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अनुसन्धानको परिचय र विधि र तथ्याङ्कशास्त्र प्रस्ताव तथा कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धान

This document provides an overview of the course "Linguistic Research Methods" which is taught at the graduate level in Nepal for students specializing in Nepali language education. The course aims to provide both theoretical and practical knowledge about linguistic research methods and processes. It is divided into 7 units which cover topics like the introduction to linguistic research, data collection methods, use of statistics, research proposals, reports and applied linguistic research. The teaching methods include lectures, discussions, question-answer sessions and practical activities.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
460 views44 pages

अनुसन्धानको परिचय र विधि र तथ्याङ्कशास्त्र प्रस्ताव तथा कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धान

This document provides an overview of the course "Linguistic Research Methods" which is taught at the graduate level in Nepal for students specializing in Nepali language education. The course aims to provide both theoretical and practical knowledge about linguistic research methods and processes. It is divided into 7 units which cover topics like the introduction to linguistic research, data collection methods, use of statistics, research proposals, reports and applied linguistic research. The teaching methods include lectures, discussions, question-answer sessions and practical activities.

Uploaded by

Shyam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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np

kf7\of+z zLif{s M cg';Gwfg ljlw k"0ff{ª\s M *)±@)Ö!))


kf7\of+z ;ª\Vof M g]kf=lz= $$% pQL0ff{ª\s M @%±!)Ö#%
kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts÷k|fof]lus k|ltxKtf kf73G6L M ^
tx M la= P8= hDdf kf73G6L M !%)
jif{ M rf}yf]
!= kf7\of+z kl/ro
of] kf7\of+z lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo rf/ a;{] :gfts txdf g]kfnL lzIff ljifodf ljlzi6Ls/0f ug{ rfxg]
ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o; kf7\of+zdf eflifs cg';Gwfg;Da4 ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s
kIfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf ljljw kIf;Fu kl/lrt t'Nofpg],
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf ljlwx¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ cg';Gwfgdf ltgsf] k|of]uIfdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd
agfpg],
 cg';Gwfgsf qmddf tYo ;ª\sngsf nflu gd'gf 5gf]6, pks/0f lgdf{0f / ltgsf] dfgsLs/0f ug]{
l;k clej[l4 ug{],
 cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;fª\lVosLsf] k|of]usf] 1fg / Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fpg],
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu cg';Gwfgk|:tfj tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg sfo{df ;Ifd t'Nofpg],
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf k|o'Qm efiffsf ;fy} k|fljlws kIfsf] 1fg / k|of]udf ;Ifd agfpg],
 sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro, cfjZostf;lxt To;sf rqmx¿sf] k|of]u / z}Ifl0fs pkof]lutf
lgwf{/0fdf ;lqmo t'Nofpg] /
 z}Ifl0fs k|of]hgsf nflu sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] k|:tfj lgdf{0f u/L k|ltj]bg n]vgsfo{df ;Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{ .
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO Ps M cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro / ljlwx¿ -@@_
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf k|of]hgsf] rog ug{, !=! eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/x¿ atfpg, !=!=! eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]hg
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] If]q 5'6\ofpg . !=!=@ eflifs cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/x¿
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf lgwf{l/t ljlwx¿sf] !=!=# eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] If]q
kl/ro lbg . !=@ eflifs cg';Gwfgsf ljlwx¿
!=@=! j0f{gfTds ljlw
!=@=@ ;j]{If0f ljlw
!=@=# k|of]ufTds ljlw
!=@=$ t'ngfTds ljlw
!=@=% lqmofTds cg';Gwfg ljlw
 cg';Gwfgdf tYofª\ssf] dxTTj atfpg, PsfO b'O{ M tYofª\s ;ª\sng / pks/0f lgdf{0f -@#_
 tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug{, @=! cg';Gwfgdf tYo ÷ tYofª\s
 tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf k4ltx¿sf] rrf{ ug{, @=@ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf ;|f]tx¿
 hg;ª\Vof / gd'gf 5gf]6sf] kl/ro lbg, @=@=! k|fylds ;|f]t
 gd'gf 5gf]6sf] k|sf/x? pNn]v ug{, @=!=@ låtLos ;|f]t
 tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf ljljw pks/0f lgdf{0f @=# tYofª\s ;ª\sng k4lt
ug{, @=@=! k':tsfnoLo sfo{
 ;ª\slnt pks/0fsf] dfgsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof @=@=@ If]qLo sfo{
atfpg . @=$ hg;ª\Vof tyf gd'gf 5gf]6
@=$=! hg;ª\Vof
@=$=@ gd'gf 5gf]6
@=$=# gd'gf 5gf]6sf k|sf/
 ;DefjgfTds gd'gf 5gf]6 / o;sf k|sf/x¿
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 c;DefjgfTds gd'gf 5gf]6 / o;sf k|sf/x¿


@=% tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf pks/0f÷;fwg
@=%=! k|ZgfjnL
@=%=@ cGtjf{tf{
@=%=# ?h';"rL
@=%=$ cjnf]sg
@=^ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf pks/0fsf] dfgsLs/0f
 eflifs cg';Gwfgdf ;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro PsfO ltg M eflifs cg';Gwfgdf ;fª\lVosLsf] k|of]u -!#_
lbg, #=! ;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro
 tYo÷tYofª\ssf] k|:t'tLs/0fdf #=@ tYo÷tYofª\ssf] k|:t'tLs/0f
tflnsLs/0fsf] kl/ro lbO{ To;sf] pko'Qm #=@=! tflnsLs/0f
k|of]u ug{ #=@=@ tYofª\ssf] /]vflrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0f
 ljleGg 9fFrfsf tflnsf lgdf{0f ug{ / k|of]u  cf/]v / cfn]v
ug{, #=# rn / o;sf k|sf/
 tYofª\ssf] /]vflrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0fdf #=$ k|ltzt u0fgf
cf/]v, cfn]vsf] k|of]u ug{, #=% cf};t lgwf{/0f
 rnsf] kl/ro lbO{ To;sf k|sf/ atfpg, #=^ dWodfg
 tYo÷tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu k|ltzt, #=& k|dfk ljrng
cf};t / dWodfgsf] pkof]u u/L tYofª\s
ljZn]if0f ug{ .
 cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO rf/ M cg';Gwfg k|:tfj / o;sf k|d'v cª\ux¿ -@%_
 cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf] cfjZostf atfpg , $=! cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf] kl/ro
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] If]q / zLif{s rog ug{, $=@ cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf] cfjZostf
 cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf 9fFrf tyf To;sf $=# eflifs cg';Gwfgdf zLif{s rog
cª\ux¿sf] kl/ro lbg, $=$ cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf cª\ux¿
 gd'gf cg';Gwfg k|:tfj tof/ kfg{, k[i7e"ld÷kl/ro, ;d:of, p2]Zo k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff,
 s'g} ;d:ofdf cg';Gwfg k|:tfj tof/ u/L cWoogsf] cf}lrTo, cg';Gwfg ljlw, cWoogsf] ;Ldf,
k|:t't ug{ . cWoogsf] ¿k/]vf, ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL
$=% cg';Gwfg k|:tfj n]vg / k|:t'lt
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf cª\ux¿sf] kl/ro lbO{ PsfO kfFr M cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] :j¿k -@@_
:j¿k atfpg, %=! cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] kl/ro
 cg';Gwfg k|ltg]bgsf cflb, dWo / %=@ cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf cª\ux¿
cGToefusf cfwf/df cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg %=@=! k"j{efu
tof/ kfg{ .  d'vk[i7
 k|lta4tf
 lgb]{zssf] l;kmfl/;
 :jLs[ltkq ÷ cg'df]bgkq
 s[t1tf1fkg
 ljifo;"rL
 tflnsf, lrq, gS;f;"rL
 lrXg;"rL
 ;ª\lIfKt ¿ksf] ;"rL
 kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws kbfjnL
%=@=@ d"nefu
 cWofo of]hgf
 zLif{s, pkzLif{s of]hgf
 cg'R5]bljGof;
 p4/0f
 ;Gbef{ª\sg
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 kfbl6Kk0fL
 ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL
%=@=# pQ/ efu
 kl/lzi6
 JolQmj[Q
 cg';Gwfgdf k|o'Qm efiff k|of]u;DaGwL 1fg / PsfO 5 M cg';Gwfgsf] efiff / k|fljlws kIf -!@_
bIftf k|fKt ug{, ^=! cg';Gwfgdf k|o'Qm efiff
 6ª\sgsf lgodx¿sf] kfngf ub}{ k|ltj]bg ^=!=! jfSoljGof;
tof/ kfg{, ^=!=@ cfb/fyL{ k|of]u
 lgwf{l/t k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df cfj/0f k[i7 / ^=!=# j0f{ljGof;
uftfaGbL lgdf{0f ug{ . ^=!=$ ;Dkfbg, kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg
^=@ k|ltj]bg 6ª\sgsf] k|fljlws kIf
^=@=! zAbljefhg
^=@=@ cGt/fng
^=@=# k[i7fª\sg
^=@=$ 6ª\lst k|ltj]bg ;+zf]wg
^=@=^ uftfaGbL
 sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO ;ft M sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -##_
 sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf / k|of]hg &=! sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro
lgwf{/0f ug{, &=@ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf
 sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf rqmx¿sf] kl/ro &=# sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf rqmx¿
lbg, · of]hgf
 z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf sfo{d"ns · sfof{Gjog
cg';Gwfgsf] pkof]lutf cf}+Nofpg, · cjnf]sg
 sIff sfo{snfkdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] &=% z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
:j¿k 7Dofpg . &=^ sIff sfo{snfkdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -k|of]ufTds
sfo{sf] ?kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ zf]wk|:tfj tyf zf]wk|ltj]bg
tof/ kfg{ nufO{ d"Nofª\sg ug]{_

$= lzIf0f k|ljlw
k|To]s PsfOdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fwf/0f / ljlzi6 ljlwsf] pkof]udf NofOg]5 .
$=! ;fwf/0f lzIf0f k|ljlw
PsfOsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ kf7\ok':ts, ;Gbe{ k':ts, kf7kq, tflnsf / cf/]vx¿sf] pkof]u u/L
JofVofg, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw / k|:t'tLs/0fsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 .
$=@ ljlzi6 lzIf0fk|ljlw

PsfO sfo{snfk
!  ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIffsfo{snfksf ¿kdf eflifs cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/x¿ l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k|:t't
ug{ nufpg],
 ;d"x sfo{sf ¿kdf eflifs cg';Gwfgsf If]qx¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] /
cGTodf lzIfsn] yk ;'emfa;lxt k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
 ;;fgf ;d"x agfO{ u[xsfo{sf ¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eflifs cg';Gwfgsf ljlwx¿af6 k|Zglgdf{0f
ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{] .
@  tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf] ;|f]t / gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmofaf/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sIffsfo{df 5nkmn u/fpg],
 ;;fgf ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf pks/0fx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ nufO{
sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] / lzIfsn] cfjZos ;'emfa k|bfg ug{] .
#  s'g} tYofª\s lbO{ pSt tYofª\snfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnsf, cf/]v, cfn]v, j[Qlrq cflbdf
kl/jt{g u/fO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
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$  JolQm jf ;d"xdf zf]wIf]qsf 5f]6f]5f]6f zLif{sx¿ lbO{ lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf gd'gf zf]wk|:tfj tof/
u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg] / cfjZos l6Kk0fL / ;'emfa lbg] .
%  ;;fgf ;d"xdf ljBfyL{nfO{ zf]wk|ltj]bg n]vgsf :j¿ksf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn / cEof;
u/fO{ cGTodf k[i7kf]if0f lbg] .
^  sIff sfo{snfkkl5 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;;fgf ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{] / tt\kZrft\ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{
o; PsfOsf] !÷! j6f pkzLif{s ;Da4 ;fdu|L l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
 sIff sfo{snfksf ¿kdf o; PsfO leqsf ljleGg pkzLif{sx¿df cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ n]vL
sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg],
 ;;fgf ;d"x agfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf k|d'v cª\ucg';f/ gd'gf k|:tfj tof/ u/L sIffdf
k|:t't ug{ nufpg],
 Pp6f ;d"xn] k|:t't u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ csf{] ;d"xåf/f kfn}kfnf] l6Kk0fL ug{ nufpg] / cGTodf
lzIfsn] ljBfyL{x¿sf ;Dk"0f{ lh1f;f / l6Kk0fLnfO{ ;'emfj;lxt k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{],
 sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf nflu ljBfyL{ ;d"xnfO{ km/skm/s k|s[ltsf zLif{s lbO{ kl/of]hgf
sfo{sf ¿kdf k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] .
%= d"Nofª\sg
o; kf7\of+zsf] clGtd d"Nofª\sg lq=lj= k/LIff k|0ffnLcg';f/ jflif{s k/LIffåf/f ul/g]5 . cWofkgsf]
cjlwleq sIff sfo{snfksf ¿kdf kf7\oj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ ;d"xsfo{, df}lvs tyf lnlvt k|:t'ltåf/f
ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
jflif{s k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf] k|s[lt, k|Zg9fFrf / To;sf] cª\sef/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5–

qm=;+= k/LIffsf] lsl;d k|Zgsf] lsl;d cª\s


! ;}4flGts j:t'ut k|Zg -!^×!_ !^
ljifout k|Zg
;+lIfKt k|Zg -*×%_ $)
nfdf] k|Zg -@×!@_ @$
@ k|of]ufTds cfGtl/s !) !)
afXo !) !)
hDdf !))
k|of]ufTds sfo{sf cfwf/x¿
z}lIfs ;qsf cGtdf ljBfyL{x¿n] afXok/LIf0fsf lglDt k|of]ufTds sfo{ lgDgfg';f/sf] 9fFrfdf
tof/ u/L ljefu÷SofDk;df a'emfpg' kg{]5 M
cWoogkqsf] 9fFrf
cWofo Ps M kl/ro
 cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
 ;d:ofsyg
 p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
 cf}lrTo÷dxTTj
 ;Ldfª\sg
 cWoog ljlw / k|lqmof
 ¿k/]vf
cWofo b'O{ M ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff / tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f
cWofo ltg M lgisif{ tyf ;'emfax¿
pko{'Qm 9fFrfleq /xL tf]lsPsf] zLif{sdf k|To]s k/LIffyL{n] Go"gtd @% b]lv #) k[i7sf] cWoogkq tof/
ug{]5g\ . ljBfyL{åf/f tof/ ul/Psf] cWoogkqsf] z}lIfs ;qsf cGtdf ;DalGwt ljefusf b'O{hgf jl/i7
k|fWofksx¿af6 d"Nofª\sg u/fO{ To;sf] k|fKtfª\s / cWoogkq uf]Ko l;naGbL u/L lq=lj= k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{no, aNv'df lgwf{l/t ;dodf k7fpg'kg{]5 .

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PsfO Ps M cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro / ljlwx¿ -@@_


!=! eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro
…cg';GwfgÚ zAb …cg'±;Gwfg -cg'±;d\ ±wf±cg_Ú zAbsf] of]uaf6 Jo'TkGg ePsf] xf] . cg'sf]
cy{ kl5kl5 nfUg' jf glhs hfg' eGg] x'G5 . ;Gwfgsf] cy{ vf]hL ug'{, cjnf]sg ug'{ jf kQf nufpg'
eGg] x'G5 . cg';GwfgnfO{ csf]{ zAbdf cGj]if0f, uj]if0f, cfljisf/, zf]wsfo{ / c+u]|hLdf Research klg
elgG5 . cg';Gwfgsf] ;fdfGo cy{ Jojl:yt Pjd\ ts{;+ut k4ltåf/f gof“ tYo kQf nufpg' / k'/fg}
tYosf] klg k/LIf0f jf k'gJof{Vof ug'{ eGg] x'G5 .
cg';Gwfgsf] If]q Hofb} uxg / Jofks 5 . oxL Jofks cg';Gwfgsf] Pp6f zfvf jf If]q eflifs
cg';Gwfg xf] . eflifs cg';Gwfg eGgfn] efiff / efifflzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] vf]h, zf]w, cGj]if0f,
cfljisf/ jf gofF tYo kQf nufpg' eGg] x'G5 . eflifs cg';Gwfgdf ljz]if u/L efiff / dfgjsf] ;DaGw,
efiffsf] pTklQ / ljsf;, eflifs e]b, eflifs ;+/rgf, efiff kl/jf/, eflifs ;d'bfo, efiff / ;+:s[lt,
eflifs kl/jt{g, sf]8kl/jt{g, sf]8ld>0f nufotsf ljifodf cg';Gwfg x'G5 . To;}u/L efifflzIf0f cGtu{t
eflifs ;Lk, ljwf lzIf0f, efiff kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?, dft[efiff / bf];|f] efiff, eflifs
;Lksf] d"Nofª\sg, ljwf lzIf0f cflb ljifosf] cg';Gwfg x'G5 . ;du|df efifflj1fg, k|fof]lus efifflj1fg /
efifflzIf0fsf ljifodf ul/g] zf]w, vf]hnfO{ eflifs cg';Gwfg elgG5 .
cg';Gwfgsf nflu ax'k|rlnt csf]{ zAb …zf]wÚ xf] . zf]w -z'w\±3`\_ sf] cy{ vfg', z'4 ug'{ jf
lgd{n agfpg' eGg] x'G5 . t;y{ s'g} tYosf] kl/dfh{g jf kl/isf/ ug'{ g} zf]w xf] . zf]w ug]{ JolStnfO{
zf]wstf{ elgG5 . ;d:of jf ljifosf kl5 nfu]/ s'g} gof“ s'/f kQf nufpg' jf vf]hL ug'{ g} zf]w jf
cg';Gwfg xf] . uj]if0fsf] clewfy{ 3gf h+undf x/fPsf] ufO{ vf]Hg' jf e]6\6fpg' eGg] x'G5 . eflifs
cg';Gwfgsf ;Gbe{df c1ft jf cFWof/f]df x/fPsf] eflifs tYosf] vf]hL ug'{ eGg] x'G5 . cg';Gwfg ug]{
JolStnfO{ cg';Gwftf, cGj]ifs, uj]ifs jf zf]wstf{ elgG5 .
c+u]|hLdf Research zAbsf] klg Re sf] cy{ k'gM, k6sk6s jf af/Daf/ eGg] x'G5 . search sf]
cy{ vf]hL ug'{ jf kQfnufpg' eGg] x'G5 . t;y{ s'g} ljifosf] /fd|f] ljZn]if0f ug'{ / gofF s'/f kQf nufpg'
g} Research xf] . lgisif{df vf]h, lg/LIf0f, ;j]{If0f, k/LIf0f, cWoog / ljZn]if0f k|lqmofaf6 ;To / tYosf]
vf]hL ug'{ zf]w, cg'Gwfg jf cGj]if0f xf] . zf]wsfo{nfO{ g]kfnLdf zf]wkq, zf]wk|aGw, zf]wu|Gy / c+u|]hLdf
Thesis, Dissertation eGg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnLdf :gfts jf :gftsf]Q/ txsf] pkflw k|of]hgsf
nflu tof/ ul/Psf] cg';GwfgnfO{ zf]wkq / ljBfjfl/lw txsf] pkflw k|of]hgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf]
cg';GwfgnfO{ zf]wk|aGw eGg] rng 5 .
cg';Gwfg ;DaGwL ljleGg ljb\jfgn] cfcfk\mg} kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ –
!= cg';Gwfg gofF 1fg k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] Jojl:yt k|of; xf] -Research is systematized effort to
gain new knowledge_ M /f]8Dofg .
@= cg';Gwfg s'g} vf]h jf 1fgsf] ljsf; ug{tkm{ clek|]l/t qmdj4 k|of; xf] -hf]g j]:6_ .
#= gjLg tYo kQf nufpg yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu ul/g] ;f]wvf]h g} cg';Gwfg xf] -xg{aL_.
$= cg';Gwfg eg]sf] Jojl:yt Pjd\ ts{;Ddt k|lqmofsf] cjnDag u/L gofF tYo kQf nufpg' / k'/fg}
tYosf] k/LIf0f jf k'gJof{Vof ug'{ xf] -r"8fdl0f aGw'_ .
%= cg';Gwfgn] cg';/0f ug]{ vf; nIo x'G5 / To;sf] k|flKtsf lglDt ul/g] ;+of]hg g} cg';Gwfg xf]
-jf;'b]j lqkf7L_ .
lgisif{df cg';GwfgM gofF 1fgsf] k|flKt / k'/fgf] 1fgsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu tfls{s k4ltsf]
pkof]u u/L of]hgfj4, Jojl:yt, j:t'lgi7 / tYok/s ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t cflwsfl/s / k|fdfl0fs
k|ltj]bg, oyfy{sf] vf]hL, jf:tljstfsf] klxrfg, ;Tosf] /x:of]b\3f6g, j:t'k/s / j}1flgs vf]h
jf cWoogsf] lgisif{ g} cg';Gwfg xf] . eflifs ljifodf ul/g] oxL j:t'k/s / j}1flgs vf]h jf
cWoogsf] lgisif{ g} eflifs cg';Gwfg xf] . eflifs cg';Gwfgdf efiff / efifflzIf0f;Fu ;Da4
ljifonfO{ ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 .
!=!=! eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]hg
;a} k|sf/sf cg';Gwfgsf] d"n k|of]hg ljz]if u/L txkf/, pkflw, j[lQljsf; / kl/of]hgf ;DkGg
ug'{/x]sf] x'G5 . oL k|of]hgnfO{ lgDg ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{;lsG5–
s= z}lIfs k|of]hg jf ;f]kflws cg';Gwfg
c= txkf/ k|of]hgM :gfts, :gftsf]Q/ tx
5
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cf= pkflw k|of]hgM Pdlkmn, ljBfjfl/lw, dxfljBfjfl/lw

v= kl/of]hgfd"ns jf lg?kflws
 n3'cg';Gwfg
 a[xt\ cg';Gwfg
 vf]hd"ns jf s[lt;dLIffd"ns cg';Gwfg
 1fg clej[l4d"ns cg';Gwfg
 gofF tYosf] vf]hd"ns cg';Gwfg
 efiffk/s cg';Gwfg -Wjlg, j0f{, ?k, zAb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo / jfSo_
 eflifs ;Lkdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg -;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO / n]vfO;Fu ;DalGWt_
 efifflzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg -dft[efiff, bf];|f]efiff / ljb]zL efiff_
 lzIf0f ljlwdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg
 eflifs d"Nofª\sgdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg
 q'l6ljZn]if0f / Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg
eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo
 efiff / efifflzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:osf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg'
 g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;df:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg'
 ;f]kflws / lg?kflws cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg'
 k|fof]lus efiffsf If]qx?sf] vf]hL / lj:tf/ ug'{
 eflifs cg';Gwfgsf If]q -efiff, eflifsf, efiff;Dkfbg, efiffkf7\oqmd, efiffkf7\ok':ts, eflifs
l;4fGt, efiffsf] pTklQ / ljsf;, eflifs ;Lk, eflifs Ifdtf, eflifs d"Nofª\sg, eflifs
kl/jt{g,] ;fdflhs tyf dgf]efifflj1fg, efifflzIf0fsf ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus kIf_ ;Fu ;DalGwt
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg'
 ;DalGwt txsf ljBfyL{x?df zAbe08f/ Ifdtfsf] klxrfg ug{'
 5gf]6 / :t/0fdf cfwfl/t j}1flgs kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f ug'{,
 efiff lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf sf/0f / lg/fs/0fsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug'{
 cGo ljljw ;d:ofsf sf/0f / lg/fs/0fsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug{' .

