Catkins)
• Uses : Stimulent, Appetizer, Tonic
• The spikes of this plant contains alkaloids piperine (4-5%)
• The roots contain alkaloids piper longuminine(0.2-0.25%) and piper
longumine (0.02%)
• Inflorescence type : Spike
• Propagation : Rooted stem cuttings
• Variety : KAU: Vishwam
16. Rye Ergot:
• Is a plant disease that is caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea,
forms a blackish or brown coloured body.
• Ergot develops on rye spikes – Alkaloids obtained from these affected
spikes. Alkaloids are used in obstetrics making child birth easy and
stoppage of bleeding after the child birth
• Seed rate: 70 – 80 kg/ha
• Sowing time: September to October in Kashmir Valley
• Southern hills: November
• Collection of ergots Sclerotia: 8-10 weeks after inoculation or 15 days
before ripening of rye grains

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

17. Indian liquprice/ Mulhati
• B.N.: Glycyrrhiza glabra
• Family: Fabaceae
• Origin: India
• Grown in undulated lands, riverbed areas
• Economic part: Roots – sweet subtance is glycyrrhizin (50 times
sweeter than sugar)
• Uses: Chronic viral hepatitis, taste modulator, anti-inflammatory,
• treatment of peptic ulcers
• Glycyrrhizin is high in older roots
• Yellow colour of roots is due to isoliquirl
• Propagation: semi – wood underground stem cuttings
• Variety: Haryana Mulhati – 1
• Seed rate: 300 kg of stem cuttings/ha
18. Deadly Nightshade/ Belladonna
• B.N.: Atropa belladonna
• Family: Solanaceae: 2n -72 (Hexaploid)
• Origin: Europe
• Temperate cool season plant
• Source of tropane alkaloids: 0.13 to 0.7%
• Tropane alkaloids: Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine and Atropine –
Anticholinergic
• Uses: leaves are widely used for the manufacture of tinctures, extract,
plasters
• Treatment of gout, rheumatism Parkinson’s disease
Indian belladonna:
• Atropa acuminata – Western Himalayas – yellow flowers

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 European belladonna:
• Atropa belladonna – Italy, Yogoslavia – purpleflowers
• Propagations: seeds (seed rate @ 1kg/ha)
• Yield: 200-400 kg of dried leaves/ha
19. Medicinal Solanum
• B.N.: Solanum khasianum
• Family: Olanaceae
• Origin: India
• Sterios bearing perennial bush
• Economic part : seed
• Uses: Contaceptives, corticosteriods and sexhormones
• Highest solasodine content species : Solanum incanum (1.8 – 2.0%)
• Berries and pulp have rich source of solasodine
• Berries – Solasodine (Synthesis of steroidal hormones): 1-1.75%
• Total solasodine content in berries : 2.5 – 3%
Varieties:
• Arka Sanjeevini, Arka Mahima : (Tetraploid variety), RRLSL-6
(spineless mutant), RRL-20-2
• Seed rate: 1.25 kg/ha
• Average dry berries yield: 6-8 tonnes of berries/ha
20. Psyllium /Isabgol
• B.N.: Plantago ovata
• Family: Plantaginaceae
• Chromosome no.: 2n = 8
• Origin: Persia
• Stemless annual herb Prefers cool and dry weather (winter crop is
grown in India)

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 • Economic part: seed and husk.
• Used for anti- diarrhea drug, due to property of absorbing and retaining
water (40-90%).
• In India commonly grown in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• Gujarat is the leading producer in India.
Husk
• (odourless and tasteless) yields a colloidal mucilage consisting of
xylose, arabinose and galacturonic acid.
Type of flowers: Protogynous
Type of fruit: capsule
Infloroscence type : Spike
Propagation : Seed (4-6 kg/ha)
Varieties :
o GAU – Gujarat Isabgol – 1 and Gujarat Isabgol – 2,
o CIMAP – Niharoka
Maturity stage : Spike turns brownish
Husk : seed ratio is 25:75
Average yield : 1t/ha
Downy mildew (Peronospora plantaginia) is the serious disease at spike initiation
21. Periwinkle
• B.N.: Cathranthus roseus
• Family: Apocynaceae
• Chromosomes No.: 2n =16
• Origin: Madagascar
• Perenial ornamental herb found throughout the India on wasteland and
sandy tracts.
• Blooms throughout the year
• Used as a trap crop for root knot nematode (RKN)

