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Chapter 1 - Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis - 1

This document discusses sinusoidal steady-state circuit analysis. It defines sinusoidal waves using a general form and notes that circuits are treated with ideal sinusoidal voltage and current sources. The frequency and angular frequency of sinusoidal waves are defined. Phase relationships between waves are described using terms like lagging and leading. Conditions for comparing two sinusoidal waves by their phase relationship are outlined. Examples show how to determine the angle one wave lags or leads another. Forced response of circuits to sinusoidal functions is discussed.

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Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh
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32 views

Chapter 1 - Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis - 1

This document discusses sinusoidal steady-state circuit analysis. It defines sinusoidal waves using a general form and notes that circuits are treated with ideal sinusoidal voltage and current sources. The frequency and angular frequency of sinusoidal waves are defined. Phase relationships between waves are described using terms like lagging and leading. Conditions for comparing two sinusoidal waves by their phase relationship are outlined. Examples show how to determine the angle one wave lags or leads another. Forced response of circuits to sinusoidal functions is discussed.

Uploaded by

Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sinusoidal Steady-State Circuit Analysis

Electrical Circuits II

Author Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD

Institute Tafila Technical University

Date March 14, 2022

1% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 1 1/131


Sinusoidal Waves
▶ Sinusoidal waves are in a general
form
x(t) = XM sin (ω t + θ) (1)

where
XM the peak amplitude or the peak
value of the wave
θ the phase angle

2% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 2 2/131


▶ Note that it does not matter how this wave is generated. This is subject of next
courses
▶ We treat the sinusoidal voltage/current sources as ideal sources capable of
forcing a pure current or voltage of XM sin (ω t + θ) or XM cos (ω t + θ) wave
across their terminals
▶ The frequency f of a sinusoidal wave is the number of times the wave repeats itself
in a second
d usually, f = 50 Hz or f = 60 Hz

d in Jordan, the frequency of AC supplies is 50 Hz

▶ The radian frequency ω of a sinusoidal wave is given in terms of the frequency f


ω = 2πf (2)
the period T of a sinusoidal wave is given as
1
T = (3)
f

2% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 4 3/131


Frequency and Angular Frequency of Sinusoidal Waves [IN15]
What is the angular frequency and the frequency of the voltage whose sinusoidal wave
is v = 120 cos (314.2t + 27◦ ) V?
▶ From the sinusoidal wave expression, the angular frequency is 314.2 rad/s.
Applying Eq. (2)
314.2
f = = 50 Hz
2π
what is the peak value of the wave?
▶ 120 V
Lagging and Leading
▶ Note that the peak amplitude of VM sin(ω t) happens after the peak amplitude of
θ
VM sin(ω t + θ) is reached by θ rad (i.e., seconds)
ω
▶ Such relationship is expressed using the terms lagging and leading

4% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 7 5/131


▶ We say that
VM sin (ω t) lags VM sin (ω t + θ) by +θ rad
VM sin (ω t) leads VM sin (ω t + θ) by −θ rad
▶ Both sinusoids are said to be out-of-phase when θ ̸= 0

5% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 8 6/131


Conditions to Compare Waves Assume that we have two sinusoidal waves
x1 = XM , 1 cos(ω1 t + θ1 ) (4)
x2 = XM , 2 cos(ω2 t + θ2 ) (5)

We may say that x1 leads x2 by an angle of θ1 − θ2 if and only if


Both are written as sin or cos waves
XM , 1 and XM , 2 are both positive
▶ it does not matter if they are equal or not

The frequencies of both waves are equal (i.e., ω1 = ω2 )

6% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 10 8/131


What Quantities We Compare
▶ Lagging and leading comparison can be done between two voltages, two
currents, or a voltage and a current
▶ However, it is customary to describe by how much the current lags or leads the voltage
(i.e., x1 is current while x2 is voltage)

7% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 11 9/131


Notes
▶ If the third condition is not satisfied, we can no longer say that either wave leads
or lags the other
▶ However, when the first or second conditions are not satisfied, then we may use
the following trigonometric identities
d to correct the sign of XM , 1 or XM , 2
)
− sin (ω t) = sin (ω t ± 180◦ ) (i.e., add or subtract 180◦ to change the sign
◦ (6)
− cos (ω t) = cos (ω t ± 180 ) hence make both XM , 1 and XM , 2 positive)

d to convert from sin to cos or vice versa


)
∓ sin(ω t) = cos(ω t ± 90◦ ) (i.e., to convert from cos to sin, add 90◦
(7)
± cos(ω t) = sin(ω t ± 90◦ ) To convert from sin to cos, add −90◦ )

8% Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 12 10/131


Lagging vs Leading [HKD12]
Assume that a voltage is given as v1 = 120 cos(120πt − 40◦ ) V. Find the angle by which
i1 lags v1 assuming that i1 equals
▶ 2.5 cos(120πt + 20◦ ) A

▶ 1.4 sin(120πt − 70◦ ) A

▶ −0.8 cos(120πt − 110◦ ) A


Lagging vs Leading [HKD12]

◦
i1 = 2.5 cos(120πt + 20 ) A
◦
v1 = 120 cos(120πt − 40 ) V

▶ All conditions are satisfied to compare the two waveforms. i1 leads v1 by


20◦ − (−40◦ ) = 60◦ . Thus, i1 lags v1 by −60◦
Lagging vs Leading [HKD12]

◦
i1 = 1.4 sin(120πt − 70 ) A
v1 = 120 cos(120πt − 40◦ ) V
we cannot compare sine and cosine waves. We must thus convert one of them. When
converting i1 to cosine wave we get
sin (ω t) = cos (ω t − 90)
◦ ◦
1.4 sin(120πt − 70 ) = 1.4 cos(120πt − 70 − 90◦ )
◦
i1 = 1.4 cos(120πt − 160 ) A

▶ All conditions are satisfied to compare the two waveforms. i1 leads v1 by


−160◦ − (−40◦ ) = −120◦ . Thus, i1 lags v1 by 120◦
Lagging vs Leading [HKD12]

i1 = −0.8 cos(120πt − 110◦ ) A


v1 = 120 cos(120πt − 40◦ ) V
we cannot compare waves when the magnitudes are of different signs. We must thus
convert one of them. When converting the sign of i1 we get
− cos(ω t) = cos(ω t ± 180◦ )
−0.8 cos(120πt − 110◦ ) = 0.8 cos(120πt − 110◦ + 180◦ ) is it different
when we subtract 180◦ ?
◦
i1 = 1.4 cos(120πt + 70 ) A

▶ All conditions are satisfied to compare the two waveforms. i1 leads v1 by


70◦ − (−40◦ ) = 110◦ . Thus, i1 lags v1 by −110◦
Forced Response to Sinusoidal Functions
▶ As we know, the response of any circuit to a forcing function is given in terms of
complementary solution (the natural response)
particular solution (forced response)
▶ We are not interested in the short-term transients in this course
d we thus neglect the natural response

11 % Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 17 15/131


▶ In the circuit shown here we write the KVL as
di
L + R i = VM cos(ω t)
dt
▶ The solution of this equation is
  
VM −1 ωL
√ cos ω t − tan (8)
R 2 + ω 2 L2 R

12 % Al-Motasem Aldaoudeyeh, PhD Slide 1 of 1 Page 18 16/131

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