!=!=@ eflifs cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/x¿


Eflifs cg';Gwfg olt g} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ eGg ;lsGg . cg';GwfgnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{
;lsG5, h:t}M
s= ljifosf cfwf/df M eflifs, z}lIfs, ;flxlTos, ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, j}1flgs,
v= cWoogsf] k|s[lt jf ;dosf cfwf/df M P]ltxfl;s / j0f{gfTds,
u= cg';Gwfgstf{ jf cg';GWfftfsf cfwf/df M JolStut -Individual_, ;fd'lxs jf bnLo -Team: Psn
ljifos, cGtlj{ifos / ax'ljifos_,
3= tYofª\ssf cfwf/df M kl/df0fTds -Quantitative_ / u'0ffTds -Qualitative_,
ª= cWoog k4lt jf ts{k4ltsf cfwf/df M lgudgfTds -Deductive_ / cfudgfTds -Inductive_,
r= cg';Gwfg ljlw, :yn jf :yfgsf cfwf/df M k':tsfnoLo, k|of]uzfnLo, If]qLo, k|of]ufTds, lqmofTds
jf sfo{d"ns / JolStj[Q,
5= tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf ;|f]tsf cfwf/df M k|fylds ;|f]t / låtLos ;|f]t,
h= tYofª\s ;ª\sng k4ltsf cfwf/df M k':tsfnoLo / If]qLo,
em= nIosf cfwf/df M ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds,
`= k|of]hgsf cfwf/df M txkf/, pkflwd"ns / kl/of]hgfd"ns .

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!=!=# eflifs cg';Gwfgsf] If]q÷ljifo


eflifs cg';GWfgsf If]qx? ljifo / ;+sfocg';f/ km/skm/s x'G5g\ . g]kfnL efifflzIff ljifo;Fu
;Dalgwt cg';Gwfgsf If]qx? lgDg 5g\M
efiffkf7\oqmd, efiffkf7\ok':ts, q'l6sf] cWoog, Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f, ;ª\syg cWoog, z}nLj}1flgs
cWoog, n}ª\lus cWoog, cg'jfb cWoog, g]kfnL efiff, zf]wk|ltj]bg, eflifsf / :yfgLo e]bx?, g]kfndf
af]lng] efiffx?, ljleGg dft[efifL jStfdf kfOg] q'l6x?, zAbe08f/, zAbsf]z, k7gLotf, k7gaf]w,
kf7\oqmd cg'?ktf, gd'gf cEof;, zAbe08f/sf] cWoog, afn;flxTo, Jofs/0f tyf ;flxTo lzIf0fsf]
cWoog, eflifs Ifdtf, eflifs pknlAw tyf d"Nofª\sg, ;xof]uL ;fdu|L, lzIf0f ljlw / lqmofsnfk,
dft[efiffsf kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] cWoog, cGt/lqmof, ;xof]uL lzIf0f ;fdu|L . log} ljljw
ljifo / If]q;Fu ;DalGwt zLif{ssf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu zf]w sfo{ ug{;lsG5, h:t}M
efiffkf7\ok':ts;Fu ;DalGwt zLif{sdf cfwfl/t ;d:ofsf] gd'gfM
sIff kfFrsf] g]kfnL kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog
s= sIff kfFrsf] g]kfnL kf7\ok':tssf cfGtl/s ljz]iftfx? s]s:tf 5g\ <
v= sIff kfFrsf] g]kfnL kf7\ok':tssf afx\o ljz]iftfx? s]s:tf 5g\ <
k7gaf]w;Fu ;DalGwt zLif{sdf cfwfl/t ;d:ofsf] gd'gfM
ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff kfFrdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtf
s= sIff kfFrdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtf s]s:tf] 5 <
v= sIff kfFrdf cWoog/t 5fq / 5fqfx?sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfdf s]slt km/s 5 <
!=@ eflifs cg';Gwfgsf ljlwx¿
eflifs cg';Gwfgdf ljljw ljlwx?sf] pkof]u ug{;lsG5 . s]xL ;fdfGo ljlwx?M
!=@=! j0f{gfTds ljlw
kl/ro M ;fdfGo ljlwdWo]sf] Ps ljlw, ;d;fdlos ;d:of jf d'2fdf s]lGb|t eP/ ;f]wvf]h ul/g]
ljlw, ;dsfnLg ;d:ofsf] cg';Gwfg, rngrNtLdf /x]sf ;d:ofsf] vf]hL, jt{dfg ;dosf
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg, PssfnLs ;dodf s]lGb|t, n]vg z}nL j0f{gfTds k|s[ltsf], k|ltlglw gd'gf
5gf]6, cGtjf{tf, k|ZgfjnL lg/LIf0f cflbsf cfwf/df tYofª\s ;ª\sng, gofF l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg,
jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t, ;dli6ut cWoog, k|fylds ;|f]tsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;ª\sng, JofVofgfTds
ljlw, gd'gf 5gf]6, rnx?sf] ;xh} k|flKt, ;fd'lxs cWoog, k|of]u ug{ gkg]{, gofF tYosf] vf]hL,
ljZn]if0f, juL{s/0f / JofVof .
cWoogsf r/0fx?M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, rnx?sf] lgwf{/0f / gd'gf 5gf]6, tYofª\s
;ª\sng / ljZn]if0f, k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f .
ljz]iftfx?M ;fdfGo / k'/fgf] ljlw, j0f{gfTdstf, k|ltlglw gd'gf 5gf]6, ;d;fdlos ;d:ofdf
cfwfl/t, rnx?sf] ;xh pknlAw / k|of]u, ;d:ofsf] ;fd'lxs cWoog, ;f+lVosLsf] pkof]u,
k':tsfnloo cWoog, k|fylds ;|f]tsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;ª\sng, JofVofgfTds k|:t'lt, k|of]u ug{
gkg]{, gofF tYosf] vf]hL, ljZn]if0f, juL{s/0f / JofVof .

!=@=@ ;j]{If0f ljlw


;fdfGo cy{df x]/fO jf ;f]rfO g} ;j]{If0f xf] . cg';Gwfgdf :ynut ?kdf ;fdu|L ;+sng ug]{
ljlw g} ;j]{If0f xf] . gd'gf hg;+Vofsf ?kdf 5gf]6 ul/Psf rnx?sf] sfo{:yndf g} k'u]/ tYofª\s ;+sng
/ cWoog ug]{ ljlwnfO{ ;j]{If0f ljlw elgG5 . of] ljlwdf tYok"0f{ hfgsf/Lsf nflu rnx?sf] lg/LIf0f /
k/LIf0f ul/G5 . cg';Gwfg k"j{ g} ;j]{If0f x'G5 . s'g} sfo{ ug'{k"j{ To;sf] ;DefJotf a'em\g] jf ;d:ofsf]
klxrfg ug{] sfd ;j]{If0f xf] . oxL sfo{:yndf k'u]/ tYofª\s ;ª\sng / cWoog ul/g] ljlwnfO{ ;j]{If0f
ljlw elgG5 . o;df JolStut jf ;d'xut pQ/bftfsf] vf]hL x'G5 . o;df :jfefljs kl/j]zsf] j0f{g /
7"nf] hg;ª\Vofdf cWoog ul/G5 .
;j]{If0f ljleGg cfwf/df ug{ ;lsG5 tfklg r"8fdl0f aGw' -@)%@M $*–%)_ sf cg';f/ ljifo -
;fdfGo / ljlzi6_, cfsf/ -;fgf] / 7'nf]]_, k|s[lt -k"j{ ;j]{If0f / d'Vo ;j]{If0f_, u'0f -dfqfTds / u'0ffTds_,
sfo{ ;DkGgtf -k|ToIf / ck|ToIf_, ;+rfns ;+:yf -;/sf/ / u}/;/sf/_, sfg'gL x}l;ot -;+:yfut / lghL_
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/ uf]klgotf -;fj{hlgs / uf]Uo_ sf cfwf/df s'g} klg ljifosf] ;j]{If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Eflifs ;j]{If0fsf
k|sf/x? ;fdfGo / ljlzi6, k"j{ ;j]{If0f -Pilot Survey_ / d'Vo ;j]{If0f, dfqfTds / u'0ffTds, k|ToIf /
ck|ToIf, hgu0fgf ;j]{If0f -Census Survey_ / gd'gf ;j]{If0f -Sample Survey_ cflb ljljw k|s[ltsf
x'G5g\ . log} cfwf/x?df efiff ;j]{If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljz]iftfx?M sd vlr{nf], :jefljs kl/j]zsf] j0f{g, kl/df0ffTds tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f, k|fylds
tYofª\ssf] vf]hL, k|ltlglw gd'gf 5gf]6, lgisif{sf] ;fdfGoLs/0f, ljZjf;gLo tYofª\s ;ª\sng .
cWoogsf r/0fx?M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, hg;+Vofsf] klxrfg, gd'gf 5gf]6, pks/0fsf]
lgdf{0f, tYofª\s ;ª\sng / ljZn]if0f, k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f .

!=@=# k|of]ufTds ljlw


kl/ro / ljz]iftf M k|of]udf cfwfl/t j}1flgs ljlw, lj1fgsf If]qdf a9L k|rlnt ljlw, of] ljlw cf/=P=
lkm;/n] s[lifsf If]qdf k|of]u u/]sf, :jtGq / cfl>t rnx?sf] k|of]u, rnx?nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg,
klxnf] k|of]ufTds ;d"x -Experimental Group_ / bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ lgolGqt ;d"x -Controlled Group_
elgg], rnx?nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L sfo{ / sf/0fsf] ljZn]if0f x'g], k|of]u kIfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg],
k|of]uaf6} k/LIf0f, cWoog / ljZn]if0f ul/g], JolStut k|efj gkg]{, rnx?sf] ;x;DaGw vf]lhg], lzIf0f
ljlwsf] k|efjsf/Ltf k/LIf0f ug{ of] ljlw ckgfpg ;lsg], lgolGqt kl/j]zdf cWoog, k|fSsNkgfsf]
lgdf{0f x'g], lgikIf cWoog,
cWoogsf r/0fx?M ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6, p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, ;d"x ljefhg, hg;+Vofsf] klxrfg, k|fSsNkgfsf]
lgdf{0f, k|of]ufTds sfo{, gd'gf 5gf]6, k/LIf0f / tYofª\s ;ª\sng, k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f .
!=@=$ t'ngfTds ljlw
kl/ro / ljz]iftfM b'O{ kIfx?sf] ;dfgtf / c;dfgtfsf] klxrfg, b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L :jtGq rnx?sf]
t'ngf ug]{ ljlw, ;dfhzf:q / efifflzIf0fdf a9L pkof]uL ljlw, o;nfO{ ljlw geP/ cWoogsf] 9fFrf klg
elgG5, 7'nf] If]q / hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngf, j0f{gfTds n]vg, k|fylds / låtLos ;|f]tsf ;fdu|LaLrsf] t'ngf,
;fd'lxs k|ltlglwTj, tflnsfsf] pkof]u, cGo ljlwdf klg pkof]u, j}w / ljZjf;gLo, lgisif{sf]
;fdfGoLs/0f .
cWoogsf r/0fx?M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, rnx?sf] lgwf{/0f, ;fdu|L ;ª\sng, ;d"x ljefhg,
tYofª\s ljZn]if0f, k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f .
!=@=% lqmofTds cg';Gwfg ljlw
sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ csf]{ zAbdf lqmofTds, k|fof]lus jf sfo{ut cg';Gwfg -Action
Research_ klg elgG5 . of] cg';Gwfg ljz]if u/L zf]wstf{ jf lzIfs cfkm}n] cfk\mg} ;d:ofsf] cWoog
u/L cfk\mgf sfo{x? kl/dfh{g ug{, rln/x]sf sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ Nofpg / tTsflns ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
vf]Hg of] cg';Gwfg ljlwnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] x'G5 . o;df j:t', tYo / sf/0fx?sf larsf] kf/:kl/s
;DaGwsf] vf]hL ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] x'G5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ;'?cft dgf]lj1fgj]Qf s't{ n]ljg -Kurt lewin, 1946_ n] u/]sf x'g\ .
pgsf cg';f/ of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / gtLhfsf] klxrfg ug]{ rlqmo k|lqmof sfof{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . csf{
cg';Gwfgstf{ :6]kmg -!(%#_ sf cg';f/ cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm}n] ;d:ofsf] cWoog u/L cfk\mgf sfo{x?
kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|lqmof sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] ->]i7, @)^(M !*_ . To;} u/L 6fuf6{ -!((^_ sf cg';f/
klg ;fdflhs vf]hsf l;4fGtnfO{ cEof;df Nofpg], cjnf]sg ug]{ / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lta4tf g}
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . r"8fdl0f aGw'n] klg s'g} ljifodf k|of]u u/L To; ljifo;Fu} ;Da4 ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu gofF l;4fGt / sfo{k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ lqmofTds cg';Gwfg eg]sf 5g\ -@)^%M
*_ . jf:tjdf Jojxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/g] 1fgsf] vf]hL g} sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] .
o;n] gofF 1fg / l;ksf] k|flKtsf nflu Jojl:yt vf]hLsf] k|of; ub{5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ljz]if u/L lzIff If]qdf k|rlnt /x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIff If]qdf nfu]sf
cg';Gwfgstf{, lzIfs, lzIffljb\ / k|zf;sx?n] of] cg';Gwfgdf ?lr /fv]sf] kfOG5 . of] cg';Gwfgn] gofF
1fg / l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ug'{eGbf klg sfo{If]qsf tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgdf a9L hf]8 lbg] x'gfn] klg
lzIff If]qdf o;sf] dxTj a9]sf] xf] . o;df cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm}n] cg'ej u/]sf jf ef]u]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{
cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo agfOG5 / Pp6f lglZrt sfo{If]qdf ;Lldt /x]/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ul/G5 . ;Lldt
If]qdf /x]/ of] cg';Gwfg sfo{ k"/f ul/g] x'gfn] o;sf] glthfnfO{ ;a} If]qdf ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ / cGo
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If]qdf nfu" ug{ eg] sl7g x'g ;S5 . t/ klg lzIff If]qdf of] ljlw Hofb} pkof]uL dflgG5 . o;n]
Jojxfl/s ;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{, hl6n 1fg / l;ksf] ;'wf/ ug{, 5f]6f] ;dodf ;d:ofsf]
kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ tyf j}olSts bIftf a9fpgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg eO;s]kl5 b'O{ jf ltg r/0f -Step_ df ;DkGg ul/G5
. k|To]s r/0fdf of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDagsf] klxnf] rqm -Cycle_ k"/f ul/G5 / ;f]xL
rqmnfO{ cfjZostf cg'?k bf];|f] / t];|f] k6s klg k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . log} r/0f jf txx? -Steps_
k"/f u/L ;Sbf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg k"/f ePsf] x'G5 .
cWoogsf r/0fx?
;d:ofsf] klxrfg, p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f, ;fdu|L ;ª\sng, k|To]s r/0fdf of]hgf,
sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDagsf] klxnf] rqm -Cycle_ k"/f ug]{, tYofª\s ljZn]if0f, k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f .
ljz]iftfx?M cfk\mg} ;d:of s]lGb|t, ;DalGwt JolStsf] ;+nUgtf, Jojxfl/s / k|of]ufTds, b'O{ jf ltg r/0f
-Step_ df ;DkGg, k|To]s r/0fdf of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDag÷glthf lgsfnL klxnf] rqm
-Cycle_ k"/f ug'{kg]{, k]zfut pGgogdf ;xof]uL, ;d:ofsf] tTsfnLg ;dfwfg / sfof{Gjog, jf:tljs
cWoog, rqmLo k4ltdf cfwfl/t, cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+zf]wg ug{;lsg] .

..

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PsfO ltg M eflifs cg';Gwfgdf ;fª\lVosLsf] k|of]u -!#_


;fª\lVosL÷tYofª\szf:q -Statistics_
#=! ;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro
;fª\lVosL -;+Vof±Os±O_ jf tYofª\s -tYo±c+s_ nfO{ c+u|]hL zAb Statistics elgG5 . ;fª\lVosLn]
tYofª\s ;ª\sng, tflnsLs/0f, ;fl/0fLs/0f / JofVof ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd ub{5 . ;fª\lVosL cfkm}df u0fgf
tyf cª\sg;Fu ;DalGwt k4lt xf] . ;fª\lVosL jf tYofª\ssf u'0f jf ljz]iftf oL x'g\M
 tYofª\s tflnsf -Table_, cf/]v -Diagram_ / cfn]v -Graph_ df k|:t't x'G5,
 pks/0faf6 k|fKt ul0ftLo ;"rgfnfO{ ;fª\lVosL elgG5,
 ;fª\lVosLnfO{ u0fgf jf c+s;Fu ;DalGwt zf:qsf gfdn] lrlgG5,
 zAb / ;ª\Vofsf] ;fdu|L ;fª\lVosL xf],
 ;fª\lVosLsf] ljifo tYofª\s jf ul0ftsf] ljZn]if0;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5,
 of] ;ª\VofTds tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f, k|:t'tLs/0f / ;+u7g ug]{ k4lt xf],
 ;ª\slnt ;fdu|LnfO{ tflnsf, cf/]v jf cfn]vdf k|:t'lt ul/G5,
 o;n] tYosf] Jojl:yt / qmda4 k|:t'tLs/0f ub{5,
 ;fª\lVosLsf] ;xof]udf ;ª\slnt ;fdu|LnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ / cfsif{s 9+un] k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5,
 o;n] u'0fkIfnfO{ kl/df0fdf abn]/ cWoog u5{,
 tYofª\s cfkmF}df cWoogsf] ;fwg xf] t/ ;fWo xf]Og,
 ;fª\lVosLaf6 kl/df0ffTds kIfsf] cWoog x'G5 t/ u'0ffTds kIfsf] cWoog xF'b}g .
s= ;fª\lVosLsf sfo{x¿
 u'0fkIfnfO{ kl/df0fdf abn]/ cWoog u5{,
 ;fª\lVosLsf] k|of]un] gLltlgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xh x'G5,
 ;fª\lVosLn] tYodf a'e\mg, b'O{eGbf a9L tYonfO{ t'ngf ug{, 7f]; ?kdf JofVof ug{ / ;fgf] 7fpFdf w]/}
tYosf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ ;xh u/fpF5,
 ;fª\lVosLn] hl6n sfo{ jf ;"rgfnfO{ ;/n / ;+lIfKt u/fpF5,
 tYofª\snfO{ tYo -Facts_ df k|:t'tLs/0f u5{,
 tYo jf tYofª\snfO{ tflnsf -Table_, cf/]v -Diagram_ / cfn]v -Graph_ df k|:t't ug]{,
 k|fSsNkgf cg';f/ sfo{ ug{ jf eljiojf0fL ug{ d2t u5{,
 ;ª\VofTds tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f, k|:t'tLs/0f / ;+u7g u5{,
 ljleGg rnx?nfO{ b08f/]v, j[Qf/]v / /]vf lrqdf kl/0ft u/L kl/efio agfpg' .

v=eflifs cg';Gwfgdf ;fª\lVosLsf] dxTj


 cg';Gwfgdf ;fª\lVosLsf] ljz]if dxTj x'g],
 of] ;ª\Vof jf c+sdf cfwfl/t lj1fg,
 ;ª\VofnfO{ dfkgLo / ljZjf;gLo agfpg] lj1fg,
 tYofª\ssf] Jojl:yt, j}1flgs, qmda4 / k|fdfl0fs cWoog / ljZn]if0f ug]{ lj1fg,
 ;/sf/L gLltlgdf{0f, Jofkf/, cg';Gwfg, of]hgf lgdf{0f jf sfof{Gjog / lj1fgsf] If]qdf Hofb} pkof]uL
x'G5,
 ;ª\VofTds tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f, k|:t'tLs/0f / ;+u7g ug{ ;xh x'g],
 tYonfO{ ;di6Ldf a'e\mg, b'O{eGbf a9L tYonfO{ t'ngf ug{, 7f]; ?kdf JofVof ug{ / ;fgf] 7fpFdf w]/}
tYosf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ ;xh x'G5,
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 tYonfO{ t'ngf ug{ jf tYonfO{ t'ngLo / ljZn]if0fLo agfpg' .