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 • Major alkaloids present in roots: Raubasin (Ajmalicine) and
• Serpentine – Anti fibrillic, hypertensive (high blood pressure)
• Major alkaloids present in leaves: (VLB alkaloids – 0.003 – 0.004%)
• Vinblastine and Vincristine (constituent of patented cancer drugs, curing
blood cancer)
• Vincristine is preaent in all parts of the plant but maximum in roots (0.75
– 1.20%) then leaf (0.6-0.65%
• Vincristine sulphate is being marketed under the trade name ONCOVIN
which is used against acute leukaemia and Vinblastine sulphate as VELBE
to cure Hodgkin’s disease
• Type of fruit: Cylindrical follicle (black seeds)
• Propagation: seeds
• Direct sowing crop: 2-3kg/ha
• Transplanting crop: 500g/ha
• Three variants: alba: white flowers roses: pink rose flowers ocillate: rose
purple spot in the centre
• Varieties: CIMAP: Nirmal – Resistant to wilt and dieback
• CIMAP: Dhawal
Yield
Economic parts Rainfed conditions Irrigated condition
(t/ha) (t/ha)
Roots 0.75 1.5
Stems 1.0 1.5
Leaves 2 3

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 Propagation of Ornamental Plants
❖ I. Sexual propagation
▪ Seed germination
• Annuals lost viability within 6 – 12
months
• Lotus seed germinated after 150 – 200
days
• Little moisture for germination Portulaca,
Eschscholtzia
• Light required for germination: Veronica,
Ranunculus, Gynernaceae
• Light inhibit the germination: Nigella
• Light slightly inhibit the germination:
larkspur
❖ II. Asexual propagation
▪ 1. 1. Cuttings
• Softwood cuttings: Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Coleus,
Delphinium, Jasmine, Hibiscus
• Soft hardwood cuttings: Jasmine, Hydrangea
• Hardwood cuttings: Ficus bengalensis, Glyricidia maculata,
Erythrina indica
• Semi hardwood cuttings: Abelia

Leaf: One of the thin, Flat,

usually green part of a plant
or tree.
Leaf Structure

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• Leaf cuttings: Sansivieria
• Leaf bud cuttings: Camellia, Rhododendron,
Blackberry
• Herbaceous cuttings: Geranium, Chrysanthemum,
Coleus, Carnation
• Leaf vein cuttings: Red Begonia
• Semi – hard wood stem cuttings: Duranta, Hibiscus,
• Crotons
2. Stem cuttings (3 types)
• Terminal cutting (Tip portion of shoot):
Carnation, Geranium, Chrysanthemum
• Heel cuttings (Lateral shoot)
• Node cuttings: Dieffenbachia,
Dracaena, Aglaonema
3. Root cuttings:
• Herbaceous group: Gypsophila, Gaillardia,
Achillea, Anemone
• Woody group: Aralia, Clerodendrum,
Lagerstroemia
4. Leaf cuttings:
• Leaf stalk: Peperomia, Saintpaulia
• Entire leaf: Rex Begonia
• Leaf strips: Begonia rex, Peperomia
o Shrub: Perperomia, Saintpalia, Gerbera, Kalanchoe, Rex begonia,
Brypphyllum, Sedum spectabilis, Viburnum rhytidophyllum
• Leaf bud cuttings Poinsettia, Hydrangea, Geranium, Camellias

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5. Layering:
• Simple layering Jasmine, Oleander
• Mound or stool layering Cestrum, Deutzias
• Compound or serpentine layering Jasminum
sambac
• Conntinuous or trench layering Hydrangea,
Dianthus
• Division: Russelia juncea, Tuberose,
Chrysanthemum
• Separation Bulb: Hyacinth, Crowns
• Suckers Shrubs: Ixora, Jasminum
• Trees: Millingtonia hortensis Holarrhena
Antidysenterica
6. Grafting
• Inarch grafting:Rose (West Bengal, Bihar), Allamanda violaceae, Petrea volubilis
• Side grafting: Camellias
• Saddle grafting: Rhododendron, Lilac
• Flat grafting: Scions for cactus, Cereus, Cephaloereus
• Cleft grafting: Prolonged in finger cactus
7. Specialized plant parts
• Rhizome Canna
• Stolon Chlorophytum
• Tubers Begnonia, Dahlia
• Bulbs
o Tunicate bulbs: Daffodil, Tulip
o Non- tunicate bulbs: Lily

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 • Slabs: Narcissus
• Corms: Gladiolus
• Bulbils: Narcissus
Role of PGR in Floriculture:
• Auxin synergist:
o TIBA, Coumarin
• Anti-auxin:
o Trans-cinnamic acid
• Epinastic:
o Aceylene, ethylene and carbon monoxide (CO)
• IBA for cuttings
o Orthdox method: 25-100 ppm @ 24hrs
o Quick dip method: 1000-10,000 ppm @ 5 seconds or 2 minutes
• Regeneration of seed and bulb formation:
o GA3, Cytokinin, Morphactins
• Bulb formation:
o Cytokinin: Lilies
• Cormel formation:
o Gladiolus @ ppm
• Plant height control
o SADH: Chrysanthemum
o Cycocel, Alar: Chrysanthemum
o Phosphone: Lily
o Cycocel: Poinsettias
o B-Nine: Dahlia
o CCC: Malvaceous crops
o MH: Bougainvillea

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 • Regeneration of flowering
• Early blooming: GA3 @ 5-25 ppm Anthurium
• Early flowering: GA3 @ 10 ppm Carnation
• GA3 induces flowering in long day plants
Special pruning techniques in Flower crops
Special Techniques Purpose Examples
Root pruning: Removal To make dwarf, to induce Rose
of roots 40 cm away from flowering, fruitfulness and
the plant determining the flowering
time
Disbudding: Removal of To induce the showy good Carnation,
unwanted flower buds in quality flowers Chrysanthemum, Dahlia
cluster of flowers
Pinching: Removal of To induce the lateral or Carnation,
terminal growing point in side shoot production Chrysanthemum
herbaceous plants

Special cultural operations in flowers

• Wintering is considered as alternative to root pruning.
• Wintering is done for rose and jasmine in Northern and Eastern India.
• In Jasmine, common practice is to defoliate plant after pruning just prior to
flowering season.
• Chemical defoliants- Pentachlorophenol has been used as defoliant in Jasmine.
• Defoliation is common practice in Jasmine and Nasturtium.
Deshooting
• Removal of unwanted shoots
• Common practices in carnation for cut flower trade and chrysanthemum for
exhibition purpose
• Part of disbudding

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 Disbudding
• Refers to removal of the superfluous flower buds only at a stage of growth.
• Done at a stage of when the plants are young and between 7 to 15 cm in height.
• General practice of disbudding is to retain only one bud per shoot and to obtain
quality blooms.
• Common practice in Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Marigold, Dahlia and Zinnia.
• Stopping or pinching refers to the removal of the growing point of shoot along
with a few leaves.
• Pricking means transferring of young seedlings (4 to 6 leaf stage) to another pan
or tray.
• Adventitious roots very common in philodendron, originate on the lower stem

LAWN
• Heart of the garden / Lawn/Natural green carpet for a landscape
• Concept of lawn was given by England.
• Most suitable grass for most parts of India: Hariyali or Doob grass
• Highly suitable grass for large areas and playgrounds: Bermuda grass
• Highly suitable grass for smaller areas and home lawns: Korean grass
• Shade tolerant grass or more suitable for shady region: Kentucy blue grass and
St. Augustine.
• Most common cheapest but slowest method of lawn making: Dibbling of roots
• Most expensive and quickest method of lawn making: Turfing
• Turf plastering is not suitable for dry areas.
• Major cultural operation: Rolling, Mowing, Sweeping, Scrappin, and Raking.
• Rolling is to help anchorage of the grass.
• Mowing for preventing the excessive growth of grass.
• Sweeping is the removal of cut over grass.
• Scrapping is to avoid toughness.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 • Break the cruse and removal of matting grass for providing aeration: Raking.
• Bricking is to replace the unhealthy patches in lawn.
• Astroturf: synthetic lawn popularly used in developing countries in roof garden
and cricket stadium.
• Area of garden should be devoid to lawn: 60 – 75%
• Depth of medium for lawn making should be 12 to 15 cm.
• Grasses should not be allowed to grow more than 5 – 6 cm.
• Seed rate for lawn making: 10 – 12kg/acre or 25 – 30 kg/ha or 2.5g/m2
• Seeds take about 3 – 5 weeks for germination from sowing.
• Most widely used pre – emergence herbicide for lawn: Glyphosate
• Major problematic weed in lawn: Chek motha (Cyperus rotundus)
• Pale or yellow lawn is due to N2 deficiency.
• Fairy ring disease of lawn is caused by soil borne fungi like Marasmius ordeades,
Psalliota campestris and Leipiota morgani
Major grasses used in lawn
Common Name Scientific name Features
Hariyali or Doob or Cynodon dactylon Drought resistant
bermuda grass
Korean grass or Japan Zoysia japonic Prefers open sunny
grass situation
Manilla grass Zoysia matrella
Korean velvet grass Zoysia tenuifolia
Buffalo grass Stenotaphrum secundatum Suitable for shady region
Kikuyu grass Pennisetum clandestinum Suitable for acid soil and
Blue grass Poa annua higher elevations
St. Augustine/ Charleston Stenotaphrum secundatum Highly shade and heat
grass tolerant grass