#=@ tYo÷tYofª\ssf] k|:t'tLs/0f
tYo jf tYofª\snfO{ tflnsf, j[Iff/]v jf b08f/]v, j[Qf/]v, cfn]v jf u|fkm cflbdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
#=@=! tflnsLs/0f -Tabulation_
;ª\slnt ;fdu|L jf tYofª\snfO{ tflnsfdf Jojl:yt ?kdf /fVg] sfo{nfO{ tflnsLs/0f elgG5 .
tflnsLs/0fn] tYonfO{ a'e\mg, JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/fpg ;xh agfpF5 . tflnsfdf tYofª\snfO{ lIflthLo
kª\lSt -/f]_ / pmWj{tnLo :tDe -sf]nd_ df /flvG5 . d"ntM tflnsf lgDg tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\M
s= PskIfLo tflnsf M Pp6f dfq rn -ljifo, sfo{ jf ljz]iftf_ nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ tflnsf, h:t}M
tflnsf g+= !
===== ljBfnosf] sIff kfFr;Ddsf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
sIff ! @ # $ %
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof $) %) ^) &) *)
v= låkIfLo tflnsf M b'O{j6f;Dd rn -ljifo, sfo{ jf ljz]iftf_ nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ tflnsf, h:t}M
tflnsf g+= @
===== ljBfnosf] sIff kfFr;Ddsf 5fq / 5fqf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
sIff ! @ # $ %
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof $) %) ^) &) *)
5fq @) #) #) #) %)
5fqf @) @) #) $) #)
u= ax'kIfLo tflnsf M b'O{eGbf a9L rn -ljifo, sfo{ jf ljz]iftf_ nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ tflnsf, h:t}M
tflnsf g+= #
===== ljBfnosf] sIff kfFr;Ddsf 5fq, 5fqf, dft[efifL / bf];|f]efifL ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
sIff ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
sIff 5fq 5fqf s'n hDdf
dft[efifL bf];|f]efifL hDdf dft[efifL bf];|f]efifL hDdf
! !) !) @) !) !) @) $)
@ @) !) #) !) !) @) %)
# !% !% #) @) !) #) ^)
$ !^ !$ #) @) @) $) &)
% @% @% %) !) @) #) *)
hDdf *^ &$ !^) &) &) !$) #))
#=@=@ tYofª\ssf] /]vflrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0f
s= cf/]v -Diagram_ M cg';Gwfgdf lbOPsf tYofª\snfO{ lrqdf k|:t't ug]{ sfdnfO{ cf/]v elgG5 .
cf/]vn] lrq / /]vflrqsf] ;xof]udf tYofª\snfO{ ;/n, ;/;, cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L 9+un] k|:t't ub{5 .
lrqsf] cfsf/ / If]qkmnsf] ;xof]udf cf/]v klg j[Qf/]v / b08f/]v u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\, h:t}M
c= j[Qf/]v -Piechart_ M Ps jf PseGbf a9L ;fdu|LnfO{ uf]nsf/ j[Qdf k|:t't ug]{ sfo{nfO{ j[Qf/]v
elgG5 . j[Qlrqn] #^)) sf] If]qkmnnfO{ ;+s]t ug]{ x'gfn] o;nfO{ ;du|df !)) k|ltztdf n}hfbf #=^
l8u|L -#^)÷ !)) Ö #=^_ n] k|fKtfª\snfO{ u'0ff ug'{k5{ . s'n k|fKtfª\snfO{ k|ltztdf abNg sf] ;"q
k|of]u ul/G5 . n] k|ltPsfO k|fKtfª\snfO{ hgfpF 5 eg] n] ;du| c+ssf] of]unfO{ hgfpF5 . tflnsf
g+= # sf] sIff ! b]lv % ;Ddsf ljBfyL{nfO{ lgDg j[Qlrqdf k|:t't ug{;lsG5M
tflnsf g+= $
ljleGg sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|ltztdf abNbf
sIfff s'n ljBfyL{ ;"q k|lqmof k|ltzt
! $) !#=##
@ %) !^=^^

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# ^) @)=)
$ &) @#=##
% *) @^=^^
#)) !))%
tflnsf g+= %
k|ltztdf /x]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ j[Qlrqsf] sf]0fdf abNbf
sIff s'n ljBfyL j[Qlrqsf] sf]0f jf l8u|L ljBfyL{sf] l8u|L l8u|Lsf] sf]0f
! $) #=^) #=^)×!#=## $&=(()
@ %) #=^) #=^)×!^=^^ %(=(&)
# ^) #=^) #=^)×@) &@)
)
$ &) #=^ #=^)×@#=## *#=(()
% *) #=^) #=^)×@^=^^ (%=(&)
#)) #^))

o;/L sf]0fx?sf] s'n hf]8kmn #^)) x'g cfpF5 . o;nfO{ lgDg j[Qf/]vdf b]vfpg ;lsG5M

cf= b08f/]v jf :tDelrq -Bar Diagram_

Ps jf PseGbf a9L ;fdu|LnfO{ :tDe jf b08df k|:t't ug]{ sfo{nfO{ b08f/]v jf :tDelrq
elgG5 . b08f/]vdf tYofª\snfO{ k|:t't ubf{ 7f8f] /]vf -X cIf_ df ;+Vof jf k|ltztnfO{ / t];f]{ /]vf -Y
cIf_ df ;"rgf, ljifoj:t', cfwf/ kIfnfO{ b]vfOG5 . :tDelrqnfO{ ;/n :tDe, pkljeSt / ax'd'vL
:tDelrq u/L ljefhg ul/G5 .
!= ;/n :tDelrqM Pp6f dfq ljifo jf tYodf cfwfl/t :tDelrq, h:t}M
tflnsf g+= ^
===== ljBfnosf] sIff kfFr;Ddsf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
sIff ! @ # $ %
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof $) %) ^) &) *)

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@= pkljeSt :tDelrqM s'g} b'O{ u'0f jf ljz]iftfo'St tYofª\snfO{ Pp6} :tDelrqdf ljefhg u/L k|:t't
ul/g] lrq, h:t}M
tflnsf g+= &
===== ljBfnosf] sIff kfFr;Ddsf 5fq / 5fqf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
sIff ! @ # $ %
5fq @) #) #) #) %)
5fqf @) @) #) $) #)

#= ax'd'vL :tDelrqM b'O{eGbf a9L tYofª\snfO{ Pp6} km/skm/s :tDelrqdf k|:t't ul/g] lrq, h:t}M
tflnsf g+= *
===== ljBfnosf] sIff kfFr;Ddsf dft[efifL, bf];|f] efifL / ax'efifL ljBfyL{ ;+Vof
sIff dft[efifL bf];|f]efifL ax'efifL
! !) @) #)
@ @) #) $)
# !% @% $%
$ #) $) %)
% $) ^) %)

v= /]vflrq jf cfn]v -Graph_M tYofª\snfO{ /]vflrqdf k|:t't ug]{ sfdnfO{ cf/]v elgG5 . cg';Gwfgdf
/]vflrqn] glthfsf] cf/f]x cj/f]xnfO{ :ki6 b]vfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . dflysf tflnsf g+= * nfO{
/]vflrqdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 .

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#=# rn / o;sf k|sf/


cg';Gwfgdf dfkgLo u'0f jf ljz]ift ePsf JolSt, j:t', u'0f, ju{, 36gf, ;d"x, ljrf/ cflbsf]
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+s]tnfO{ rn elgG5 . eflifs cg';Gwfgdf hflt, efiff, wd{, k];f, :yfg, pd]/, lzIff,
lnª\u, ljBfyL{, ljBfno, /fli6«otf cflbsf] u'0f jf ljz]iftfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+s]t lrGxnfO{ rn -
Variables_ elgG5 . rnx? kl/jt{gzLn eO/xG5g\ . rnnfO{ r/ jf kl/jTo{ klg elgG5 . rnn]
cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt, ;/n, ;xh / t'ngLo agfpg] sfo{df ljz]if e"ldsf v]N5g\ . rnn] s'g}
;+Vof jf ljz]iftf hgfpg] c+s jf ju{sf] ;+s]t ub{5 . rn cfkm}df lglZrt d"No jf dfgsf] Bf]ts klg xf]
. dfkgLotf, ljZjf;gLotf, ;+lIfKttf / t'ngLo u'0f rnsf] pkof]lutf xf] .
dft[efifL / bf];|f]efifL ljBfyL{, ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfno, afns, o'jf, j[4, 5fq / 5fqf,
k'?if / dlxnf cflb cg';Gwfgsf] efiffdf rn x'g\ . rnsf] u'0f jf ljz]iftfnfO{ c+s -!,@,#,$_ / cIf/ -
svu3_ sf] ;+s]t lrGxn] lrgfpg klg ;lsG5 .
rnsf k|sf/M rnnfO{ k|efj, p2]Zo, dfkg, k|s[lt, lgoGq0f, ;+Vof cflb ljljw cfwf/df juL{s/0f
ug{;lsG5 .
!= k|efjsf cfwf/dfM :jtGq, cfl>t, dWojtL{ / afx\o jf cltl/St rn
cfk"m :jtGq /x]/ klg c?nfO{ k|efj kg]{ :jtGq rn xf] . :jtGq rnsf sf/0f cfk"mdf kl/jt{g
cfpF5 eg] Tof] cfl>t rn xf] . :jtGq / cfl>tnfO{ hf]8\g] rn dWojtL{ rn xf] . cfl>t rnnfO{ k|efj
kfg]{ rn afx\o rn xf] . ……eflifs k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df k7gaf]w IfdtfÆ zLif{sdf …dft[efiff… :jtGq rn xf]
eg] …k7gaf]w… cfl>t rn xf] . eflifs k[i7e"ld / k7gaf]wnfO{ hf]8\g] z}lIfs sfo{snfk, lzIf0f ;dfu|L
dWojtL{ rn x'g\ . cfl>t rnsf ?kdf cfpg] k7gaf]wnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ af}l4s Ifdtf, jftfj/0f cflb afx\o
rn x'g\ .
@= p2]Zosf cfwf/dfM cfGtl/s / afx\o rn
cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] :jtGq / cfl>t rn cfGtl/s rn xf] . cg';Gwfgsf]
p2]Zodf k|ToIf ;DaGw g/fVg] t/ ck|ToIf ?kdf glthfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ rnx? Afx\o rn x'g\ . ……eflifs
k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df k7gaf]w IfdtfÆ zLif{sdf eflifs k[i7e"ld / k7gaf]w cfGtl/s rn xf] eg] ck|ToIf
?kdf cfpg] z}lIfs sfo{snfk, lzIf0f ;dfu|L, ljBfyL{sf] af}l4s Ifdtf, jftfj/0f cflb afx\o rn x'g\ .
#= dfkgsf cfwf/dfM lg/Gt/ / vl08t
>'\[ª\vlnt ?ddf cfPsf rnx? lg/Gt/ rn x'g\ . oL rnx? cljlR5Gg, ;tt jf cvl08t ?kdf
cfPsf x'G5g\ / ToxL qmddf rn jf tYofª\sx?sf] dfkg ul/G5 . lj>[ª\vlnt ?kdf cfPsf rnx?
vl08t rn x'g\ . s'g} ljBfnosf sIff kfFrsf !) hgf ljBfyL{n] qmdzM !),!!,!@,!#,!$,!%,!^,!&,!*,!(
sf qmddf c+s k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ eg] oL rn lg/Gt/ rn x'g\ . olb ltg} ljBfyL{n] b'O{ hgfn] !), rf/
hgfn] !%, tLg hgfn] !* / Ps hgfn] !( c+s k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf oL rnx? vl0t rn x'g\ .
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$= k|s[ltsf cfwf/dfM u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds


;+Vofdf dfkg ug{ gl;lsg] jf c+s jf tYofª\ssf] k|of]uljgf klg k|of]udf cfpg] rnx? u'0ffTds
rn x'g\ . oL rnx? zAb jf tYodf dfq k|of]u ePsf x'G5g\ . ;+Vof jf tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t tYofª\s
kl/df0ffTds rn x'g\ . u'0ffTds rnn] ljz]iftf, u'0f, wd{, efjgf, ljrf/, Ifdtf, ;f]r, Jojxf/, bof,
dfof, ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/ cflbsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ eg] kl/df0ffTds rnn] c+s, ;+Vof, k|ltzt, cf}ift cflb
ul0ftLo c+sdf JoSt x'g] rnsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ .
%= lgoGq0fsf cfwf/dfM lgolGqt / clgolGqt
cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ ;lqmo ?kdf cfpg] / lgoGq0f ug{;lsg] rnx? lgolGqt rn x'g\ .
oL rnx?nfO{ lgoGq0fsf ;fy kl/jt{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . clgolGqt rnx? lgoGq0f ug{ jf kl/jt{g
ug{;lsb}g . ……n}ª\lus cfwf/df k7gaf]w IfdtfÆ zLif{ssf] cg';Gwfgdf cfpg] lzIf0f ljlw, z}lIfs ;fdu|L,
eflifs jftfj/0f cflb lgolGqt rn x'g\ eg] lnª\u -5fq, 5fqf_ clgolGqt rn xf] .
^= ;+Vofsf cfwf/dfM Psn rn, lårn / ax'rn
kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zocg';f/ Pp6f dfq rnsf] pkof]u ul/G5 eg] Psn
rn x''G5 . PseGbf a9L b'O{j6f rnsf] pkof] ul/G5 eg] lårn / b'O{ eGbf klg a9L ePdf ax'rn x'G5 .
……k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf] cWoogÆ zLif{sdf ;a} ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\ssf] dfq cWoog u/]sf Psn rn x'G5 eg]
5fq / 5fqfsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] cWoog u/]df lårn x'G5 . olb dft[efifL, bf];|f] efifL / ax'efifLsf] k7gaf]w
Ifdtfsf] cWoog u/]df ax'rn x'G5 .
#=$ k|ltzt u0fgf
x/]s ;+VofnfO{ ;osf] c+sdf k|:t't ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|ltzt -Persent_ elgG5 . k|ltztn] x/]s
c+ssf] dfgnfO{ ;odf u0fgf ub{5 . tYofª\s ljZn]if0fdf k|ltztsf] pkof]u clt dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
k|ltztn] cd"t{nfO{ d"t{ / 7'nf] ;+VofnfO{ ;fgf] c+zdf ;/n / ;xh ?kdf k|:t't ub{5 . k|ltzt lgsfNg
vf; c+snfO{ ;on] u'0ffg u/L s'n c+sn] efu ul/G5, h:t} () efusf] $) efunfO{ k|ltztdf b]vfpg'
k/\of] eg] $)×!))÷ () Ö $$=$$ k|ltzt x'G5 . k|ltzt lgsfNg] tl/sf
tflnsf g+= (
s'n ljBfyL{sf] sIffut k|ltzt
sIfff sIffut ljBfyL{ ;+Vof k|ltzt lgsfNg] ;"q k|ltzt
! $) !#=##
@ %) !^=^^
# ^) @)=)
$ &) @#=##
% *) @^=^^
s'n ;+Vof #)) !))%
#=% cf};t lgwf{/0f
tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a} c+s jf tYosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L lgisif{sf ?kdf lgsflnPsf] s]Gb|Lo
dfgnfO{ cf};t -Average_ elgG5 . cf};t tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ul0ftLo ljlw xf] . cf};tn] ;a}
tYofª\ssf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 / s]Gb|Lo dfg kQf nufpF5 . oxL s]Gb|Lo dfgsf cfwf/df rnx? aLrsf]
;DaGw t'ngf ul/G5 . cf};taf6} >]0fL -c+ssf] qmd_, ;fgf] jf 7'nf], /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] tYosf] ljZn]if0f x'G5 .
cf}ift lgsfNg ax'ns -Mode_, dWodfg -Mean_ / dWofª\s -Median_ sf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
cf}iftdf ax'ns -Mode_ n] tflnsfdf lbOPsf tYofª\sx?dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} k6s bf]xf]l/Psf rn jf
c+snfO{ lrgfpg] jf kQfnufpg] sfd ub{5, h:t} ax'nssf] pbfx/0fM

ljBfyL{ ;+Vof % !) #) @) @% !%
k|fKtfª\s &) *) ^) %) $) #)

Dfflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ ^) c+s Nofpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof #) k6s bf]xf]l/Psf] x'Fbf ^) ax'ns xf] .
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cf}iftdf dWofª\s -Median_ n] tflnsfdf lbOPsf c+s jf tYofª\sx?dWo] aLrsf] c+snfO{ hgfpF5 .
aLrsf] c+s jf rnnfO{ klxrfg ug{ lbOPsf rn jf ;+VofnfO{ qmda4 /flvG5, h:t}M !,#,%,^,&,* / (
c+sx? dWo] aLrsf] c+s kQfnufpg s"n ;+Vofdf Ps hf]8L b'O{n] efu ul/G5 . cfpg] pQ/ dWofª\s x'G5,
h:t}M
M ÖM Ö Ö 4 cf}+ qmdsf] c+s cyf{t\ ^ dWofª\s xf] .
eflifs cg';Gwfgdf cf};t lgwf{/0f ug{ dWodfg -Mean_, dfgs ljrng / 6L–6]:6sf] a9L pkof]u
ul/G5 .
#=^ dWodfg
tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ubf{ aLr jf s]Gb|sf] dfgnfO{ dWodfg elgG5 . s'n k|fKt glthfsf] of]unfO{ hDdf
hg;ª\Vofn] efu ubf{ dWodfg lg:sG5 . dWodfgnfO{ dWos jf s]Gb|oL dfg klg elgG5 . dWodfgn]
tYofª\ssf] cf};tnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;df ;a} rnsf] dfg jf k|fKtfª\snfO{ hf]l8G5 / ;d"x ;+Vofn] efu u/L
dWodfg lgsflnG5 . dWodfg HofldtLo / c+sul0ftLo u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g] eP klg eflifs cg';Gwfgdf
c+sul0ftLo dWodfgsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
>]0fLsf cfwf/df dWodfgnfO{ tLg tl/sfaf6 u0fgf ug{;lsG5, ;"qx? h:t} M

vf]n'jf = dWodfg -PS; af/_


f = af/Daf/tf÷cfj[lQ
x = k|fKtfª\s÷tYofª\s
N = hDdf ;ª\Vof÷cjnf]sgLo hg;ª\Vof (∑f)
∑ = ;d];g -of]ukmn_
m = dWoljGb'
c+sul0ftLo dWodfg lgsfNg JolStut, vl08t / lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] dWodfg u/L tLgj6f ljlwx?
pkof]udf NofOG5M
s= JolStut >]0fLsf] dWodfg -Individual series_
rnsf] cfj[lQ x'Fb}g / dWodfg lgsfNg lbOPsf] c+ssf] of]ukmnnfO{ s'n ;+Vofn] efu ul/G5 eg]
JolStut >]0fLsf] dWodfg x'G5 . JolStut >]0fLsf] c+sul0ftLo dWodfg lgsfNg lgDg ;"qsf] k|of]u
ul/G5M
JolStut dWodfg
oxfF, = dWodfg
= x¿ sf] s'nof]u
N = hDdf ;ª\Vof
of] ;"qcg';f/ sIff kfFrsf !) hgf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\s o; k|sf/ 5M
#),&),%),^),@),!),$),*),%,!%
pko'{St k|fKtfª\snfO{ ;fgf]b]lv 7"nf] qmddf o;/L /fVg ;lsG5M
;fgf]af6 7"nf] jf 7"nf]af6 ;fgf]sf] qmdM %,!),!%,@),#),$),%),^),&), *)
ljBfyL{sf] dWodfg
%±!)±!%±@)±#)±$)±%)±^)±&)±*)
!)
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= #*)
!)
= #* Jolstut dWodfg xf] .
v= vl08t >]0fLsf] dWodfg -Discrete series_
rnsf] cfj[lQ x'G5 / pSt cfj[lQnfO{ ;d]t dWodfg lgsfNg lbOPsf] c+ssf] of]ukmnnfO{ s'n
;+Vofn] efu ul/G5 eg] vl08t >]0fLsf] dWodfg x'G5 . vl08t jf ljlR5Gg dWodfgdf bf]xf]l/P/ cfPsf
c+snfO{ cfj[lQsf cfwf/df vl08t ub}{ /flvG5, h:t} ;"qM
vl08t dWodfg
oxfF, = dWodfg
fx = f / x sf] u'0fgkmn
= x¿ sf] s'nof]u
N = hDdf ;ª\Vof
of] ;"qcg';f/ sIff kfFrsf lgDg %) hgf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\s o; k|sf/ 5M !),#),$),%),^)
k|fKtfª\s -x_ !) #) $) %) ^)
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _ !) ( !! * !@
Dflysf] tYofª\snfO{ vl08t jf ljlR5Gg >]0fLsf] cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ dWodfg lgsfNg ;lsG5M
k|fKtfª\s -x_ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _
!) !) 100
#) ( 270
$) !! 440
%) * 400
^) !@ 720
hDd -N _ %) 1930