Lawn

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 • A lawn is an area where grass is grown as a green carpet for a landscape
and is the basic feature of any garden. It serves to enhance the beauty of
the garden, be it larger or smaller.
Site and Soil
• If the soil is very heavy, coarse sand may be added by removing subsoil to a
depth of 20 cm.
• The ideal soil pH should be 5.0 to 5.6.
• If it is very acidic 500 g/m2 lime should be added and to clayey loam or
alkaline soil gypsum of the same quantity may be added.
• Provision of drainage for excess rain water should be made if the ground is
not sloppy.
Levelling
• The site should be thoroughly levelled with spade, pebbles and weeds are
handpicked.
• The soil is rolled with a roller.
• Weeds especially nut grass should not be allowed to grow and should be
removed with roots for at least 2 to 3 times.
Methods of lawn making
1. Seeding
• The most popular grass suitable for seeding is "Doob" grass (Cynodon
dactylon).
• It has the fast spreading mat forming habit, radially forms roots at the
nodes, the foliage is dark green, narrow with parallel vines.
• A lawn from seed is thought of only when grass roots are not available.
• About 30 kg of seed is required for planting one hectare.
• The soil should be reduced to fine tilth and given a light rolling.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 • The site should be divided into suitable small squares or rectangles, the
seeds are mixed with double the quantity of finely sieved soil and should
be rolled again and watered liberally with rose can.
• The seeds take four to five weeks for germination.
• Care should be taken not to flood the site.
• For the first few times, the grasses are cut with a scythe.
• Lawn mower may be used for easy maintenance and for its spreading.
2. Turfing
• The turfs are nothing but pieces of earth with compact grasses on them.
• These turfs should be cut uniformly in squares from a place where the
grass is short, compact and free from weeds.
• These turfs should be placed on the prepared ground site, side by side and
beaten down flat with a turf beater.
• The cavities in between should be filled with fine soil.
• The entire turfed area should be rolled and watered liberally.
• This is the most expensive way of lawn making.
3. Turf plastering
• The doob grass can be procured in large quantities free from weeds and
chopped properly into small bits of 5-7 cm long.
• Two baskets of chopped grass pieces should be mixed well with one basket
each of garden soil and fresh cow dung and a shovel full of wood ash with
required quantity of water to form a thick pasty substance.
3. Turf plastering
• The doob grass can be procured in large quantities free from weeds and
chopped properly into small bits of 5-7 cm long.

THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102

 • Two baskets of chopped grass pieces should be mixed well with one basket
each of garden soil and fresh cow dung and a shovel full of wood ash with
required quantity of water to form a thick pasty substance.
• This mixture is then spread uniformly on the surface of a previously wetted
perfectly leveled ground to a thickness of at least 2.5cm and watering
should be done with a rose can.
• The next day, ground should be rolled and the grass should be allowed to
spread.
• The grass will shoot up in a fortnight.
• To start with, cut with a scythe and after three months, use the lawn
mower.
4. Dibbling roots
• This is the cheapest but time-consuming method.
• Small pieces of grass roots should be dibbled 10 – 15 cm apart in a levelled
ground when it is wet after rain.
• The roots spread and grow underground in the course of six months
making a fairly compact lawn by frequent mowing, rolling and watering.
• Fertilizing the lawn thrice a year.
• Urea or Ammonium Sulphate: 1 kg / 50 sq. m (during February - March,
June - July and October – November.
• At times well decomposed compost at the rate of 10 kg / 10 sq. m area will
be sufficient as top dressing.
• In the absence of rain, watering is done regularly at weekly intervals.
• The ideal height of most grasses is 3 to 4 inches. Removing more than one-
third of the grass leaf in a single cutting is not recommended.
• Mow only on dry grass and not when the grass is wet.

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 • Once in a year rake the lawn before rain and top dress with rich mixture
of decomposed manure and soil. This will accelerate the grass with new
vigorous growth.
• The best time to water the lawn would be during the early hours of
morning. Watering during this time will allow the water to reach the roots
without evaporating.
5. Astro Turf
• It is a synthetic lawn popularly used in developed countries in roof gardens
as well as in play grounds. It dispenses the normal maintenance usually
required for normal lawns.
• Constant sprinkling of water is one of the prime requisites to bind the
synthetic fibre to provide a surface akin to a lawn carpet.
• A spacious lawn though beautiful will often be monotonous. So, to break
the monotony, some beautiful tree or shrub is recommended as single
specimen in the lawn.
Trees: Shrubs and creepers:
• Amherstia nobilis Agave americana
• Callistemon lanceolatus Furcraea gigantea
• Magmolia grandiflora Musa superba
• Cupresses macrocarpa Bougainvillea spectabilis
• Pinus longifolia Cestrum nocturnum
• Thuja orientalis Dombeya spectabilis
• Araucaria excelsa Hibiscus species

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 NURSERY MANAGEMENT
• Nursery is a place where seedlings, cuttings and grafts are raised with care
before transplanting.
• Advantage of raising seedlings in nursery.
• It is very convenient to look after the tender seedlings.
• It is easy to protect the seedlings from pests and diseases.
• Economy of land usage (duration in the main field is reduced).
• Valuable and very small seeds can be raised effectively without any wastage.
• Uniform crop stand in the main field can be maintained by selecting healthy,
uniform and vigorous seedlings in the nursery itself.
Preparation of nursery
o Selection of site:
▪ The nursery area should be nearer to the water source
▪ Generally, the location should be partially shaded i.e. under the trees.
If not, artificial shade is to be provided.
▪ It should be well protected from animals
▪ Proper drainage facilities should be provided.
o Selection of soil:
▪ A medium textured, loam (or) sand loam soil is preferred.
▪ Soil should be rich in organic matter.
▪ Soil depth should be preferably by 15-25 cm.
o Types of nursery bed:
a) Flat bed
b) Raised nursery bed
o Preparation of raised nursery bed:
▪ Selected soil should be worked well to break the clods.
▪ Weeds, stones and stubbles should be removed.

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 o Height of the raised bed should be 10-15 cm with a width of 1m and length
may be according to the requirement and conveniences.
o Two parts of fine red earth, one part of sand and one part of FYM can be
incorporated to each bed to improve aeration and fertility of the soil.
o Before preparing the bed, the soil should be drenched wit 4 % formaldehyde
or 0.3% copper oxy chloride to kill the pathogenic spores in the soil.
• Advantage of raised nursery bed:
o Water movement will be uniform and drainage of excess water is possible (In
the case of flatbed water moves from one end to the other and there is
possibility of washing away of seeds).
o Germination percentage of seeds is normally high.
o Operations like weeding and plant protection measures are easy.
• Media for propagating nursery plants:
o A good propagating medium should possess the following characters.
o It must be firm and dense to hold the cuttings or seeds in place during rooting
or germination.
o It must possess sufficient moisture retaining capacity
o It must be sufficiently porous to permit excess water to drain away and to
admit proper aeration
o It must be free from weed seeds, nematodes and pathogens.
o Soil mixture:
o This is the most commonly employed medium for pot plants.
o It usually consists of red earth, well decomposed cattle manure, leaf mold,
river sand and also charcoal in some cases.
o Soil mixture commonly used for propagation is
▪ Red earth - 2 parts
▪ FYM - 1 part
▪ Sand - 1 part

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2. Sand
• It is the most satisfactory medium for rooting of cuttings.
3. Peat
• It consists of the remains of aquatic marsh, bog or swamp vegetation which
has been preserved under water in a partially decomposed state.
• When such peat is derived from sphagnum, hypnum or other mosses, it is
• known as peat moss.
• It is used in mixture after breaking them and moistened.
4. Sphagnum moss
• Commercial sphagnum moss is the dehydrated young residue or living portion of
acid-bog plants in the genus Sphagnum such as S. papilliosum, S. capillacem and
S. palustre.
• It is generally collected from the tree trunks of the forest species in south Indian
hills above 1500m above M.S.L. during rainy period.
• It is relatively sterile, light in weith and has a very high water-holding capacity.
• It is the commonly used medium in air layering.
5. Vermiculite
• It is very light in weight and able to absorb large quantities of water.
• This can be used as a rooting medium for air layering and also in pots for raising
certain plants.
Container for propagation and growing young plants
1. Earthen pots
• They are made of burnt porous clay in various sizes to provide requisite
amount of soil and root space to different kinds and sizes of plants.
• They have straight sides and are made wider at the top than at the bottom to
hold the greatest bulk of compost where the feeding roots are and also to