ljBfyL{sf] dWodfg
= !(#)
%)
= #*=^ vl08t dWodfg
u= lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] dWodfg -Continuous series_
b'O{ rnaLrsf] cGt/ ;dfg x'G5 / rnx? ;+ul7t ?kdf lgoldt ;+Vofdf cfpF5 eg] lg/Gt/ >]0fL
x'G5 . lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] aLrdf cfpg] ;dfg cGt/nfO{ dWoljGb' elgG5 . oxL dWoljGb' / cfj[lQsf
cfwf/df lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] dWodfg k|fKt x''G5 .
lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] ;"qM
lg/Gt/ dWodfg
oxfF, = dWodfg
fm = f / m sf] u'0fgkmn
= x¿ sf] s'nof]u
N = hDdf ;ª\Vof
m = dWoljGb'
lgDg k|fKtfª\ssf] dWodfg lgsfNg'xf];\M
k|fKtfª\s -x_ )—!) !)—@) @)—#) #)—$) $)—%)
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _ !) ( !! * !@
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Dflysf] tYofª\snfO{ lg/Gt/ dWodfg >]0fLsf] cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ dWodfg lgsfNg ;lsG5M
k|fKtfª\s -x_ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _ dWoljGb' -m_
)—!) !) ) ±!)÷ @ Ö % %)
!)—@) ( !)±@)÷ @ Ö !% !#%
@)—#) !! @)±#)÷ @ Ö @% @&%
#)—$) * #)±$)÷ @ Ö #% @*)
$)—%) !@ $)±%)÷ @ Ö $% %$)
hDd -N _ %) Ö !@*)
;"q

lg/Gt/ dWodfg
#=& dfgs÷k|dfk ljrng -Standard Deviation_
dWoaf6 b]lvg] cf};t leGgtfnfO{ dfgs ljrng elgG5 . o;nfO{ :t/Lo leGgtf jf k|dfk klg
elgG5 . o;n] dWodfgaf6 rnsf] cj:yf s]–slt dfqfdf cGt/ jf ;dfgtf, tn jf dfly, 6f9f jf
glhs s] /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f ub{5 . o;af6 tYofª\sx¿sf] pRr cª\s slt / lgDg cª\s
slt /x]sf] 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ug{ dfgs ljrngsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . dWodfg lgsfn]/ dfq dfgs
ljrng lgsflnG5 . zf]wdf dfgs ljrngsf] pkof]u cltdxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
dfgs ljrng lgsfNg] ljleGg ljlw / ;"qx? x'G5g\ . dfgs ljrngnfO{ >]0fLsf cfwf/df
JolStut, vl08t / lg/Gt/ u/L tLg tl/sfaf6 u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
dfgs ljrng lgsfNg] ;"qx?

vf]n'jfM
∑ = ;d];g -of]ukmn_
/s = dfgs ljrng
f = af/Daf/tf÷cfj[lQ
= dWodfg
x = k|fKtfª\s÷tYofª\s
n = hDdf ;ª\Vof÷cjnf]sgLo hg;ª\Vof

s= JolStut >]0fLsf] dfgs ljrng


JolStut dfgs ljrngdf lbOPsf] >]0fL jf rnsf] dWodfg lgsflnOG5 . k|To]s rn jf ljBfyL{sf]
k|fKtfª\saf6 dWodfg 36fOG5 . 36fpsf] ju{ lgsfnL ju{x?sf] hf]8kmnnfO{ rn jf ljBfyL{ ;+Vofn] efu
ul/G5 . oxL efukmnsf] ju{ ;+Vof g} rn jf k|fKtfª\sf] dfgs ljrng xf] .
s'g} ljBfnosf !) hgf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf k|fKtfª\ssf] dfgs ljrng lgsfNg' xf];\ M
%,!),!%,@),#),$),%),^),&), *)
ljBfyL{sf] dWodfg
%±!)±!%±@)±#)±$)±%)±^)±&)±*)
!)
= #*)
!)
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= #* dWodfg xf] . ctM !) hgf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf k|fKtfª\ssf] dWodfg #* xf] .

pko'{St tYofª\ssf cfwf/df dfgs ljrng lgsfNbfM


k|fKtfª\s -x_ k|fKtfª\s dWodfg - X = x- _ -ju{kmn_
% —## !)*(
!) —@* &*$
!% —@# %@(
@) —!* #@$
#) —* ^$
$) ±@ $
%) ±!@ !$$
^) ±@@ $*$
&) ±#@ !)@$
*) ±$@ !&^$
hDd -N_ #*) ^@!)

@$=(@ dfgs ljrng .


ljBfyL{sf] dfgs #* /x]sfdf To;af6 klg dWodfg ljrng @$=(@ tn jf dfly;Ddsf] leGgt
/x]sf] x'Fbf cg';Gwfgsf] efiffdf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\sdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . dWodfgaf6 ljrng sd
efPdf cg';Gwfgn] ;s/fTds glthfsf] ;+s]t ub{5 .
v= vl08t >]0fLsf] dfgs ljrng
bf]xf]l/P/ cfPsf c+snfO{ cfj[lQsf cfwf/df vl08t u/L /flvG5 . rn jf x/]s ljBfyL{n] k|fKt
ug]{ c+snfO{ bf]xf]l/P/ cfpg] ljBfyL{n] u'0fg u/L fx lgsflnG5 . fx sf] of]ukmnnfO{ k'g/fj[Q -f_ sf]
of]ukmn] efu ul/G5 .
vl08t dWodfgsf] ;"q
of] ;"qcg';f/ sIff kfFrsf %) hgf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\s o; k|sf/ 5M !),#),$),%),^) o; cfwf/df
ljBfyL{sf] dfgs ljrng lgsfNg'xf];\ M

k|fKtfª\s -x_ !) #) $) %) ^)
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _ !) ( !! * !@

Dflysf] tYofª\snfO{ vl08t jf ljlR5Gg >]0fLsf] cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ dWodfg lgsfNg ;lsG5M
k|fKtfª\s -x_ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _
!) !) 100
#) ( 270
$) !! 440
%) * 400
^) !@ 720
hDd - _ %) = 1930

ljBfyL{sf] dWodfg
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= !(#)
%)
= #*=^ vl08t dWodfg
dWodfgsf cfwf/df dfgs ljrng lgsfNg] ;"qM

k|fKtfª\s -x_ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _ X= x-


!) !) 100 !) - #*=^Ö — @*=^ *!&=(^ *!&(=^
#) ( 270 #) - #*=^Ö — *=^ &#=(^ ^^%=^$
$) !! 440 $) - #*=^Ö !=$ !=(^ @!=%^
%) * 400 %) - #*=^Ö !!=$ !@(=(^ !)#(=^*
^) !@ 720 ^) - #*=^Ö @!=$ $%&=(^ %$(%=%@
hDd %) 1930
!%$)@

!&=%% dfgs ljrng .


ljBfyL{sf] dfgs #*=^ /x]sfdf To;af6 klg dWodfg ljrng !&=%% tn jf dfly;Ddsf] leGgt
/x]sf] x'Fbf cg';Gwfgsf] efiffdf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\sdf ;'wf/ ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 . cg';Gwfgdf dfgsaf6 dfgs
ljrng sd x''g' /fd|f] dflgG5 .
u= lg/Gt/ >]0fLsf] dfgs ljrng
k|fKtfª\ssf] dWodfg lgsfNg'xf];\M
k|fKtfª\s -x_ )—!) !)—@) @)—#) #)—$) $)—%)
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _ !) ( !! * !@

Dflysf] tYofª\snfO{ lg/Gt/ dWodfg >]0fLsf] cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ dWodfg lgsfNg ;lsG5M
k|fKtfª\s -x_ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof -f _ dWoljGb' -m_ X2
)—!) !) ) ±!)÷ @ Ö % %) —@)=^ $@$=#^ $@$#=^
!)—@) ( !)±@)÷ @ Ö !% !#% —!)=^ !!@=#^ !)!!+=@$
@)—#) !! @)±#)÷ @ Ö @% @&% —)=^ )=#^ #=(^
#)—$) * #)±$)÷ @ Ö #% @*) (=$ **=#^ &)^=**
$)—%) !@ $)±%)÷ @ Ö $% %$) !(=$ #&^=#^ $%!^=#@
hDd -N _ %) Ö !)$*@
!@*)
;"q

lg/Gt/ dWodfg
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!$=$& dfgs ljrng .


ljBfyL{sf] dfgs @%=^ /x]sfdf To;af6 klg dWodfg ljrng !$=$& tn jf dfly;Ddsf] leGgt
/x]sf] x'Fbf cg';Gwfgsf] efiffdf ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtfª\sdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

PsfO rf/ M cg';Gwfg k|:tfj / o;sf k|d'v cª\ux¿ -@%_


$=! cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf] kl/ro
cg';Gwfg, cGj]if0f, uj]if0f, cfljisf/ / c+u]|hLdf Research klg elgG5 . zf]wsf] cy{ z'4 ug'{
jf vfg{' xf] . cg';Gwfgsf] ;fdfGo cy{ klg Jojl:yt Pjd\ ts{;+ut k4ltåf/f gofF tYo kQf nufpg' /
k'/fg} tYosf] klg k/LIf0f jf k'gJof{Vof ug'{ eGg] x'G5 . t;y{ s'g} ;d:of jf ljifosf kl5 nfu]/ s'g} gofF
s'/f kQf nufpg' jf vf]hL ug'{ g} zf]w jf cg';Gwfg xf] . cg';Gwfg ug]{nfO{ cg';Gwftf jf zf]wstf{
elgG5 . s'g} klg zf]wstf{n] zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg ug'{k"j{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf zf]wk|:tfj tof/ u/L k];
ug'{kb{5 .
;DalGwt lgsfodf cg';Gwfg jf zf]w ug{sf lglDt cf}krfl/s ?kdf k]; ul/g] k|:tfjnfO{
zf]wk|:tfj elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf zf]w k|Zgx? jf ;d:ofx? -Research questions or problems)
sf] pQ/ lbg tof/ ul/Psf] ;du| of]hgf, ;+/rgf / /0fg}lts 9fFrf g} zf]wk|:tfj -Research proposal_
xf] . zf]wsfo{df klxnf] sfd zf]wk|:tfj tof/ kfg'{ xf] . o;df zf]wstf{n] zf]wk|:tfjsf] 9fFrf tof/ u/L
;DalGwt lgsfodf zf]w ug{ kfpFm egL cfk\mgf] sfo{of]hgfsf] ljj/0f k]; u/]sf] x'G5 . oxL zf]wsf]
cf}krfl/s dfu kqnfO{ g} zf]w k|:tfj elgG5 . zf]wk|:tfjn] zf]wstf{ cfkm} / zf]wlgb]{zsnfO{ s] ub}{ 5'
<, s;/L ub}{ 5' < / lsg ub}{ 5' eGg] k|Zgsf] cy{af]w u/fpg' kb{5 -s'df/, !((^M !&)_ . ;fy}
zf]wk|:tfjn] l;ª\uf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ljlwsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f k|:t't u/]sf] x'G5 .
cg';Gwfg k|:tfjdf ;fdfGotof k|:tfljt zLif{s, zf]wfyL{, zf]w u/fpg] ;+:yf / zf]wsf] k|of]hg
d'vk[i7df pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5, h:t}M
ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w
Ifdtfsf] cWoog
zf]wfyL{
lzIff yfkf
SofDk; /f]n g+= )!÷@)&$
lq=lj= btf{ g+= ==========================
lgoldt rf}yf] jif{sf] k/LIff qmdfª\s M %#)))!÷)&&
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo, wjnflul/ ax'd'vL
SofDk;, g]kfnL lzIff ljefucGtu{t :gfts tx,
rf}yf] jif{sf] g]kf=lz= -$$%_ kf7\of+zsf] txkf/
k|of]hgsf lglDt k|:tfljt
zf]wk|:tfj
@)&*
21
g]kfnL lzIff ljefu
wjnflul/ ax'd'vL SofDk;, afun'ª
www.dinthapa.com.np

Zff]wk|:tfjsf cfwf/e"t c+ux?df k[i7e"ld÷kl/ro, ;d:of, p2]Zo k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff, cWoogsf]


cf}lrTo, cg';Gwfg ljlw, cWoogsf] ;Ldf, cWoogsf] ¿k/]vf, ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL zf]wk|:tfjsf cfwf/e"t jf
d'Vo cª\u x'g\ . zf]wk|:tfjsf] 9fFrf / cª\ux? ;+:yfg, ;+sfo / ljifocg';f/ km/skm/s x'g;S5g\ t/
cfwf/e"t cª\ux? eg] ;a} zf]wx?df Pp6}} x'G5g\ .
$=@ cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf] cfjZostf
 cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf Jojl:yt ?kdf sfd ;DkGg ug{,
 cg';Gwfgsf] ;du| ?k/]vf tof/ ug{,
 cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] vfsf tof/ ug{,
 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xh x'g],
 cg';Gwfgsf] zLif{s, ;d:of / p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{,
 cg';Gwfgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L jf pks/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{,
 cg';Gwfgsf] of]hgf / sfo{gLlt tof/ kfg{,
 ;DalGwt ljefu jf lgsfoaf6 zf]wk|:tfj :jLs[t ug{÷u/fpg,
 zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg ug{ zf]wlgb]{s jf ;'kl/j]Ifs lgo'lSt ug{ .
$=# eflifs cg';Gwfgdf zLif{s rog
cg';Gwfgdf k|f/lDes sfo{ eg]s} zLif{s rog xf] . zLif{s rog ubf{ zf]wfyL{n] lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{
x'G5M
 cfk\mgf] k"j{1fg / ?lrIf]q ePsf],
 zLif{sdf ;do, :yfg / ljwf jf ljifo :ki6 emlNsg' kg]{,
 zLif{s ;d:ofd"ns / gofF÷df}lns ljifo ePsf],
 ;dfwfgd'vL ;d:of ePsf],
 cWoogsf] ;d:of, p2]Zo / ;LdfIf]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg],
 5f]6f]÷5l/tf], ;/n, ljlzi6Ls[t, Jojxf/f]kof]uL / kof{Kt ;fdu|L kfOg],
 zf]wlgb]{zs tyf ;Nnfxsf/sf] pknAwtf ePsf],
 ;do, ;fwg, >d / vr{n] wfGg ;Sg],
 l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] tfnd]n x'g;Sg],
 j:t'lgi7 dfkg / d"Nofª\sg ug{;lsg],
 ;fdflhs d"No / /fli6«o gLltsf] k|lts""n gx'g],
 k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] cflb ljz]iftf o'St x'g'kb{5 .
$=$ cg';Gwfg k|:tfjsf cª\ux¿
$=$=! cg';Gwfsf] kl/ro -Preamble\ Introduction_
zf]wkl/rodf zf]wzLif{ssf] kl/ro lb+b} cWoog ug{ nfluPsf] ljifo If]qsf] ljxª\ud b[li6sf]0f,
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s d'2f -issues_ x? tyf cWoogsf pknlAwsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro
lbOG5 . o;df zf]w ug{ nfluPsf] ljifosf] ;d:ofsf af/]df k|sfz kfb}{ ;DalGwt ljifoIf]qsf] lj:tf/df
k'Ug] of]ubfgsf af/]df k|sfz kfl/G5 .
$=$=@ ;d:ofsyg -Statement of the Problem_
;dfwfgsf nflu k"j{ k|:tfljt k|Zgx?nfO{ ;d:ofsyg elgG5 . o;df cfk\mgf] cWoogdf
cfwfl/t d'2fsf] klxrfg u/L xfn;Dd ePsf] 1fg jf pknlAwdf ePsf] l/Sttf -Main Gaps_ sf]
klxrfg u/L cfk\mgf] cWoogaf6 7f]; pQ/ cfpg ;Sg] k|Zg p7fOG5 . ;d:ofsygdf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf
a9L r/x? aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] t'ngf ug{ klg ;lsG5 / ;d:ofsf] ;+lIfKt jf lj:t[t ?kdf ljlzi6Ls/0f
ug{ klg ;lsG5 . zf]w;d:of bfz{lgs, P]ltxfl;s, ;j]{If0fd"ns, ;}4flGts jf tYok/s h'g;'s} t/
df}lns k|s[ltsf x'g'kb{5 . ;d:ofx¿ ;/n, ;+lIfKt, :ki6, lg/fs/0ffTds / k|ZgfTds 9f“rfdf x'g'kb{5,
h:t} pbfx/0f–

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$=$=# cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo -Objectives of the Study_


zf]w ;d:ofsf] ;+lIfKt pQ/ g} zf]wsf] p2]Zo x'G5 . zf]wsf] p2]Zo ;/n, :ki6, dfkgLo / ljlzi6
lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . zf]wsf ;d:ofx¿ a9Ldf kf“rj6f;Dd klg x'g ;S5g\ t/ tLgj6f;Dd Jofjxfl/s
x'g]x'gfn] ;f]xLcg';f/ zf]wsf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . st} ljifosf] k|s[lt x]/L ;fdfGo / ljlzi6 jf
d'Vo / ;xfos u/L b'O{ k|s[ltsf p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ;fdfGoaf6 ljlzi6Ls[t x'g] u/L
Ps} k|s[ltsf p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . p2]Zox? ljj/0ffTds -Descriptive_, ;x;DaGwfTds -
Corelative_ / k|fSsNkgfTds -Hypothetical_ cWoogdf cfwfl/t x'g' /fd|f] dflgG5 . egfOsf] tfTko{
zf]wsf] p2]Zo Ps} k|s[ltsf] x'g' /fd|f] dflgb}g . ;d:ofsygeGbf aflx/sf] p2]Zo /fVg' klg x'Fb}g . p2]Zosf]
efiff klg k|ZgfTds geO lgZrofTds x'g'kb{5 . p2]Zodf cfpg] lqmofkb dfkgLo -Action-oriented
Verbs_ cyf{t\ j:t'k/s pQ/ cfpg] k|s[ltsf] x'g'kb{5 -s'df/, !((^ M !&$_ .