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 facilitate easy removal of soil, intact with roots (ball of earth) at the time of
planting or repotting.
• In our county, tube pots of varying sizes are used as follows.
Tube pot sizes Height (cm) Diameter (cm)
Tube pot 20 13
¼ size pot 18 22
½ size pot 20 27
¾ size pot 25 32
Full size pot 35 35
Tub size pots 35 50

2. Seed pan and seed boxes

• Seeds pans are shallow earthen pots about 10 cm high and 35 cm in diameter at
the top.
• They have one large hole for drainage in the centre or 3 holes at equidistant from
each other.
• Seed boxes are made of wood, 40 cm wide and 60 cm long and 10 cm deep, with
6-8 properly spaced holes drilled in the bottom.
• Against each of the holes is placed a crock with its concave side down.
• Some large pieces of crock are put over it and also by the side of this crock, some
coarse sand 2 or 3 handfuls are sprinkled on the crock pieces forming a thin layer
to prevent fine soil from clogging the drainage.
• Over this, required soil mixture is added. Very delicate kinds of seeds like
Cineraria, Begonia, etc. are best sown in these containers.
3. Polythene bags
• Small polythene bags with holes punched in the bottom for drainage and filled
with a porous rooting medium are used for propagation of cuttings like Jasmines,
Duranta, Crotons etc. in the mist chamber.

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 • Sometimes, young seedlings which are raised in the nursery are subsequently
transplanted in these polythene bags and kept there till they attain required growth
for transplanting them to the main field (Papaya, Curry leaf etc.).
4. Plastic pots
• Plastic pots, round and square are used to keep mostly indoor plants. They are
reusable, light weight, non-porous and they require only little storage space
Tools and implements for nursery work
• Rose can/water can:
o This is used for watering the nursery. Fine spray of water should be used
for watering nursery of small sized seeds
• Digging fork:
o This has prongs of 20 cm long fitted to a wooden handle. This is used for
uprooting plants, rooted cuttings, harvesting of tubers etc., without
damaging the root system or tubers.
• Shovel:
o This is a curved steel plate attached to a wooden handle and used for
transferring soil, manure etc.
• Garden rake:
o This is used for leveling lands and collecting weeds. The rake consists of
a number of nail like projections from a crow bar provided with long
handle.
• Hand trowel:
o This is used as a small tool for making holes for planting seedlings and
small plants. This is also useful for removing surface weeds in nursery
beds
• Secateurs:
o This is used for cutting small shoots to regulate shoot growth in fruit trees.

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 Budding or Grafting knife:
o This knife is used for budding and grafting. This has two blades in which one
is with ivory edge used for lifting the bark in budding operation.
Pot mixture or potting compost
o An ideal pot mixture should have an open structure, which allows good
drainage and holds sufficient moisture for plant growth and permits excess
water to drain away.
o Should supply adequate nutrient to the plants during all stages of growth
o Should be free from all harmful organisms and toxic minerals and Should be
light in weight
Potting procedure
o Wet the seedbed before lifting plants. Life with a ball of earth with as much
of the root system intact, as possible. Do not pullout seedlings in the hot sun.
o Do not allow roots or the soil around the roots to dry.
o Fill up pots by putting some crocks first, then a layer of sand (5-8 cm) and
finally pot mixture (8-10 cm).
o Place the plant with the ball of earth in the centre upon the layer of pot
mixture (Place on one side of pots in the case of root stock plants used in
inarching)
o Put pot mixture around the ball of earth, press as you fill up and level off,
leaving one-inch head space at top. Do not press over the ball of earth. It
will break and damage the roots.
o Set the stem of plant at the same height as it was in the seed bed Immerse
pot with plant in a tub of water gently and keep inside water till air bubbles
cease to come out. Remove and place the pot under shade of trees.
Repotting
o Repotting is done for changing the soil medium for pot bound plants.
Pot bound condition
o When the potted plants are grown for more than one season or one year in
pot, the root very soon become a tangled mass and exhaust all the nutrient in

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 the limited soil, besides being circumscribed in the limited place. This stage
is known as pot bound condition.
Repotting procedure
o It is better to west the potted plant 24 hours earlier to facilitate repotting
(removal of plant from pot)
o The technique to remove the plant with a ball')f each intact is to keep the
right hand palm over the soil, allowing the stem of the plant in between the
first fingers and turn the pot upside down holding the pot at the bottom with
the left hand and gently knocking the rim of the pot on the edge of table or
any other hard surface or even on the bottom edge of another inverted pot.
o The ball of earth comes out of the pot. If for any reason, it fails to come out,
break the pot knocking the sides with a stone or fork and free the soil from
it.
o Examine the roots, cut neatly with a secateur, the decayed, dead and dried or
twisted roots. Reduce the size of the ball of earth around the roots.
o Place the plant in the new pot at the same height at which it was in the old
pot. Fill up pot with fresh pot mixture and immerse in water.
o The initial reaction after potting and repotting is wilting.
o The transpiration loss has to be checked to help plants revive. Hence keep
freshly potted plants under shade and "pot water daily".
o After about ten days under shade, the plants should be gradually exposed to
sun by keeping them for some hours under sun and then putting them under
shade.
o The period of exposure can be increased every week until finally the plants
can be kept in the open. This process is called "hardening".

BONSAI
THE AGRICULTURE GURUJI RAVI BAGHEL 9753962102
 Bonsai:
o Bonsai is an art of growing and training of a plant to a miniature form
having a natural look of old age.
o It was originated from china, but it was called as the Japanese art. It involves
techniques of extreme dwarfing.
o Optimum size of bonsai may be only 30 to 60 cm in height, but miniature
sizes of below 25 cm have also been preferred.
o Bonsai of minimum 10 years old are period, but of 100 and even 200 years
of age are available and are highly valued as ‘venerable’ specimens.
Origin: China
o Bonsai is the ancient Japanese craft of dwarfing trees.
o Optimum size: 30-60 cm
o Root pruning and repotting is a necessary practice in bonsai culture.
o Famous person for bonsai: V.P. Agnihotri.
o Suitable plants: Pipal (Ficus religiosa), Banyan (Ficus bengalensis), Murraya
exotica, Hamelia Patens, Ficus benjamina.
o Bonsai requires special types of containers.
o They should be usually shallow with 5 to 7.5 cm deep (except for cascade
type of bonsai for which deep pots can be used).
o Round, hexagonal or square shaped containers with 25 to 30 cm diameters
are preferred.
o Containers with specific colours like mosaic, sky blue, terra cotta, grey or
jungle green are well suited for bonsai culture.
o Plants adaptable for extreme dwarfing like juniper. pine, elm, maple, cypress
are suitable materials for bonsai culture.
o But in tropical places like India, the tree species like Manilkhara, Sapota,
Bassia,
o Tamarind and Ficus spp. and shrubs like West Indian cherry are well suited.
o Trunk and branches may be bent, forced and tied by coiling them with heavy
wire.

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 o This wire is removed after several months when training to shape has been
accomplished.
o The bonsai plants may be trained to different shapes like twisted trunk,
upright, Sshaped, semi-cascade, cascade, slanting or any other formal shape.
o Planting of both tips and roots is usually done at planting time and
periodically pinching the tip and removing the excess side shoots are
essential to maintain the general outline of design.
o Annually, the plants are either repotted or lifted from the pot, root pruned
and reset.
o The bonsai plant is fed sparingly of week fertilizer solution containing major
and minor nutrients. Sometimes extracts of oil cakes may be also added.
o Similarly, the plant is given only minimum requirements of moisture. It is
advisable to water twice a day to plants kept in shallow containers and once
a day to plants kept in deeper pots.
o Selection of hardened woody plants that have been subjected to adverse
conditions is a good starting point.
o Such kind of planting materials may be collected from rock crevices of from
the walls of any buildings.
o Old seedlings kept in containers form any nursery or cutting, grafted plants
or layers may be also utilized in bonsai culture.
Where it succeeds?
o Under open sunny conditions
o Under air conditions
o As indoor near windows only.
Rules for Bonsai making
o For trunk
▪ Height can be 6 times the caliper of the trunk.
▪ Should lean towards the viewer.
▪ It should anchor the plant.
▪ Roots should radiate.