$=$=$ k|fSsNkgf -Hypothesis)


zf]wstf{sf] k"j{ cg'dfg jf zf]w;d:ofsf] k|:tfljt jf c:yfoL pQ/nfO{ k|fSsNkgf elgG5 . of]
zf]w lgisif{sf] k"jf{g'dfg xf] . ;du|df zf]w jf cg';Gwfg u'0ffTds -Qualitative_ / kl/df0ffTds -
Quantitative_ u/L b'O{ k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . zf]wsf] ;d:of j0f{gfTds, ljZn]if0ffTds / u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf] 5
eg] To:tf] zf]wdf k|fSsNkgfsf] clgjfo{tf x'Fb}g . zf]wsf] ;d:of tYofª\sLo / kl/df0ffTds gtLhf
cfpg] k|s[ltsf] 5 eg] pSt zf]wdf k|fSsNkgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . kl/df0ffTds zf]wsfo{sf] d"n p2]Zo
g} oxL k|fSsNkgfsf] k|dfl0ft ug'{ xf] . k|fSsNkgf tfls{s / cg'dflgt eP klg k"0f{ sfNklgs x'Fb}g .
k|fSsNkgf lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] r/0fdf cg'dfg -Hunch or assumption_, bf];|f] r/0fdf cfjZos
tYofª\ssf] vf]h jf cWoog -Investigation or study_ / t];|f] r/0fdf lgisif{M ;xL jf unt
-Conclusion: true or false_ s] xf] eGg] b]vfOG5 -s'df/, !((^M ^^_ . oxL k|fSsNkgfn] zf]wsfo{nfO{
;f]emf] dfu{ bz{g ug'{sf ;fy} 5f]6f] ;dodf lglZrt uGtJof]Gd'v u/fp“5 .
$=$=% k"jf{Woog÷ k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff -Review of Literature_
zf]wsfo{sf] yfngL ug'{k"j{ cfk"meGbf klxn] ;DalGwt ljifodf s]s:tf cWoog cg';Gwfgx?
ePsf 5g\ egL ul/g] cWoognfO{ k"jf{Woog jf k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff elgG5 . k"jf{Woog sfnqmlds ?kdf
ug'{kb{5 . o;n] g} ljifosf] dxTj, uxgtf, r'gf}tL, cWoog ug]{ k4lt, ;DalGwt ljifosf ljz]if1x?, gofF
1fgsf] If]q cflb s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . k"j{sfo{sf] cWoogn] ;DalGwt ljifodf ePsf] ;sf/fTds jf
gsf/fTds / k"0f{ jf ck"0f{ b'a} pknlAwsf] vf]hL ub{5 . k"j{sfo{k|lt cfk\mgf] ;dy{g jf v08g ug{ klg
o;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cg';Gwfg sfo{df nfu]sf JolStsf nflu k"j{sfo{sf] cWoog k|lqmof zf]wzLif{s
rog / ;d:of lgdf{0f ug'{k"j{ ;'? u/L zf]wkq -Thesis_ jf zf]wk|aGw -Dissertation_ tof/ gx'Fbf;Dd
of] sfo{ hf/L /xG5 . t;y{ of] Pp6f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof -Continuous process_ xf] .
cg';Gwfgdf k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIffn] zf]w;d:ofsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f -Bring clearity & focus on
research problem_ ug{, zf]wljlwsf] ;'wf/ ug{ -To improve methodology_ / 1fgsf] If]q km/flsnf]
u/fpg -Tobroaden knowledge_ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . /lGht s'df/sf cg';f/ k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff ubf{
lgDg rf/j6f r/0f jf k|lqmof k"/f ug{'kb{5-!((^M @^_–
s= k"j{sfo{sf] vf]hL -Search for existing literature_
v= 5gf]6df k/]sf k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff -Review the literature selected_
u= ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f -Develop a theoritical framework_
3= wf/0ffTds cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f -Develop a Conceptual framework_ .
$=$=^ zf]w jf cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / dxTj -Rationale of the Study_
of] cª\udf k|:tfljt zf]wsfo{ lsg cfjZostf k/]sf] xf] < eGg] k|Zgsf] ts{;Ddt pQ/
lbg'kb{5 . k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIffn] zf]wsf] cf+lzs cf}lrTo k'li6 u/]sf] x'G5 eg] cGo sf], s;nfO{ s], slt
pknlAw cfk\mgf] zf]wsfo{af6 x'g] xf] < ;f] s'/fsf] ts{ ;+ut k'li6 ug'{ g} zf]wsf] cf}lrTo xf] . cfk\mgf]
zf]wsfo{n] gLlt lgdf{0f, gofF l;4fGt k|ltkfbg / cWoog–cWofkgsf If]qdf k'¥ofpg] of]ubfgsf ;DaGwdf
o;df rrf{ ug'{kb{5 . o;nfO{ st} zf]wsf] dxTj jf ;fy{stf -Significance_ eg]/ 5'6\6} csf]{ zLif{sdf
cWoog ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 .
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$=$=& cWoog ljlw / k|lqmof (Methods and Procedures of the Study)


zf]wsf] dxTjk"0f{ cª\u zf]wljlw xf] . cfk\mgf] ljifosf] k|s[ltcg';f/ s'g ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] <,
;f] sf] ljj/0f klxn] zf]wk|:tfjdf / cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 klg cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfg
k|ltj]bgdf v'nfpg'kb{5 . eflifs cg';Gwfgdf ;fdfGotof j0f{gfTds -Descriptive_, ;j]{If0f -Survey_,
If]qLo cWoog -Field study_, k|of]ufTds -Experimental_, t'ngfTds -Comparative_ cflb dWo] s'g}
Pp6f ljlwnfO{ pkof]udf NofOPsf] x'G5 . j0f{gfTds ljlwsf] k|of]u ubf{ jt{dfgdf cfwfl/t ;d:ofx?sf]
vf]hL jf Pssflns cWoogdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 . of] ljlwsf] pkof]u ubf{ cfk\mgf] zf]wk|:tfjdf ;To /
jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t ;fdu|L, ;fd'lxs lgisif{, k|ltlglwd"ns gd'gf 5gf]6sf cfwf/, :ynut cWoog,
tYofª\s ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/ cflb kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbOG5.
;j]{If0fljlw :ynut ;fdu|L ;ª\sngdf pkof]u ul/G5 . of] ljlw k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f ug{,
;DefJotf cWoog ug{, ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? vf]hL ug{, dflg;sf wf/0ffx? a'e\mg
pkof]uL dflgG5 . o;dfklg ;j{k|yd JolSt, ;|f]t, :yfg / k|ZgfjnLx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . o; ljlwdf
kl/df0ffTds lgisif{ cfpg] x'gfn] ;fª\lVosLsf] k|of]u / k|fylds >f]tsf ;fdu|L ;ª\sngdf hf]8lbOg]
s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] s'/f pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
If]qLo ljlw pkof]u ubf{ lglZrt e"uf]nsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L k|fs[lts kl/j]zdf oyfy{k/s
tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/G5 . of] ljlwdf zf]wstf{ :j+od\ ;DalGwt ef}uf]lns If]qdf k'uL ;DalGwt ljifosf]
;"Id cWoog / cjnf]sg ug]{ s'/f Pjd\ cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfg j:t'ut, ljZjf;gLo / j}w x'G5 eGg]
cfwf/x¿ k|:t't ug'{kb{5 . k|of]ufTds ljlwnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] xf] eg] o;df :jtGq rn÷k|of]uftds
;d"x -Experimental group_ / lgolGqt÷cfl>trn -Controlled group_ x?sf] lgwf{/0f u/L b'O{
;d"xaLrsf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 kfl/g]5 eGg] ljifonfO{ pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . cfk\mgf] cg';Gwfgdf
t'ngfTds ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf NofOPsf] xf] eg] cg';Gwfgsf b'O{ ljifo jf rn -Variable_ sf aLrdf
kfOg] ;dfgtf, c;dfgtf, d]n, a]d]n, lgs6tf, b"/tf, cf+lzs ;dfgtf÷c;dfgtfsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{sf
;fy} k|fylds >f]tsf ;fdu|L / ;fª\lVosLs/0fsf] k|of]unfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
lqmofTds jf k|fof]lus -Action or applied_ ljlwdf zf]wstf{ cfkm}n] sfo{ u/L cfk\mgf nflu
rflxg] 1fg jf ;Lksf] vf]hL ul/G5 . o; ljlwdf zf]wstf{ cfkm}n] cfk\mgf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u/L cfk\mgf]
k];fut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ cfwf/x? k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;df of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg /
k|ltljDjgsf r/0f;Ddx? ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . cg';Gwfgaf6 pknlAw xfFl;n gx'Fbf;Dd
zf]wsfo{df k'g/fj[lQ eO/xG5 . hflt eflifs cWoognfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] xf] eg] s'g} hflt jf ;d'bfosf]
;+:s[lt / eflifs Jojxf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOG5 eGg] s'/f cfkm\gf] zf]wk|:tfjdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
cWoogljlwdf ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf qmddf cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg k|ZgfjnL, dtfjnL, hfFr ;"rL,
pks/0f cflbsf] ;d]t :ki6 vfsf cfk\mgf] zf]wk|:tfjdf pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 .
$=$=* zf]wsf] ;Ldfª\sg -Limitation)
s'g} ljifodf zf]w ubf{ zf]wfyL{n] cfk\mgf] zf]wsf] ef}uf]lns sfo{If]q / ljifoj:t'sf] ;Ldf If]qsf
af/]df :ki6 ;Ldf If]q tf]Sg' kb{5 . ;Ldf tf]Sbf ljz]if u/L zf]wzLif{s / p2]Zosf] kl/lwleq /x]/
cfk"mn] cWoog ug]{ / gug]{ If]qsf] ls6fgL ;Ldf tf]Sg' kb{5 ;fy} zf]w ljlw / tYofª\s ;+sngsf
cfwf/ tyf k|of]udf cfpg] ;fª\lVosLsf] ;d]t rrf{ ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;nfO{ klg st} ;Ldf
-Limitation_ / ;LdfaGwg÷;Ldfª\sg -Delimitation_ eg]/ 5'6\ofPsf] klg kfOG5 . Limitation
eGbf klg Delimitation df cem} ;"Id ;Ldf afFlwPsf] x'G5
$=$=( zf]wsf] ¿k/]vf -Organization of the Study_
zf]wkqsf] ?k/]vfdf cWofo / To;cGtu{tsf ljleGg zLif{s / pkzLif{sx?sf] ;"rL k|:t't ul/G5
. zf]wsf] ?k/]vf klg ;+:yfg, ;+sfo / ljefucg';f/ km/skm/s x'g;S5g\ . lzIffzf:q ;+sfosf] 8Lg
sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf] zf]wkqsf] ?k/]vf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] kfOG5–
cWofo Ps M zf]wsf] kl/ro
cWofo b'O{ M k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff / ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
cWofo tLg M cWoog ljlw / k|lqmof
cWofo rf/ M glthf / 5nkmn
cWofo kfFr M pk;+xf/ -;f/f+z, lgisif{ / pkof]lutf_
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;Gbe{s[lt ;"rL
kl/lzi6
$=$=!) ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL -Bibliography_
zf]wsfo{sf ;Gbe{df k|fylds / låtLos ;|f]taf6 ;ª\slnt ;fdu|LnfO{ ;Gbe{;fdu|L elgG5 .
zf]w n]vgsf qmddf k|of]u ul/Psf dfq s[ltx¿sf] ;"rLnfO{ ;Gbe{;fdu|L÷;Gbe{;"rL -References_
elgG5 . zf]wsfo{df pkof]u ePsf jf k|To]If pkof]u geP klg ;Gbe{;"rLsf ?kdf kf7fGTodf ;"rLs[t
ul/G5 eg] o; lj:t[t lsl;dsf] ;"rLnfO{ u|Gy;"rL÷s[lt;"rL -Bibliography_ elgG5 -aGw', @)^%M (^_
. zf]wsfo{df k|of]udf cfPsf ;a} s[ltx?sf] ;"rLnfO{ ;Gbe{;"rL jf s[lt;"rL elgG5 . t/ ;Gbe{;"rL /
s[lt;"rLdf leGgtf 5 . ;Gbe{;fdu|L jf ;Gbe{;"rLsf ?kdf pkof]u ePsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] zf]wk|aGw jf
kf7leq klg ;Gble{t s[lt jf ;Gbef{ª\sg -Reference cited\ citation_ pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . t/ s[lt;"rL
s[lt;"rL -Bibliography_ sf] dfq k|of]u ePdf ;Gbef{ª\sg jf ;Gbe{;ª\s]tsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
$=% cg';Gwfg k|:tfj n]vg / k|:t'lt
-gd'gf_
ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w
Ifdtfsf] cWoog
zf]wfyL{
lzIff yfkf
SofDk; /f]n g+= )!÷@)&$
lq=lj= btf{ g+= ==========================
lgoldt rf}yf] jif{sf] k/LIff qmdfª\s M %#)))!÷)&&
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo, wjnflul/ ax'd'vL
SofDk;, g]kfnL lzIff ljefucGtu{t :gfts tx,
rf}yf] jif{sf] g]kf=lz= -$$%_ kf7\of+zsf] cf+lzs
k|of]hgsf lglDt k|:tfljt
zf]wk|:tfj
@)&*
g]kfnL lzIff ljefu
wjnflul/ ax'd'vL SofDk;, afun'ª

!=! cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro -Introduction_


k|:t't zf]wk|:tfj ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf] cWoog
zLif{sdf cfwfl/t 5 . efifflzIf0fdf k7gaf]wsf sfo{snfx? Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . of]
cWoogdf ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] ;du| k7gaf]w Ifdtf s]s:tf] 5
<, 5fq / 5fqfdf k7gaf]w Ifdtfdf s]slt leGgtf 5 < eGg] ;d:ofsf] vf]hL ul/g]5 . of]
cWoogn] ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf]] cj:yf kQf
nfu]df cleefjs, lzIfs, gLlt lgdf{tf, ljBfyL{ / kf7\oqmd lgdf{tfsf nflu Hofb} pkof]uL ;fdu|L
;fljt x'g]5 .
!=@ ;d:ofsyg -Statement of the Problem_
ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf] cWoog zLif{sdf lgDg
;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\M
s= ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtf s]s:tf] 5 <
v= 5fq / 5fqfdf k7gaf]w Ifdtfdf s]slt leGgtf 5 <

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!=# zf]wsf p2]Zox? -Objectives of the Study_


ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf] cWoog zLif{sdf lgDg
p2]Zox? /x]sf 5g\M
s= k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf] cj:yf kQf nufpg' .
v= sIff bzdf cWoog/t 5fq / 5fqfdf k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf] leGgtf kQf nufpg' .
!=$ k|fSsNkgf -Hypothesis)
ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf] cWoog zLif{sdf lgDg
k|fSsNkgf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5M
s= ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtf /fd|f] 5 .
v= 5fq / 5fqfsf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfdf s'g} leGgtf 5}g .
!=% k"jf{Woog÷ k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff -Review of Literature_
!=^ zf]w jf cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / dxTj -Rationale of the Study_
of] cWoogdf ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] ;du| k7gaf]w Ifdtf
s]s:tf] 5 <, 5fq / 5fqfdf k7gaf]w Ifdtfdf s]slt leGgtf 5 < eGg] ;d:ofsf] vf]hL cfwfl/t
5 . of] cWoogn] ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff bzdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] k7gaf]w Ifdtfsf]] cj:yf
kQf nufpg] 5 . of] cWoog ;du| cleefjs, lzIfs, gLlt lgdf{tf, ljBfyL{ / kf7\oqmd lgdf{tfsf
nflu Hofb} pkof]uL ;fdu|L ;fljt x'g]5 .
!=& cWoog ljlw / k|lqmof (Methods and Procedures of the Study)
k|:t't cWoog If]qLo cWoog -Field study_ cfwfl/t x'g]5 . of] cWoog :ynut cWoogdf
cfwfl/t x'g]5 . o;df sIff bzdf cWoog/t 5fq / 5fqfx? dWo]af6 k|ltlglwd"ns gd'gf 5gf]6sf u/L
;To / jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t ;fdu|Lx?sf] 5gf]6 u/L tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{ lgsflng] 5 .
!=!) s[lt;"rL -Bibliography_
;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt -@)^(_, …zf]w k|ltj]bg n]vg / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]uÚ, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno jflif{s
lbj; ljz]iffª\s @)^(, sf7df8f}+M lq=lj= ;"rgf zfvf, sLlt{k'/ k[=!%–@& .
aGw', r'8fdl0f -@)%@_, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
e6\6/fO{, /fdk|;fb -@)^%_, eflifs cg';Gwfg ljlw, sf7df8f}+M z'esfdgf k|sfzg .
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f, s]zj kf]v/]n, pd]z sfk\mn] -@)&%_, cg';Gwfg ljlw, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts
e08f/ .
Kothari, C.R. (1976), Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Kumar, Ranjit (1996). Research Methodology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill
Street.

PsfO kfFr M cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] :j¿k -@@_


%=! cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] kl/ro
s'g} ;d:of jf ljifosf kl5 nfu]/ s'g} gofF s'/f kQf nufpg jf vf]hL ug{ zf]w jf cg';Gwfg
sfo{ ul/G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg eO:s]kl5 tof; ul/g] k|ltj]bgnfO{ cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg
elgG5 . zf]w jf cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] clGtd sfd g} cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f xf] . cg';Gwfg
k|ltj]bgnfO{ zf]wkq, zf]wu|Gy, zf]wk|aGw, cg';Gwfg kq klg elgG5 .
s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lglDt cfjZos k|df0fx? h'6fO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ul/g] k|fl1s sfo{
cg';Gwfg xf] . cg';Gwfg z}lIfs txkf/, pkflw xfl;n, k];fut j[lQljsf; / cGo kl/of]hgf ;DkGg
ug{sf lglDt ul/G5 . cg';Gwfg jf zf]wk|ltj]bg n]vgsf lglDt lgDg r/0f jf k|lqmof cjnDag ul/G5M

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 Zff]wk|ltj]bgsf] ;fdfGo ?k/]vf tof/L -k"j{efu, dWoefu, cGTo efu_ Preparation of general
outline
 ljifoj:t'sf] tfls{s ljZn]if0f Logical analysis of the subject matter
 k|ltj]bgsf] clGtd vfsf jf 9fFrf tof/L Preparation of the final outline
 v];|f d:of}bf tof/L Preparation of the rough draft
 d:of}bfsf] k'gn]{vg / csif{s agfpg] Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft
 ;Gbe{;fdu|Lsf] clGtd tof/L Preparation of the final bibliography
 clGtd d:of}bf n]vg Writing the final draft
%=@ cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf c+ux? / 9fFrfM
%=@=! k"j{efu
 d'vk[i7
 k|lta4tf
 lgb]{zssf] l;kmfl/;
 :jLs[ltkq ÷ cg'df]bgkq
 s[t1tf1fkg
 ljifo;"rL
 tflnsf, lrq, gS;f;"rL
 lrXg;"rL
 ;ª\lIfKt ¿ksf] ;"rL
 kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws kbfjnL
%=@=@ d"nefu
 cWofo of]hgf
 zLif{s, pkzLif{s of]hgf
 cg'R5]bljGof;
 p4/0f
 ;Gbef{ª\sg
 kfbl6Kk0fL
 ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL
%=@=# pQ/ efu
 kl/lzi6
 JolStj[Q
d"nefusf] pbfx/0f
!= cWofo / zLif{ssf] 9fFrf
cWofo zLif{s
cWofo Ps M zf]wsf] kl/ro
cWofo b'O{ M k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff / ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
cWofo tLg M cWoog ljlw / k|lqmof
cWofo rf/ M glthf / 5nkmn
cWofo kfFr M pk;+xf/ -;f/f+z, lgisif{ / pkof]lutf_
cWofon] zLif{s / pkzLif{ssf] ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5 . kf7sf] zLif{ efudf cWofo -Ps, b'O{==_ / cWofo
zLif{snfO{ s]Gb|Ls[t u/L aLrdf /flvG5 . pkzLif{s / d"nkf7df k|of]u x'g] cIf/sf] cfsf/ jf kmG6eGbf
cWofo / d"nzLif{sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] x'G5 . cWofo / d'Vo zLif{afx]ssf pkzLif{sx?nfO{ bzdnj k|0ffnLdf
lgDgcg';f/sf] 9fFrfdf /flvG5, h:t} -pbfx/0f_M

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cWofo Ps
zf]wsf] kl/ro
!=! zf]wkl/ro - Introduction_
!=@ ;d:ofsyg -Statement of the Problem_
!=# zf]wsf p2]Zox? -Objectives of the Study_
!=$ zf]wsf] cf}lrTo / dxTj -Rationale of the Study_
!=% k|fSsNkgf -Hypothesis)
!=%=! z"Go k|fSsNkgf
!=%=@ j}slNks k|fSsNkgf
!=^ zf]wsf] ;Ldfª\sg -Limitation)
cWofo b'O{
k"j{sfo{sf] cWoog / ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
@=! k"j{sfo{sf] cWoog
@=!=! k"j{sfo{sf] ljj/0f
@=!=@ k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff
@=!=# k"j{sfo{sf] dxTj / pkof]lutf
@=@ ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
@=@=! ===================
@=@=@ ==================
@=@=# =====================
%=@=@ d"nefu
s= cg'R5]b ljGof;
x/]s zLif{s / pkzLif{ssf aLrdf Ps jf cg]s cg'R5]bx? cfPsf x'G5g\ . c'R5]b Psb]lv b;
jfSoleqdf /fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 . cg'R5] nfdf] ePdf k9\g / cy{af]w ug{ sl7g x'G5 . Pp6f cg'R5]bdf Pp6}
ljifo / k|;+unfO{ hgfpg] jfSox? cfPsf x'G5g\ . ljifo / k|s/0f km/s x'Fbf cg'R5]b ablnG5 . cg'R5]bdf
zLif{jfSo, ljrf/jfSo, lj:tfl/t jfSo / lgisif{ jfSoaLrsf] ;'ul7t ;DaGw ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . c'R5]bleq}
zAb, jfSo / ljrf/sf] qmda4tf klg x'g' kb{5 . ljifoj:t'sf] p7fg, lj:tf/ / lgisif{ cfPdf Tof] k"0f{
cg'R5]b x'G5 . log} cg]s cg'R5]bsf] ljGof;n] k"0f{ kf7 aGb5 .
zf]wk|ltj]bgsf] lsgf/ 5f]8fO / cGt/fndf Ps?ktf sfod x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu d'vk[i7df
rf/}lt/ slDtdf 8]9 OGr lsgf/f 5f]8\g' kb{5 eg] cGo k[i7df b]j|] lsgf/df 8]9 OGr -!=%_, l;/fgdf !=#,
bflxg] )=* / k'5f/df Ps OGr lsgf/ 5f]8\g' Jofjxfl/s b]lvG5 . kl/R5]b / d'Vo zLif{s lardf bf]Aa/
snnx/ -Double Spacing_ / cGo cg'R5]b !=% nfOg snnx/df 6ª\sg ul/G5 .
v= p4/0fsf k|sf/ / k|of]u
cg';Gwfg sfo{df ljleGg s[lt / s[ltsf/x?sf] ljrf/nfO{ ;fef/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . låtLos ;|f]tsf]
;fdu|L cyjf c?sf] egfO jf sygnfO{ cfk\mgf] syg agfpFbf zAbfGt/ -Paraphrase_, ;+IfkLs/0f -
Summarize_ / k|ToIf p4/0f -Direct quotation_ u/]/ k|:t'tug{ ;lsG5 . ljifosf] k|s[lt x]/]/ s'g}
c?sf] egfO jf sygnfO{ zAbfGt/ jf ;+IfkLs/0f u/L ;fef/ ul/G5 eg] s'g} sygnfO{ k|ToIf p4/0fdf
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/fvL ;fef/ ul/G5 . ljz]if u/L cfbz{ jfSo, dxTjk"0f{ egfO, sljtf+z, pvfg, ;"lSt cflbnfO{ k|ToIf
p4/0f …… ÚÚ lrGxleq /flvG5 eg] cGo ;fdfGo egfO jf c?sf] wf/0ffnfO{ ck|ToIf ?kdf zAbfg'jfb,
efjfg'jfb jf ;+IfkLs/0f u/L /flvG5 .
c?sf] egfO pb\w/0f ug'{kbf{ 5f]6f] jf tLg kª\lt jf #( zAb;DdnfO{ pxL cg'R5]bdf bf]xf]/f]
pb\w/0f lrGxleq /flvG5 eg] pb\w[t c+z $) zAbeGbf a9L ePdf cg'R5]b abn]/ sl/a bz :yfg -sn–
3/_ 5f8L Psn sn–nx/ -Single Spacing_ df pb\w/0f lrGxsf] k|of]u gu/L 6ª\sg ul/G5 .
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf h'g;'s} ?kdf c?sf] egfO ;fef/ ubf{ klg ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]t -ue]{ l6Kk0fL -Parenthetical
note_, kfbl6Kk0fL -Foot note_ jf kf7fGt÷cGTo l6Kk0fL -End note_ sf] clgjfo{ k|of]u ug}{k5{ . p4/0f
cfsf/df nfdf] / 5f]6f] clg cleJolStdf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf u/L tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . p4/0f k|of]usf
gd'gfx?M
!= ck|ToIf p4/0fM
;fdfGotof d"n n]vs jf s[ltaf6 egfOx? ;fef/ ul/G5 . t/ slxn] sfxLF uf}0f jf bf];|f]
JolStsf] ;fdu|Laf6 klxnf] JolStsf] egfO jf ;fdu|LnfO{ p4[t ug{ klg ;lsG5, o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ d"n
n]vssf] gfd jf y/ / s[lt k|sfzg jif{ pNn]v ul/G5 eg] uf}0f jf bf];|f] JolStsf] ;Gbe{ ;+s]t pNn]v
ul/G5, h:t} lgDg pbfx/0f M
x8\;g -Hudson, 1999_ n] efiffsf] ;dfh ;fk]If cWoognfO{ ;fdflhs efifflj1fg eg]sf 5g\ -yfkf,
@)^( M *_ .
@= k|ToIf 5f]6f] p4/0f -#( zAb ;Ddsf]_ M
c?sf] d"n kf7af6 ;fdu|L ;fef/ ubf{ aLrsf] s]xL c+z x6fP/ cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] ;fdu|L dfq lbg klg
;lsG5 . c?sf] ;fdu|L ;fef/ ubf{ jfSosf] aLraf6 kbfjnL dfq x6fpFbf tLg yf]Knf -= = = _ /
aLraf6 jfSo g} x6fpg rf/ yf]Knf -= = = =_ lbg] rng x'G5 . p4[t c+zaf6 s'g} zAb c:ki6 jf
q'l6k"0f{ ePdf sf]i7sdf k|Zg lrGx jf z'4 ?knfO{ /fVg klg ;lsG5 t/ cGo c+znfO{ oyfjt ;fef/
ug'{k5{ . k|ToIf p4/0fsf] gd'gf M
efiffsf] cWoog efifflj1fgn] ub{5 tfklg efiffsf] ;dfh;Fusf] ;DaGw / ;fdflhs sfo{sf]
cWoog ;fdflhs efifflj1fgn] g} ub{5 . o;;DaGwdf yfkfsf] egfO ……efifflj1fgn] efiffsf] ;du|
;+/rgf kIf / o;sf j0f{, cIf/, ?k, zAb / jfSo Joj:yfsf] 5'§f5'§} cWoogdf hf]8 lbG5 eg]
;fdflhs efifflj1fgn] efiffsf] ;do, :yfg / k|of]Stf ;fk]If k|of]u tyf sfo{sf] j0f{gdf cfk \mgf] Wofg
s]lGb||t ub{5ÚÚ eGg] /x]sf] 5 -@)^( M ^_ .
#= k|ToIf nfdf] p4/0f -$) zAbeGbf a9L]_ M
;fdfGo efifflj1fgn] efiffsf PsfOx?sf] k[ysLs[t cWoog ub{5 eg] ;fdflhs efifflj1fgn] ;a} eflifs
PsfOx?sf] PsLs[t cWoog ub{5 . o;;daGwdf c?sf] egfO 5M
efifflj1fgn] eflifs ljifo / ;+/rgfsf] vf]hL ub{5 eg] ;fdflhs efifflj1fgn] eflifs
k|of]hgsf] gof“ gof“ ;Gbe{sf] vf]hL ub{5 . ;fdfGo efifflj1fgn] efiffsf] sYo,
cleJolSt ?k / eflifs lgodx?sf] vf]hL ub{5 eg] ;fdflhs efifflj1fgn] ;dfh /
cleJolSt aLrsf] ;DaGw tyf eflifs k|sfo{ / ;Dk|]if0f ;fdYo{sf] cWoog ub{5 -yfkf,
@)^( M ^_ .
k|ltj]bg n]vgdf ;Gbef{ª\sg÷;Gbe{ ;ª\s]t / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
-Use of Citation & References in Report Writing)
!= ;Gbef{ª\sg÷;Gbe{ ;ª\s]t -Citation_
zf]wsfo{df k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ k|foM låtLos ;|f]tsf -c?n] tof/ u/]sf_ ;fdu|Lx?sf] pkof]u
ul/Psf] x'G5 . c?sf ;fdu|Lx?sf] pkof]u ubf{ ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u -Citation_ df ljz]if Wofg
k'¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . olb c?sf] egfOsf] cf;o jf ljrf/nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]tsf] pNn]v gu/L lnOof] jf
;fef/ ul/of] eg] Tof] af}l4s rf]/L jf efjx/0f -Plagiarism_ x'G5 -aGw', @)^%M *$_ . of] af}l4s
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rf]/Laf6 d'St x'gsf lglDt ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]t jf ;Gbef{ª\sgsf] k|of]u ug{'kb{5 . ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u ubf{
ue]{ l6Kk0fL -Parenthetical note_, kfbl6Kk0fL -Foot note_, kf7fGt÷cGTo l6Kk0fL -End note_ / s[lt;"rL
l6Kk0fL -Bibliographical note_ dWo] s'g} Pp6f ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]tnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg} kg]{ x'G5, h:t}M
s= ue]{ l6Kk0fL -Parenthetical note_M d"nkf7leq ;Gbe{ cfPs} 7fpFdf lbOg] tT:yflgs l6Kk0fLnfO{ ue]{
l6Kk0fL elgG5 . d"nkf7sf k|;ª\u cfPs} 7fpFdf ;Gbe{;|f]t v'nfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ ue]{l6Kk0fL jf
cGtkf{7Lo l6Kk0f klg elgG5 . ue]{ l6Kk0f b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\M
c= n]vs ldlt k4lt -Author-Date System_M the American Psychological Association System
(APA)
cf= n]vs k[i7 k4lt -Author-Page System_M the Modern Languages Association (MLA)
v= kfbl6Kk0fL -Foot note_M d"nkf7leq ;Gbe{ cfPsf] 7fpFdf c+s jf cGo ;+s]t /fvL pxL kf7sf]
cGTodf ;f]xL c+s jf ;+s]t /fvL l6Kk0fL ug]{ k4ltnfO{ kfbl6Kk0fL elgG5 .
u= cGTo l6Kk0fL -End note_M x/]s cWofo jf kl/R5]bsf] cGTodf kfbl6Kk0fLdf em} c+s jf ;+s]t /fvL
l6Kk0fL ug]{ k4ltnfO{ kf7fGt jf cGTo l6Kk0fL elgG5 .
3= s[lt;"rL l6Kk0fL -Bibliographical note_M ue]{ l6Kk0fL jf kfbl6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u gu/L s[ltsf] cGTodf
s[ltsf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ s[lt;"rL l6Kk0fL elgG5 .
txkf/ / pkflwd"ns zf]wkqdf s[lt;"rLn] dfq sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] dflgb}g . zf]wsfo{df låtLos
;|f]tsf ;fdu|L cyjf c?sf] egfO jf sygnfO{ cfk\mgf] syg agfpFbf zAbfGt/ -Paraphrase_, ;+IfkLs/0f
-Summarize_ jf k|ToIf p4/0f -Direct quotation_ u/]/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 -kf08]o, @)^(M !^_ .
k|ltj]bgdf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u p4l/t -Cited_, cjnf]lst -Consulted_, rolgt -Selected_ jf
l6Kk0fL -Annoted_ u/]/ klg ug{;lsG5 . cg';Gwfgstf{sf] af}l4s OdfGbfl/tf sfod ug{ ;Gbe{ ;+s]tsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 .
ue]{ l6Kk0fL -Parenthetical note_ / kfbl6Kk0fL -Foot note_ b'a} ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]udf APA
/ MLA dWo] s'g} Ps k4ltsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] dfgljsL ;+sfodf c+u|]hL ljefun]
MLA k4ltnfO{ nfu" u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] Oltxf; ljefun] kfbl6Kk0fL k4ltnfO{ nfu" ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 .
clxn] kfbl6Kk0fL k'/fgf] / emGhl6nf] ljlw dflgG5 . Jojxf/df MLA eGbf APA k4lt gofF / ;/n k4lt
dflgG5 . w]/} ljefun] of] APA k4ltnfO{ g} cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 .
@= APA , MLA / Foot note k4ltdf ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]t -Citation_ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf
s= the American Psychological Association System (APA) k4ltM
of] k4ltcg';f/ ;Gbe{ ;+s]tsf] k|of]u ubf{ s[ltsf/sf] egfO ;fef/ u/]s} :yfgdf sf]i7sleq
s[ltsf/sf] y/, s[lt k|sfzg jif{ / s[ltsf] ;Gbe{ ;fef/ ePsf] k[i7 ;+Vof dfq pNn]v ul/G5 .
o;nfO{ n]vs ldlt k4lt -Author-Date System_ klg eGg] rng 5, h:t} pbfx/0f–
zf]wdf ;Gbe{ ;|f]t gv'nfO{ c?sf] egfO jf ljrf/nfO{ :yfg lbOof] eg] To;nfO{ efjx/0f -
Plagiarism_ elgG5 -aGw', @)^% M *$_ .
olb s[ltsf/sf] egfO eGbf k"j{ g} s[ltsf/sf] gfd jf y/ pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 eg] pSt egfO;Fu
k|sfzg jif{ / k[i7 dfq sf]i7sdf cfPsf] x'G5, h:t} pbfx/0f–
r"8fdl0f aGw'sf] egfO cg';f/ zf]wdf ;Gbe{ ;|f]t gv'nfO{ c?sf] egfO jf ljrf/nfO{ :yfg lbOof]
eg] To;nfO{ efjx/0f -Plagiarism_ elgG5 -@)^% M *$_ .
v= the Modern Languages Association (MLA) k4lt M
of] k4lt cg';f/sf] ;Gbe{ ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u ubf{ s[ltsf/sf] egfO ;fef/ u/]s} :yfgdf sf]i7sleq
s[ltsf/sf] y/ / s[ltsf] ;Gbe{ ;fef/ ePsf] k[i7;+Vof dfq pNn]v ul/G5 . o;df k|sfzg jif{sf]
cfjZostf kb}{g . o;nfO{ n]vs k[i7 k4lt -Author-Page System_ klg eGg] rng 5, h:t} pbfx/0f–
zf]wdf ;Gbe{ ;|f]t gv'nfO{ c?sf] egfO jf ljrf/nfO{ :yfg lbOof] eg] To;nfO{ efjx/0f -Plagiarism_
elgG5 -aGw', *$_ .
olb s[ltsf/sf] egfOeGbf k"j{ g} s[ltsf/sf] y/ pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 eg] pSt egfO;Fu k[i7 dfq
sf]i7sdf cfPsf] x'G5, h:t}–
aGw'sf cg';f/ zf]wdf ;Gbe{ ;|f]t gv'nfO{ c?sf] egfO jf ljrf/nfO{ :yfg lbOof] eg] To;nfO{
efjx/0f -Plagiarism)elgG5 -*$_ .
u= kfbl6Kk0fL -Foot note_ jf kf7fGt÷cGTo l6Kk0fL -End note_ k4lt M

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;Gbe{;ª\s]t k[i7sf] cGTodf jf kf7sf] cGTodf lbOPsf] l6Kk0fLnfO{ g} kfbl6Kk0fL jf kf7fGt


l6Kk0fL elgG5 . kfbl6Kk0fL k[i7sf] cGTodf, cWofosf] cGTodf jf zf]wu|Gysf] cGTodf k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5
. kfbl6Kk0fL -Foot note System_ cfkm}df ;Gbef{ª\sg jf ;Gbe{;ª\s]t xf] . ;Gbef{ª\sgdf kfbl6Kk0fL
k|of]u ePdf klg MLA jf APA k4ltsf] ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rLsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 .
kfbl6Kk0fLdf qmd;+Vof ;d]t lbg'kb{5, h:t} pbfx/0f–
zf]wdf ;Gbe{ ;|f]t gv'nfO{ c?sf] egfO jf ljrf/nfO{ :yfg lbOof] eg] To;nfO{ efjx/0f -Plagiarism_
elgG5! .===========
===========================================================================================
!=r"8fdl0f aGw', cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, bf]=;+= -sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/, @)^%_, k[= *$ .
@=P]hg -Ibid_ k[=() -qmdz bf];|f] k6s klg ;f]xL s[ltaf6 ;Gbe{ cfPdf_ .
#=r"8fdl9f aGw', k"j{jt\ -Op.cit_ k[=(* -aLrdf csf]{ n]vssf] ;Gbe{ cfO To;kl5 k'gM ;f]xL s[ltaf6
;Gbe{ cfPdf_ .
$=lbgaxfb'/ yfkf, ;'bz{g l;njfn, lzIf0f cEof; ;Gbe{ k':ts, -sf7df8f}+M sfi7d08k k':ts w/,
@)&^_ k[= @% . -b'Ohgf n]vs ePdf_
%=bof/fd >]i7 / cGo, ;Dkf, :gfts clgjfo{ g]kfnL, -sf7df8f}+M e'F8Lk'/f0f, @)&!_, k[= @% . -
tLghgf;Dd n]vs jf ;Dkfbs eP ;a}sf] gfd n]Vg] / ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf klxnf] qmdsf] gfd n]vL
cGo n]Vg]_
#= ;Gbe{;"rL tof/ kfg]{ d'Vo k4ltx¿
ljZjdf ;Gbe{;fdu|L jf ;Gbe{;"rLsf] k|of]u w]/} jf cfcfk\mgf] k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . s'df/, /l~hts -
!((^M @$%_ sf cg';f/ lgDg rf/ k4lt dWo] s'g} Ps k4ltnfO{ c+ufn]sf]] kfOG5M
a. the Harvard System
b. the American Psychol sfogical Association System (APA)
c. the McGraw-Hill System.
d. the Modern Languages Association (MLA). & the Footnote System .
g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df APA / MLA dWo] s'g} Ps ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL k4ltsf] pkof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
kfbl6Kk0fL -Footnote System_ cfkm}df ;Gbef{ª\sg jf ;Gbe{;ª\s]t xf] . ;Gbef{ª\sgdf kfbl6Kk0fL k|of]u
ePdf klg MLA jf APA k4ltsf] ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rLsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . ;Gbef{ª\sgdf ue]{l6Kk0fL k|of]u
ePdf klg MLA jf APA k4ltsf] ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rLsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 .
$= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L jf ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL -References_ sf] k|of]u
zf]wsfo{sf ;Gbe{df k|fylds / låtLos ;|f]taf6 ;ª\slnt ;fdu|LnfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L elgG5 .
zf]w n]vgsf qmddf k|of]u ul/Psf dfq s[ltx¿sf] ;"rLnfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L jf ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL -
References_ elgG5 . zf]w sfo{df pkof]u ePsf jf k|To]If pkof]u geP klg ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf ;"rLs[t
ul/G5 eg] o; lj:t[t lsl;dsf] ;"rLnfO{ s[lt;"rL jf u|Gy;"rL -Bibliography_ elgG5 -aGw', @)^%M
(^_ . ;fdfGotof zf]wkq n]vgdf ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL / kf7\ok':ts n]vgdf s[lt;"rL zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{
rng x'G5 . k|ltj]bg n]vgdf APA / MLA k4ltcg';f/sf]] ;be{ s[lt;"rL jf s[lt;"rLdf ;fdu|Lx?sf]
k|of]u ;DaGwL pbfx/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h:t}–
s= the American Psychological Association System (APA) cg';f/sf] ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rLsf pbfx/0f–
aGw', r'8fdl0f -@)%@_, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
yfkf, lbgaxfb'/, ;'bz{g l;njfn -@)&^_, lzIf0f cEof; ;Gbe{ k':ts, sf7df8f}+M sfi7d08k k':ts w/ .
>]i7, bof/fd / cGo, ;Dkf, -@)&!_, :gfts clgjfo{ g]kfnL, sf7df8f}+M e'F8Lk'/f0f . -tLghgf;Dd n]vs
jf ;Dkfbs eP ;a}sf] gfd n]Vg] / ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf klxnf] qmdsf] gfd n]vL cGo n]Vg]_
Kothari, C.R. (1976), Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

v= the Modern Languages Association (MLA) cg';f/sf] ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rLsf pbfx/0f–


aGw', r"8fdl0f, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, bf]=;+= sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/, @)^% .
yfkf, lbgaxfb'/, ;'bz{g l;njfn, lzIf0f cEof; ;Gbe{ k':ts, sf7df8f}+M sfi7d08k k':ts w/, @)&^ .
>]i7, bof/fd / cGo, ;Dkf, :gfts clgjfo{ g]kfnL, sf7df8f}+M e'F8Lk'/f0f, @)&! . -tLghgf;Dd n]vs jf
;Dkfbs eP ;a}sf] gfd n]Vg] / ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf klxnf] qmdsf] gfd n]vL cGo n]Vg]_
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Kothari, C.R., Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1978.
;Gbe{;"rLdf k|sflzt k':ts, k|sflzt kqklqsf, ck|sflzt zf]w / c+u]|hLdf k|sflzt k':ts–
klqsfsf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} ljj/0f j0ff{g'qmd ;"rLdf lbg klg ;lsG5 / b]jgfu/L lnlkdf Psftkm{ / /f]dg
lnlkdf csf{lt/ 5'6\6} ljj/0f klg lbg ;lsG5 . Pp6} n]vssf PseGbf a9L s[lt ePdf sfnqmlds
cfwf/df /flvG5 . n]vssf] k|sflzt d"n s[ltsf] zLif{snfO{ O6flns jf cwf]/]vfª\sg ul/G5 eg] d"n
s[ltdf ;+u|lxn n]v jf ck|sflzt zf]wnfO{ bf]xf]/f] pb\w/0fdf /flvG5 .
%= ;Gbe{;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ / ;Gbe{;"rLsf] cg'qmddf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
PlkP (APA) jf cGo s'g} klg k4ltcg';f/ ;Gbe{;"rL -References_ sf] k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{
s]xL lgodx¿
!= Psn n]vs, @= Pp6} n]vssf PseGb w]/} n]v Pp6} jif{df k|sfzg, #= klxnf] ;+:s/0f / bf];|f] jf t];|f]
;+:s/0f, $= b'O{ jf tLgeGbf a9L n]vs, %= hg{n jf ;++sng ;+u|xdf /x]sf n]v, ^= b}lgs klqsfdf
5flkPsf] n]v, &= ;Dkflbt jf cg'lbt u|Gy, *= ;+:yf jf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, clen]v, (= zf]wkfq, !)=
s'g} s[ltsf] e"ldsf cflb ;|f]taf6 ;Gbe{ ;+s]t k|of]]u ePdf lgDg j0ff{g'qmddf /flvG5M
;Gbe{;"rLsf] cg'qmdsf] gd'gf M
clwsf/L, x]dfª\u /fh -@)^&_, g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ . -!, #_
l3ld/], dfwj -@)&^_,……z'esfdgfÚÚ, k|]d 5f]6fsf ax'cfofd, ;Dkf= lbgaxfb'/ yfkf, afun'ª M bLc k|sfzg -
&, !)_
yfkf, lbgaxfb'/ -@)%)_, ……unsf]6 If]qdf k|rlnt nf]suLtx¿sf] ;j]{If0f / cWoog…Ú, lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu :gftsf]Q/ txsf] zf]w–kq -ck|=_ . -(_
-@)&&_,……lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] dfu{lrqÚÚ, uf]/vfkq, r}q &, k[=^ . -#,^_
yfkf, lbgaxfb'/, ;'bz{g l;njfn -@)&^_, lzIf0f cEof; ;Gbe{ k':ts, sf7df8f}+ M sfi7d08k k':ts 3/
. -$_ .
kGt, k|]dlglw -zfs] !^%$_, ……dNnfbz{ÚÚ, /fli6«o clen]vfnodf ;'/lIft x:t lnlvt u|Gy . -*_
kfWofo /]UdL, r"8fdl0f -@)$&_, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, rf}=;+=, sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg . -#_
kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb -@)%) …sÚ, ……g]kfnsf efiffdf lnDa" efiffÚÚ, lnDa" efiff tyf ;flxTo ljrf/uf]i7L,
sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7g k[=@@–#! . -@_
-@)%) …vÚ_, ……g]kfnn] c+uLsf/ ug'{kg]{ eflifs gLlt / eflifs of]hgfÚÚ, k|1f, jif{ @@, k"0ff{Í
&(, k[= #!–%% . -@, %_
aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)%)_, ……g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df efiff–of]hgfÚÚ, k|1f, jif{ @@, k"0ff{Í &(, k[= &#–!)% . -%_
e§/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n ;Dkf= -@)^!_, 8f= aNnedl0f bfxfnsf eflifs lrGtg, sf7df8f}+
M /Tg k':ts e08f/ . -&_
/fli6«o efiffgLlt ;'emfj cfof]u -@)%)_, /fli6«o efiffgLlt ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%), sf7df8f}+M-*_
ljZjgfyk|;fb cg'= -;g\ !(()_, efiff, lbNnLM df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf; . -&_
>]i7, bof/fd / cGo, ;Dkf, -@)&!_, :gfts clgjfo{ g]kfnL, sf7df8f}+M e'F8Lk'/f0f . -$_
>L % sf] ;/sf/ -@)#!_, d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu #_, sf7df8f}+M ;+rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu . -*_
Kothari, C.R. (1976), Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Kumar, Ranjit (1996). Research Methodology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill
Street.
;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt -@)^(_, …zf]w k|ltj]bg n]vg / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]uÚ, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno jflif{s
lbj; ljz]iffª\s @)^(, sf7df8f}+M lq=lj= ;"rgf zfvf, sLlt{k'/ k[=!%–@& .
aGw', r'8fdl0f -@)%@_, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
e6\6/fO{, /fdk|;fb -@)^%_, eflifs cg';Gwfg ljlw, sf7df8f}+M z'esfdgf k|sfzg .
Kothari, C.R. (1976), Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Kumar, Ranjit (1996). Research Methodology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd 6 Bonhill
Street.