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 ▪ No eye poking roots.
▪ Should taper as it ascends
▪ Should not move back
o For Branches
▪ Should not cross the trunk
▪ No eye poking branches
▪ First branch should be at one third height of the tree
▪ No belly branches
▪ Should be opposite
▪ Should diminish in size as it ascends
▪ Secondary branches are to be alternate
Principles of Bonsai
o Look for
▪ Small leaves or needles
▪ Shorter internodes
▪ Attractive bark or roots
▪ Branching characteristics
▪ To enhance the age, expose the one third of the roots
▪ Before potting, the twisted and tangled roots are to be straightened.
▪ Upper branches should not overshadow the lower branches
Cascade Form of Bonsai

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 Plants suitable for Bonsai making
1. Ficus benjamina 19. Bougainvillea 37. Lavender Brown
2. Ficus Carmona 20. Bottle Brush - Red / 38. Lavender Green
microphylla White / Lavender
3. Ficus nerifolia 21. Black Olive 39. Badam
4. Ficus retusa 22. Brazilian Raintree 40. Mango
5. Ficus virens 23. Cashew 41. Murraya exotica
6. Ficus pelkan 24. Casuarinas 42. Murraya paniculata
7. Ficus parasitica 25. Chinese Banyan 43. Neem
8. Ficus Krishna 26. Chinese Mini Orange 44. Pine
9. Ficus elastica 27. Duranta Gold 45. Pomegranate Mini
10. Ficus trangularis 28. Duranta Variegated 46. Powder Puff - White /
variegated Pink / Red
11. Ficus mysorensis 29. Golden Cypress (Calliandra)
12. Ficus nooda 30. Hamelia patens 47. Poinsettia Mini
Variegated
13. Ficus tomentosa 31. Hibiscus rosea sinensis 48. Kumquat
14. Ficus saliscifolia 32. Inga Dulse Variegated 49. Sapota
15. Ficus jaquinifolia 33. Jackaranda 50. Scheffleura Variegated
16. Ficus long Island 34. Jasmine Kamini 51. Silver Oak
17. Ficus marginata 35. Juniper chinensis 52. Surinam Cherry
18. Ficus lipstick 36. Karonda 53. Tamarind
54. Wood apple

Styles of bonsai
▪ Formal Upright
• It is one of the most natural styles where
the trunk is perfectly straight.
• The branches should alternate left to right
to suggest age.
• The bottom third branches are removed
and the remainder is drawn downward.

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 Informal Upright
o This style is characterized by a
lightly curving trunk displaying the
harsh elements of nature.
o This can be achieved with ease using
wire and/or cords.
o It is as appropriate for conifers as
with deciduous trees.

Broom
o It has a straight trunk that begins to divide
and subdivide into many branches.
o The characteristics are its thick and finely
branched crown.
o Some trees for this style are Beech, Elm,
False cypress and Maple.

Slanting
o It is so called because the general
slope of the trunk is highly pronunced.
o The branches should lie horizontal
or droop slightly downward.
o The surface roots have an unstable
appearance but have a well anchored
impression.

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 Windblown
o It is rare in nature. This kind of
tree is found on cliffs or mountains.
o The trunk, branches and twigs are
trained in a single direction to give the
effect of a strong wind and storm.

The Clasped-to-Stone
• It is a much loved but difficult to
create style.
• The size and shape of the rock
should complement the plant that
is set on a gravel or water dish.
• A whole chapter could be spend
on this style.

Agrotechniques for Bonsai

1. Propagation
2. Season
3. Potting and repotting
4. After care
5. Container
6. Planting media
Propagation
o Through seeds, cuttings, layering or grafting
o Seeds:
▪ Pines and Junifers

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 o Cuttings:
▪ Ficus, Pomegranate, Mulberry and Bougainvilleas
o Layers:
▪ Jasmine, Ixora, Bougainvilleas and Pome granate
o Grafts:
▪ Mango, Sapota, Citrus
Season
1 July - August
2. Febraury - March
Best time is before opening of the buds
Potting and repotting
o 1/3 of the roots can be trimmed
o Long tap roots are to trimmed
o Excessive branches are to thinned out
o Balanced nutrition and adequate watering is must
o Potting is not advisable during winter or hot months
o Repotting is done after 2-3 years
After care
o Pinching - Once or twice
o Pruning - For its shape
o Training - Desirable shape
It is achieved through copper wire or polythene tape. It is to be removed once the
shape is attained.
Containers
o Mostly terracotta or ceramic
o Small in size
o Square/round/rectangle/oval in shape
o Preferred is oval / rectangle
o In round / square the plant is to be in the centre.

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 o In others placed in the sides of the containers.
Planting Media
o Media consists of
o Loam soil 2 parts
o Leaf mould 1 parts
o Coarse sand little
Media can be covered with moss and one or two pebbles can be placed to give a
natural look.

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