32
www.dinthapa.com.np

^= kfbl6Kk0fL / ;Gbe{;"rLdf km/s


kfbl6Kk0fL ;Gbe{;"rLdf
s= ;Gbef{ª\sg÷;Gbe{ ;ª\s]t -Citation_ sf gfdn] s[lt;"rL ÷ u|Gy;"rL -Bibliography_ jf ;Gbe{
lrlgG5 ;fdu|L ÷ ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL -References_ gfdn]
lrlgG5
v= kfbl6Kk0fL -Footnote_ d"nkf7leq ;Gbe{ cfPsf] ;Gbe{ s[lt;"rL -References_ ;du| cWofosf]
7fpFdf c+s jf cGo ;+s]t /fvL pxL kf7sf] cGTodf, cGTodf dfq k|of]u x'G5
kl/R5]sf] cGTodf jf ;du| cWofosf] cGTodf k|of]u
x'G5
u= d"n kf7df klxn] kfbl6Kk0fLsf] k|of]u x'G5 ;a} cWoofosf] cGTodf ;Gbe{;"rLsf] k|of]u x'G5
3= Kfbl6Kk0fL d"n kf7leq k|of]usf] qmdcg';f/ c+s jf cWofosf] cGTodf n]vs jf ;Dkfbssf] y/sf]
;+s]t /fv]/ k|of]u ul/G5 j0ff{g'qmd cg';f/ k|of]u x'G5
ª Kfbl6Kk0fLn] n]vssf] ljrf/ p4l/t -Cited_ u/]sf] ;Gbe{;"rL ;du| s[lt -n]vs, k|sfzg jif{,
;Gbe{ -n]vs, zLif{s, k|sfzg jif{, k|sfzg :yfg, zLif{s, k|sfzg :yfg / k|sfzs_ sf] kl/ro
k|sfzs / k[i7_ nfO{ .b]vfpg] sfd u5{ lbG5 .
r= n]vssf] gfd cufl8 / y/ k5fl8 n]lvG5 n]vssf] y/ cufl8 / gfd kl5 n]lvG5 .
s[ltsf] k[i7 pNn]v x'G5 s[ltsf] k[i7 pNn]v x'Fb}g
5= k|sfzg :yfg, k|sfzs / k|sfzg jif{nfO{ sf]i7sdf sf]i7ssf] k|of]u x'Fb}g
lbOG5
h= !=r"8fdl0f aGw', cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg, aGw', r'8fdl0f -@)%@_, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg
bf]=;+= -sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/, @)^%_, k[= (^ . n]vg, sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/ . -APA_
aGw', r"8fdl0f, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg,
bf]=;+= sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/, @)^% . -
MLA_ .

&= kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws kbfjnL


zf]wnfO{ ;'af]Wo u/fpg cfkm\gf] zf]wdf k|of]u x'g] k|d'v zAbx?sf] kl/efiff klg pNn]v ug'{ /fd|f]
x'G5 . olb cfk"mn] ug]{ zf]wsfo{ s'g} ;|f]ts]Gb|, ;fd'bflos ljBfno / ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] t'ngfTds
cWoogdf cfwfl/t 5 / pSt ljBfnodf k'u]/ ljleGg k|ZgfjnLx? tof/ u/L j0f{ljGof;sf lgodsf] q'l6
lnZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] tkl;n adf]lhdsf] kfl/eflifs zAbx? pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} pbfx/0f–
q'l6 (Error) : dft[efifLn] cfk\mgf] efiffdf q'l6 ub}{gg\ eGg] dfGotf cg';f/ s'g} efiffsf] eflifs lgodx?
k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cefjdf ul/g] eflifs lgodsf] unt k|of]unfO{ q'l6 elgG5 .
;fd'bflos ljBfnoM lzIff P]g tyf lgodfjnL cg';f/ ;/sf/L tna tyf cg'bfgaf6 ;~rflnt
ljBfnonfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfno elgG5 .
;+:yfut ljBfnoM lzIff P]g tyf lgodfjnL cg';f/ :yfkgf eO{ sDkgL /lhi6f/ sfof{no jf z}lIfs
u'7Ldf btf{ ePsf gLlh tyf cfj;Lo ljb\ofnox¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ljBfno elgG5 .
j0f{ljGof;sf lgodM j0f{ljGof;sf n]Vo lrGxx¿ -X|Zj÷bL3{, o÷P, a÷j, 5]÷If, UoF÷1, z÷if÷;, l/÷C,
k~rdj0f{, lz/ljGb'÷rGb|ljGb', xnGt÷chGt, kbof]u÷kbljof]u_ ;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ .
&= JolStj[Q -Bio-data_ sf] gd'gf

JolQmj[Q
gfd M
hGd ldlt M
hGd:yfg M
;Dks{ g+=M
lnª\u M
33
www.dinthapa.com.np

a'afsf] gfd M
cfdfsf] gfd M
klt÷kTgL M
5f]/f M
5f]/L M
:yfoL 7]ufgf M
k]zf M
/fli6«otf M
wd{ M
efiff M
?lr M
z}lIfs of]Uotf M
tx lzIf0f ;+:yf pQL0f{ ;fn k|fKtfª\s pQL0f{ k|ltzt
P;=Pn=;L=
k|df0fkq tx
:gfts tx
:gftsf]Q/ tx
lzIf0f cg'ej M
 =============
 =================
 ==================
;Dks{ JolSt÷cleefjs
Gfd M
ldlt M
x:tfIf/ M
PsfO 5 M cg';Gwfgsf] efiff / k|fljlws kIf -!@_
^=! cg';Gwfgdf k|o'Qm efiff
^=!=! jfSoljGof;
^=!=@ cfb/fyL{ k|of]u
^=!=# j0f{ljGof;
^=!=$ ;Dkfbg, kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg
^=@ k|ltj]bg 6ª\sgsf] k|fljlws kIf
^=@=! zAbljefhg
^=@=@ cGt/fng
^=@=# k[i7fª\sg
^=@=$ 6ª\lst k|ltj]bg ;+zf]wg
^=@=^ uftfaGbL

^=! cg';Gwfgdf k|o'Qm efiff -efiff, jfSo, cfb/fyL{, jfRo, j0f{ljGof;_


 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] efiff ;/n, lzi6, k|of]hgd"ns / j:t'k/s x'g'kg]{,
 dfgs, :t/Lo, uxlsnf], tYok/s, ;';Dk|]if0fLo / cy{k"0f efiffsf] k|of]u x'g'kg]{,
 cfnª\sfl/s, lSni6, b'af]{Wo / hl6n -nfdfnfdf_ jfSo x'g' gx'g]
 ;'?b]lv cGTo;Ddsf] j0f{ljGof; / jfSoljGof;÷ u7gdf Ps?ktf jf Ps} k|s[ltsf] x'g'kg]{,
 ljz]if cj:yfdf afx]s ;Defjgfy{, k|Zgfy{, OR5fy{, cf1fy{, nIo0ffy{, Jo~hgfy{ cflb hgfpg]
jfSosf] k|of]u gu/L ;/n, ;fdfGofy{ / clewfy{ jfSosf] k|of]u pko'St x'g],
 sNkgf / efjgfdf cfwfl/t jfSox? pko'St gx'g],
 c;dflksf lqmofo'St, ck"0f{ / lj:doflbaf]w lrGx ePsf jfSo pko'St gx'g],
 k"0f{ / ;dflksf lqmofo'St jfSosf] k|of]u x'g'kg]{,
34
www.dinthapa.com.np

 cg';Gwfgdf ;/n, j:t'lgi7, lgZrofy{s, cljwfd"ns / 5f]6f k|s[ltsf jfSo pko't x'G5,
 cg';Gwfgdf lgDgsf]l6sf cfb/fyL{ -of], Tof], pm, t, eG5, vfG5, vfof]_ / cltpRr cfb/fyL{ -pxfF,
xh'/, df};'km, eGg'x'G5, ug'{eof]_ zAbsf] k|of]u ug'{ xF'b}g,
 cg';Gwfgdf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ dWod cfb/fyL{ -pgL, ltgL, tkfO{, eG5g\, ub{5g\_ k|of]u
x'g'kb{5,
 k|yd k'?if -d, d]/f], xfdL, xfd|f_] , låtLo k'?if -t, ltdL_ / cfTdk/s -d, d]/f], xfdL_ zAb /
tbg'?ksf lqmofkb pko'St dflgb}g,
 cg';Gwfgdf t[tLo k'?if / j:t'k/s z}nLsf] efiff pko'St dflgG5,
 cg';Gwfgdf s[t1tf 1fkgdf afx]s cGoq k|yd k'?if st[{jfRo / pRr cfb/fyL{sf] k|of]u ug'{
/fd|f] x'Fb}g,
 cg';Gwfgdf kfl/eflifs, k|fljlws / ;dfj]zs zAbe08f/sf] k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f] dflgG5,
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf dfgs Jofs/0f / lrGxx?sf] k|of]u u/L Ps?ktf sfod ug'{k5{,
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf hflt, lnª\u, wd{, efiff, ;Dk|bfo, e"uf]n ljz]ifsf af/]df n]Vg' kbf{
pgLx?sf] efjgfdf 7]; k'Ug] jf nf~5fgf nufpg] zAbx? rog ug'{ x'Fb}g .
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf st[{jfRo -stf{ k|wfg_ jfSo eGbf sd{ jf efjjfRo k|wfg jfSo k|of]u ug'{
/fd|f] dflgG5 .
^=@ k|ltj]bg 6ª\sgsf] k|fljlws kIf
cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg sDKo'6/ 6ª\sg ÷6fOk u/L uftfaGb -xf8{ afOlG8ª_ ;lxt sDtLdf rf/k|lt
;DalGwt lgsfodf a'emfpg' k5{ . tof/L k|ltj]bgdf 6ª\sgsf lgDg k|fljlws kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{M
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg 6ª\sg ubf{ cIf/, zAb, c+s, kbof]u, kbljof]u, j0f{ljGof; cflbdf ljz]if Wofg lbO
Ps?ktf sfod ug'{k5{,
 cWofo, d'VozLif{s, zLif{s, pkzLif{s / cg'R5]bsf] cGt/fn -vfnL 7fpF 5f]8fO_ jf b'/Lsf] k|of]udf
ljz]if Wofg lbO Ps?ktf sfod ug]{,
 zf]w k|ltj]bgsf] lsgf/ 5f]8fO / cGt/fndf Ps?ktf sfod x'g'kb{5,
 d"nkf7sf] of]hgf tof/L ubf{ b]a|] lsgf/fdf !=% OGr / afFsL dfly, tn, bfofF tkm{ ! OGr lsgf/f 5f]8L
6fOk ug]{, Jojxf/df afofF !=% dfly !=#, bfofF )=* / tn ! OGr lsgf/f 5f]8fO /fd|f] b]lvG5, k|To]s
cg'R5]b aLrsf] b'/L cfwf OGrsf] x'g'k5{,
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf gofF cWofosf] ;'? gofF k[i7af6 ;'? ul/G5,
 d'vk[i7df rf/}lt/ sDtLdf 8]9 OGr lsgf/f 5f]8\g' kb{5,
 kl/R5]b, d'Vo zLif{s / zLif{s larsf] cGt/fn bf]Aa/ snnx/ -Double Spacing_ / cGo cg'R5]bdf
!=% nfOg snnx/df 6ª\sg ul/G5,
 d"nkf7df $) eGbf a9L zAb ;fef/ jf p4/0f ubf{ Psn snnx/ -Single Spacing_ df 6ª\sg
ul/G5,
 k|o'St tflnsf / gS;fnfO{ ;s];Dd Pp6} k[i7df ;d]6\g' k5{,
 j0f{, ;+o'St j0f{, ld> j0f{, ;+o'St lqmof / cs/0f lqmofo'St zAbnfO{ hf]8]/ n]Vg],
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgdf k[i7fª\sg ubf{ k"j{efu -d'vk[i7, k|ltj4tf====_ df s, v, c, cf jf /f]dgdf
k[i7sf] cGTo s]Gb| efudf k[i7fª\sg ul/G5 eg] d"nefub]lv cGTo efu;Dd x/]s k[i7sf] cGTo s]Gb|df
!,@, # c+ssf] k|of]u u/L k[i7fª\sg ul/G5, t/ st} kl/lzi6df 5'6\6} s, v sf] k[i7fª\sg u/]sf] klg
kfOG5 .
 d'vk[i7 nufot x/]s cWofosf] d"n zLif{s ePsf] kf7nfO{ u0fgf ug]{ t/ kf7fGtdf k[i7 pNn]v gug]{
rng x'G5,
 txkf/ / pkflwd"ns cg';Gwfgsf] d'v k[i7nfO{ ;'gf}nf] cIf/df sfnf] /ªsf] bx|f] uftf pkof]udf Nofpg'
k5{, aFwfO alnof] / cfsif{s x'g'k5{,
 uftfaGbL k|ltj]bgdf tLgj6f;Dd q'l6nfO{ sndn] ;Rofpg ;lsG5 eg] ;f]eGbf a9L q'l6nfO{ k'gM
6fOk ug'{k5{,
 Zf]wsfo{nfO{ q'l6/lxt u/fpg cfkm}n] jf bIf JolStsf] ;xof]udf k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug{]
jf ug{ nufpg ;lsG5,
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 6fOk u/L uftfaGbL ug'{k"j{ ;Dkfbg, kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wg u/L k|ltj]bgdf ePsf sdL sDhf]/Lx?
x6fOG5,
 zf]wsf] 9fFrf, ljifosf] k|:t'lt, eflifs Ps?ktf / :t/Lo efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ lzIfs, zf]wlgb]{zs, ljifo
ljz]if1 / zAbsf]zsf] ;xof]u lng;lsG5 .

PsfO ;ft M sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -##_


&=! sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro
sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgnfO{ csf]{ zAbdf lqmofTds, k|fof]lus jf sfo{ut cg';Gwfg -Action
Research_ klg elgG5 . of] cg';Gwfg ljz]if u/L zf]wstf{ jf lzIfs cfkm}n] cfk\mg} ;d:ofsf] cWoog
u/L cfk\mgf sfo{x? kl/dfh{g ug{, rln/x]sf sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ Nofpg / tTsflns ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
vf]Hg of] cg';Gwfg ljlwnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] x'G5 . o;df j:t', tYo / sf/0fx?sf larsf] kf/:kl/s
;DaGwsf] vf]hL ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] x'G5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ;'?cft dgf]lj1fgj]Qf s't{ n]ljg -Kurt lewin, 1946_ n] u/]sf x'g\ .
pgsf cg';f/ of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / gtLhfsf] klxrfg ug]{ rlqmo k|lqmof sfof{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . csf{
cg';Gwfgstf{ :6]kmg -!(%#_ sf cg';f/ cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm}n] ;d:ofsf] cWoog u/L cfk\mgf sfo{x?
kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|lqmof sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] ->]i7, @)^(M !*_ . To;} u/L 6fuf6{ -!((^_ sf cg';f/
klg ;fdflhs vf]hsf l;4fGtnfO{ cEof;df Nofpg], cjnf]sg ug]{ / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lta4tf g}
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg xf] . r"8fdl0f aGw'n] klg s'g} ljifodf k|of]u u/L To; ljifo;Fu} ;Da4 ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu gofF l;4fGt / sfo{k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ lqmofTds cg';Gwfg eg]sf 5g\ -@)^%M
*_ . jf:tjdf Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ul/g] 1fgsf] vf]hL g} sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg xf] . o;n] gofF 1fg / l;ksf] k|flKtsf nflu Jojl:yt vf]hLsf] k|of; ub{5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ljz]if u/L lzIff If]qdf k|rlnt /x]sf] kfOG5 . lzIff If]qdf nfu]sf
cg';Gwfgstf{, lzIfs, lzIffljb\ / k|zf;sx?n] of] cg';Gwfgdf ?lr /fv]sf] kfOG5 . of] cg';Gwfgn] gofF
1fg / l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ug'{eGbf klg sfo{If]qsf tTsfnLg ;d:of ;dfwfgdf a9L hf]8 lbg] x'gfn] klg
lzIff If]qdf o;sf] dxTj a9]sf] xf] . o;df cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm}n] cg'ej u/]sf jf ef]u]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{
cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo agfOG5 / Pp6f lglZrt sfo{If]qdf ;Lldt /x]/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ul/G5 . ;Lldt
If]qdf /x]/ of] cg';Gwfg sfo{ k"/f ul/g] x'gfn] o;sf] glthfnfO{ ;a} If]qdf ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ / cGo
If]qdf nfu" ug{ eg] sl7g x'g ;S5 . t/ klg lzIff If]qdf of] ljlw Hofb} pkof]uL dflgG5 . o;n]
Jojxfl/s ;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{, hl6n 1fg / l;ksf] ;'wf/ ug{, 5f]6f] ;dodf ;d:ofsf]
kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ tyf j}olSts bIftf a9fpgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x
ub{5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f, ;fdu|L ;ª\sng,
k|To]s r/0fdf of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDagsf] klxnf] rqm -Cycle_ k"/f ug]{, tYofª\s
ljZn]if0f / k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd x'G5 . o;sf ljz]iftfx?df cfk\mg} ;d:of s]lGb|t, ;DalGwt JolStsf]
;+nUgtf, Jojxfl/s / k|of]ufTds b'O{ jf ltg r/0f -Step_ df ;DkGg, k|To]s r/0fdf of]hgf, sfof{Gjog,
cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDag÷glthf lgsfnL klxnf] rqm -Cycle_ k"/f ug'{kg]{, k]zfut pGgogdf ;xof]uL,
;d:ofsf] tTsfnLg ;dfwfg / sfof{Gjog, jf:tljs cWoog, rqmLo k4ltdf cfwfl/t, cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;+zf]wg ug{;lsg] x'G5 .
&=@ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf
 cg';Gwfgstf{sf] Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos ;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{,
 hl6n 1fg / l;ksf] ;'wf/ ug{,
 5f]6f] ;dodf ;d:ofsf] kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ tyf j}olSts bIftf a9fpg,
 lzIf0f sfo{df kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':tssf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{,
 z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx? lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{,
 z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{,
 z}Ifl0fs ;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{,
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 cfk\mgf] ;d:ofsf] cfkm} ;dfwfg / sfof{Gjog ug{,


 lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjs aLrsf] ;';DaGw sfod ug{,
 lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ z}Ifl0fs sfo{df pTk|]/0ff hufpg,
 l;sfOk|lt ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf / ;Ifdtf a9fpg,
 lzIfssf] k];fut bIftf / cfsif{0f a9fpg,
 lzIf0f sfo{nfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf Jojl:yt ?kdf sfd ;DkGg ug{,
 lzIf0f sfo{sf] ;du| ?k/]vf tof/ ug{,
 ljljw lzIf0f ljlwsf] vfsf tof/ ug{,
 lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;ª\sng, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/x? tof/ ug{,
 lzIf0fsf ;d:of / p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{,
 lzIf0f / cg';Gwfgdf cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L jf pks/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{,
 lzIf0f / cg';Gwfgsf] of]hgf / sfo{gLlt tof/ kfg{ .

&=# sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf r/0f / rqmx?


sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg cg';Gwfgstf{sf] Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos ;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{]
p2]Zon] ul/G5 . o;n] hl6n 1fg / l;ksf] ;'wf/ ug{df ;3fp k'/\ofPsf] x'G5 . o;n] 5f]6f] ;dodf
;d:ofsf] kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ tyf j}olSts bIftf a9fpg klg ;xof]u u/]sf] x'G5 . ck]lIft pknlAw
xfl;n geP;Dd cg';Gwfgsf] r/0f k'g/fj[lQ eO/xG5 . o;}nfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf r/0f -Step_
elgG5 . k|To]s r/0fdf of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDagsf] Pp6f rqm -Cycle_ x'G5 . of] rqm
kl/0ffdsf] k|flKt gx'Fbf;Dd bf]xf]l/Psf] x'G5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg eO;s]kl5 klg pknlAw xfl;n gx'Fbf;Dd b'O{ jf ltg
r/0f;Dd k'g/fj[lQ eO/xG5 . k|To]s r/0fdf of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg / k|ltlaDagsf] klxnf] rqm -
Cycle_ k"/f ul/G5 / ;f]xL rqmnfO{ cfjZostf cg'?k bf];|f] / t];|f] k6s klg k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
log} r/0f jf txx? -Steps_ k"/f u/L ;Sbf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg k"/f ePsf] x'G5 .
klxnf] r/0fdf lgDg rf/j6f rqm k"/f ul/G5M
s= of]hgf -Plan_M
Jofjxfl/s jf Jofj;flos ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ePkl5 sfo{d"nd cg';Gwfg ug]{ of]hgf agfOG5 .
of]hgfcGtu{t s] ug]{ <, lsg ug]{ <, s;/L ug]{, slxn] ug]{ / sf] s;sf] ;xof]u lng] < ljifodf tof/L
ul/G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] zLif{s, ;d:of / p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . cfjZos pks/0f;lxt ;fdu|L ;ª\sng,
juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/x? ;d]t tof/ ul/G5 . of]hgfsf] sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 sfof{Gjogsf] sfo{
yfngL x'G5 .
v= sfof{Gjog -Action_M
k"j{ of]hgfcg';f/ g} cfk\mgf] jf:tljs sfo{ If]qdf uO{ jf:tljs cg';Gwfg k|f/Deu ul/G5 .
o;df jf:tljs ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t eO sfo{ yfngL x'G5 . olb k7gaf]w lzIf0fsf] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg x'Fb}
5 eg] kf7\of+zsf] ;:j/ / df}gk7g, zAbfy{, df}lvs / lnlvt k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn, k|Zgkq / pQ/
s'l~hsfsf] k|bz{g, kf7\of+zsf] ;f/f+z, k|ltlqmof / ;dLIff cflb sfo{snfk sIffdf ;~rfng ul/G5 .
cfjZos kg]{ ;a} k|sf/sf sfo{snfkx? / pks/0fx? k|of]udf NofOG5 .
u= cjnf]sg -Observation_M
sfo{;DkGg eP;Fu} s]s:tf] pknlAw xfl;n eof] egL cjnf]sg ;'? ul/G5 . o;df k'/fgf]
sfo{k4ltdf s]slt ;'wf/ ePsf] xf] < ck]lIft pknlAw k"/} xfl;n eof] jf ePg <, gofF pknlAw s] xfl;n
eof] <, k];fut bIftfdf s]slt pknlAw xfl;n eof] < cflb s'/fsf] cjnf]sg ul/G5 . ;fy} 8fo/Ldf
pknlAwsf]] l6kf]6, pks/0fdf /]s8{, Sofd]/fdf kmf]6f] s}b, ?h';"rLsf] hfFr, >]0fLdfkg cflb sfo{ ;d]t
ul/G5 . lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs / ;DalGwt kIf;Fusf] k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;d]t clen]vLs/0f ul/G5 .
3= k|ltlaDag -Reflection_M
klxnf] r/0fsf] ;du| sfo{snfkaf6 cg';Gwfgstf{ cfkm}nfO{ s]slt pknlAw eof] jf ePg,
lgwf{l/t ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg eof] jf ePg egL cfkm}n] ug]{ d"Nofª\sg jf lrGtg dgg\ g} k|ltlaDag xf] .
o;df klxnf] r/0fsf] ultljlwaf6 ePsf] k|flKt jf pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . cg';Gwfgstf{sf]
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:jd"Nofª\sgdf cg';Gwfg sfo{ k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 jf pknlAwd"ns ePsf] dx;'; ePdf sfo{ ;dfkg ul/G5 .
olb cem} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg glg:ssf] cj:yfdf k'gM pg} ;d:ofnfO{ k'g/fj[lQ u/L bf];|f] / t];|f] r/0fdf
klg cg';Gwfg ug{;lsG5 .

&=% z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg


z}lIfs, dgf]j}1flgs / ef}lts kIfsf] ;du| ;+of]hg snfnfO{ z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
z}Ifl0fs ultljlwdf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . oxL z}Ifl0fs
Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg,
kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':tsnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg, ;Gbe{;fdu|L / lzIf0fljlwdf ;'wf/ ug{,
z}Ifl0fs ;fdu| lgdf{0f ug{, lzIf0fsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{, k];fut bIftf a9fpg, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ /
cleefjssf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ug{, lzIf0f / d"Nofª\sgdf tfnd]n ldnfpg klg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] lzIf0f k];f;Fu ;DalGwt oL ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ub{5 .
lzIf0f k];f;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} Jofjxfl/s / Jofj;flos ;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{ sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg ul/G5 . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] hl6n 1fg / l;ksf] vf]hL ug{, ;d:ofsf] tTsfn vf]hL
ug{, z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx? lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx? lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{, z}Ifl0fs
;d:ofsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{, cfk\mgf] ;d:ofsf] cfkm} ;dfwfg vf]Hg, ljBfyL{df z}Ifl0fs pTk|]/0ff
hufpg, lzIf0f sfo{sf] ;du| ?k/]vf tof/ ug{, lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;ª\sng, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/x?
tof/ ug{, lzIf0f / cg';Gwfgsf] of]hgf / sfo{gLlt tof/ kfg{ klg z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkgdf sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfgsf] vfFrf] kb{5 .

&=^ sIff sfo{snfkdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -k|of]ufTds sfo{sf] ?kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ zf]wk|:tfj tyf
zf]wk|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ nufO{ d"Nofª\sg ug]{_

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sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] gd'gf


ljBfdlGb/ dfWolds ljBfnosf] sIff kfFrdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf] k7gaf]w lzIf0fsf
;d:of
zf]wfyL{
lzIff yfkf
SofDk; /f]n g+= )!÷@)&$
lq=lj= btf{ g+= ==========================
lgoldt rf}yf] jif{sf] k/LIff qmdfª\s M %#)))!÷)&&
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo, wjnflul/ ax'd'vL SofDk;, g]kfnL lzIff ljefucGtu{t
:gfts tx, rf}yf] jif{sf] g]kf=lz= -$$%_ kf7\of+zsf] cf+lzs k|of]hgsf lglDt k|:t't

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
@)&*
g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljefu
wjnflul/ ax'd'vL SofDk;, afun'ª

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k|ltj4tf
of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx? sxL+ st}af6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] 5}g . s'g} klg
c+z cGo k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u / k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5}gg\ . To;}n] of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg lgtfGt
df}lns ePsf] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5' .
ldltM @)&*.)@. !(

lzIff yfkf
zf]wfyL{

b'O{ zAb
of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo, wjnflul/ ax'd'vL SofDk;, g]kfnL
efiff lzIff ljefucGtu{t :gfts tx, rf}yf] jif{sf] g]kf=lz= -$$%_ kf7\of+zsf] cf+lzs k|of]hgsf lglDt
tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ljBfdlGb/ dfljsf] sIff kfFrdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?sf]
k7gaf]w lzIf0f l;sfOsf] lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg tof/ ug{df ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] cfb/0fLo u'?====k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5'
. To;}u/L ljBfdlGb/ ljBfno kl/jf/ nufot ;xsdL{ ;fyLx?nfO{ ;d]t wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

============
lzIff yfkf

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!= cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld
df}lvs jf lnlvt cleJolStdf cleJoSt efj jf ljrf/sf] u|x0f / klxrfg ug'{ af]w xf] .
efifflzIf0fdf k7gaf]w sfo{ clt cfjZos t/ lzIf0f sfo{ hl6n dflgG5 . of] cWoogdf sIff kfFrsf
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k7gaf]w lzIf0f ubf{ cfOk/]sf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgaf6 ;d:of
;dfwfg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] xf]] . oxL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnfO{ of] sfo{d"nd cg';Gwfg kqdf p2]Zosf /kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
efifflzIf0fdf k7gaf]w lzIf0f clt cfjZos / dxTjk"0f{ ;Lk xf] . sIff kfFrdf ljBfyL{nfO{
k7gaf]w lzIf0f ubf{ ljljw k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? b]lvP . oL ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf eof] . o; sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgaf6 sIff kfFrsf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf cfwfl/t
kf7sf] ;:j/ k7g / JofVofg ljlwdf dfq ;Lldt gu/L b[i6f+z / cb[i6f+z uBf+zx?nfO{ ;:;j/ k7g,
df}gk7g, k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn nufot ljljw lzIf0f sfo{snfk u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsflnof] .
k7gaf]w ;xh} u/fpg g;lsPkl5 of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] xf] .
sIff kfFrdf k7gaf]w lzIf0f ubf{ cg'ej ul/Psf ;d:ofx? lgDg 5g\M
s= sIff kfFrsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k7gaf]w lzIf0f ubf{ s]s:tf lzIf0f sfo{snfkx? ;~rfng ug{;lsG5 <
v= k7gaf]w lzIf0fsf ;d:ofsf] Go'gLs/0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
#= p2]Zo
k|:t't sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf p2]Zox? k7gaf]w lzIf0fsf ;d:ofsf] Go'gLs/0f ug'{;Fu ;DalGwt
/x]sf 5g\ . oL p2]Zox? lgDg 5g\M
!= k7gaf]w lzIf0fsf gofF gofF sfo{snfkx?sf] vf]hL ug'{,
@= k7gaf]w lzIf0fsf ;d:ofx?sf] Go'gLs/0f ug'{ .
$= ;d:ofsf ;Defljt sf/0fx?
k/Dkl/t lzIf0f ljlwdf cem} klg lzIfs s]lGb|t sfo{snfkx? sfod} /x]sf 5g\ . k7gaf]w lzIf0f
k'/fg} lzIf0f ljlwaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g] ;Defjgf /x]g . ljBfyL{n] k/Dkl/t lzIf0f ljlwaf6 z}lIfs
pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?df ljBfyL{x?nfO{ efiff, ;flxTo / lj1fgk|lt ?lr hufpg g;Sg',
;:j/ / df}gk7g ug{] cEof; gu/fpg', k7gaf]w lzIf0fsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em\g / a'emfpg g;Sg, sl7g
zAbsf] cy{af]w gu/fpg', lnlvt / df}lvs sfo{snfkx? gu/fpg', ljBfyL{sf] :t/ cg'?k pgLx?nfO{
kf7\of+zsf] ;f/f+z, k|ltlqmof / ;dLIff ug{ gnufpg', ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf cg'?ksf tYok/s,
lgisiff{Tds, cg'dfgfTds / ;Gbe{ af]ws k|Zgx? lgdf{0f gug'{, k|Zgkq lgdf{0fdf 1fg, af]w, Jofjxfl/s
;Lk / pRr bIftfnfO{ Wofg glbg', pQ/ s'l~hsf;lxtsf j:t'ut -ax'j}slNks, vfnL 7fpF eg]{, 7Lsa]7Ls
cflb_ / ljifout -nfdf / 5f]6f_ k|Zgx? lgdf{0f gug'{, k7gaf]wnfO{ ;Lksf ?kdf eGbf klg ljifo af]wsf
?kdf pkof]u ug'{, ljBfyL{x?df k7gaf]wk|ltsf] ?lr hufpg g;Sg' cflb o;sf ;d:ofsf sf/0fx? x'g\ .

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%= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;Defljt ljsNkx?sf] rog


/Dkl/t lzIf0f ljlwaf6 z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s]kl5 To;sf] ljsNk vf]Hg' :jefljs} xf] .
of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgdf klg ;xh} z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s]kl5 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgfy{ ;Defljt
ljsNkx?sf] rog ul/Psf] 5 . ;Defljt ljsNkx?df lzIf0f ljlwdf kl/jt{g, sIffsfo{snfkdf kl/jt{g,
ljBfyL{x?sf] ;d"x ljefhg, ;:j/ / df}gk7g ug{] cEof;df ljz]if hf]8 nufotsf gofF ljsNksf] vf]hL
ul/Psf] 5 .
k7gaf]w lzIf0fnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg sl7g zAbsf] cy{af]w ug]{ cEof;, lnlvt / df}lvs
sfo{snfkx? ;~rfng, ljBfyL{sf] :t/ cg'?ksf k7gaf]w ;DaGwL sfo{snfkx? ;~rfng, ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfsf cfwf/df k|Zgkq / pQ/ s'l~hsf lgdf{0f, ljBfyL{x?df k7gaf]wk|ltsf] ?lr hufpg] sfd, yk
cb[i6f+z uBf+z / kBf+zsf] vf]hL / k7gaf]wsf] cEof;, yk z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ug'{sf ;fy}
ljBfyL{sf] sfo{df cfk"mn] ;xhLs/0f u/L cfjZos ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ of]hgf agfOof] .
^= sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf r/0f
pko'{St ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;Defljt ljsNkx?sf] ;dfwfgfy{ lgDg rf/j6f rqm k"/f u/L
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ug]{ of]hgf agfOof] .
s= of]hgf -Plan_M
sIff kfFrsf ljBfyL{nfO{ k7gaf]w lzIf0f ubf{ lgDg of]hgf tof/ ug]{–
s] ug]{ < lsg ug]{ < s;/L ug]{ < slxn] ug]{ < sf] s;sf]
;xof]u lng] <
 z}lIfs ;fdu|L h'6fpg],  ljBfyL{sf]  ;:j/ /  g]kfnL  kf7\ok':ts,
 ljBfyL{sf] ;d"x lgwf{/0f ug]{, k7gaf]wk|lt df}gk7g u/fpg], ljifosf]  kf7\oj:t',
 ;:j/ / df}gk7g ug{sf ?lr hufpg  sl7g zAbsf] klxnf]  af]wk|Zg ;"rL
nflu kf7\of+z h'6fpg],  k7gaf]w cy{ eGg ufpg], 306Ldf / pQ/
 sl7g zAb / ljlzi6 c+zsf] Ifdtfsf]  df}lvs / lnlvt  kf7\oqmdn] s'l~hsf,
vf]hL ug{ nufpg], clej[l4 ?kdf ;f]lwPsf] tf]s]sf]  z}lIfs
 af]w k|Zgx? / pQ/ u/fpg, k|Zgsf] pQ/ kf7\oef/ ;fdu|L,
s'l~hsf lgdf{0f ug]{,  af]w Ifdtfsf] lbg nufpg], cg';f/  lzIfs,
 ljBfyL{nfO{ df}lvs / lnlvt ljsf;df  pQ/ k'l:tsf u/fpg] ljBfyL{ /
pQ/ lbg nufpg], Ps?ktf ljBfyL{nfO{ g}  sIff k|f/De cleefjssf]
 pTs[i6 ljBfyL{nfO{ k'/:sf/ sfod ug{, ;f6]/ k/LIf0f ePsf] b'O{ ;d]t ;xof]u
jf :ofjf;L lbg] of]hgf  lzIf0fsfo{nfO{ ug{ nufpg], xKtfdf sfo{ lng] .
agfpg], k|efjsf/L /  ljBfyL{nfO{ ;DkGg ug]{
 cfk"mn] ljBfyL{sf] sfo{df ?lrk"0f ;d"xdf ljefhg .
;xhLs/0f ug]{ of]hgf agfpg . u/L sfo{ljefhg
agfpg] . ul/lbg] .

v= sfof{Gjog -Action_M
klxnf] r/0fdf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ dfly pNn]lvt of]hgfcg';f/ k7gaf]w;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{snfkx? lgDgfg';f/
sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] M
 sIffsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{,
 b'j} ;d"xnfO{ lgwf{l/t kf7\of+z ;:j/ / df}gk7g ug{ nufpg],
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 sl7g zAb / ljlzi6 c+zsf] vf]hL ug{ nufpg],


 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ ug{ nufpg],
 tYok/s, lgisiff{Tds, cg'dfgfTds / ;Gbe{af]ws k|Zgsf] ;"rL k|bz{g ug]{,
 ljBfyL{nfO{ df}lvs / lnlvt pQ/ lbg nufpg],
 Pp6f ;d"xsf] pQ/ csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ 5nkmn ug{ nufpg],
 b'j} ;d"xsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgfy{ pQ/ s'l~hsf k|bz{g ul/lbg],
 pQ/ s'l~hsfsf cfwf/df Pscsf{ ;d"xsf pQ/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug{ nufpg],
 cf}ift k|fKtfª\ssf cfwf/df ljhoL ;d"xnfO{ k'/:sf/ jf :ofjf;L lbg],
 ljBfyL{sf] ;d:ofdf lzIfsn] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
u= cjnf]sg -Observation_M
k7gaf]w lzIf0f sfo{df of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ljlw cToGt pkof]uL ;fljt eof] . of] ljBfyL{
s]lGb|t ljlwåf/f lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{x? JolStut / ;fd"lxs ?kdf a9L pT;fxk"j{s ;xefuL ePsf] kfOof] .
k7gaf]w Ifdtfdf j[l4 ePsf] kfOof] . ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L 5'6\6f5'6\6} 5nkmn ubf{ hfGg] ghfGg]
ljBfyL{aLr ts{ljts{ ;d]t u/]sf] kfOof] . ;fy} 5nkmndf ;xefuL x'Fbf k"0f{ cfTdansf ;fy ;a} ljBfyL{
;lqmotfk"j{s efu lnPsf] kfOof] . of] ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlwb\jf/f k7gaf]w lzIf0f ubf{ Ps} r/0fdf
k|efjsf/L glthf k|fKt ePsf] b]lvof] .
3= k|ltljDjg -Reflection_M
k/Dk/fut lzIfs s]lGb|t k7gaf]w lzIf0f ljlw c+ufNbf sIffdf xf]xNnf x'g], ljBfyL{sf] k9fOk|lt
?lr gx'g], jf:tljs k7gaf]w gx'g], ljBfyL{df af]wsf sf/0f cleJolSt Ifdtf klg sDhf]/ x'g] cflb
;d:ofx? /x]sf lyP . of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ubf{ sIffdf ljBfyL{x? ;:j/ k7g, df}gk7g, sl7g zAbfy{
af]w / x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL ePsf] kfOof] . ;fy} k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn, k|bz{g / k7gaf]w
sfo{df ;d]t ;a} ljBfyL{x? ?lrk"j{s efu lnPsf] kfOof] . oL ljlwaf6 lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{x? kf7sf]
cy{af]wdf ?lrk"j{s efu lnPsf] kfOof] . oL lqmofsnfkaf6 k7gaf]w lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\of+zaf6
tYok/s, lgisiff{Tds, cg'dfgfTds / ;Gbe{af]ws k|Zg s;/L ug]{ / pQ/ s;/L lbg] eGg] ;Lksf] ljsf;
ePsf] kfOof] . ;fy} ljBfyL{df 1fg, ;Lk, af]w / pRr bIftf xfl;n ug{ of] ljlw k|efjsf/L b]lvof] . of]
cg';Gwfgn] kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug{ a9L ;xh eof] .
-klxnf] r/0fdf ;d:osf] ;xh} ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df yk r/0fsf rqmx? k"/f ub}{ hfg ;lsG5_ .
&= b[li6laGb'
d]/f] of] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;df d}n] ;:j/ k7g,
df}gk7g, k|bz{g, 5nkmn, k7gaf]w / k|Zgf]Q/ ljlw ckgfpFbf lzIf0f sfo{ a9L pkof]uL ;fljt eof] .
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ uB / kB lzIf0f ubf{ ljifosf] k|bz{g, lrqj0f{g, k7gaf]w, zAbf]Rrf/0f, zAbsf] cy{ af]w /
efj af]w u/fpg ;d"x ljefhg, 5nkmn, 5'6\6f5'6\6} lqmofsnfk, ljBfyL{sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf cflb
lqmofsnfk clgjfo{ x'Fbf]/x]5 eGg] d]/f] b[li6ljGb' /x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ b[i6f+z jf cb[i6f+z kf7\of+zaf6
tYok/s, lgisiff{Tds, cg'dfgfTds / ;Gbe{af]ws k|Zg s;/L ug]{ / pQ/ s;/L lbg] eGg] ;Lksf] ljsf;

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of] ljlw k|efjsf/L ePsf] l;4 eof] . ;fy} ljBfyL{df 1fg, ;Lk, af]w / pRr bIftfsf] ljsf;df klg of]
ljlw k|efjsf/L 5 eGg] cg';Gwfgstf{sf] 7x/ 5 .

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