TISSUE

2
CHAPTER

CONTENTS
 Tissue
 Plant Tissue
 Classification of Plant Tissue
 Animal Tissue
 Classification of Animal Tissue

TISSUE PLANT TISSUE

"A tissues may be defined as a group or collection
of similar or dissimilar cells that perform a
 Classification of Plant Tissues :
common function & have a common origin."

PLANT TISSUE

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

Apical Lateral Intercalary Simple Complex

meristem meristem meristem

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Fibres Sclereids

Xylem Phloem
1. Tracheids 1. Sieve tubes
2. Vessels (Tracheae) 2. Companion cells
3. Xylem parenchyma 3. Phloem parenchyma
4. Xylem parenchyma 4. Phloem fibres
5. Xylem fibres
 A plant body is made up of different kinds of
tissue. They are basically of two types -
Meristamatic & permanent


 Meristematic tissue :
 Meristematic tissues may be defined as a group
or collection of living cells which ar located
specific locations and divide continuously to add
new cells to the plant body.


Characteristics of meristematic tissues :

 The cells of meristematic tissues are similar in
structure and have thin and elastic primary cell 

walls made up of cellulose. Permanent Tissues :
 These meristematic cells may be rounded, oval, Definition :
polygonal or rectangular in shape.  These tissues are derived from the meristematic
 They are compactly arranged without intercellular tissues but their cells have lost the ability of
spaces between them. division and have attained their different forms.
 Each cell contains dense or abundant cytoplasm 
They are of these types-Simple and Complex.
and a large prominent nucleus. Simple Permanent Tissues :
 The dense protoplasm of meristematic cell  These tissues are made up of cells which are
contains few small vacuoles or no vacuoles at all. structurally and functionally similar. These are of
 Apical meristem : three types -
Parenchyma Collenchyma
 This meristem is located at the growing apices of
Sclerenchyma
main and lateral shoots and roots. These cells are
Protective tissue
responsible for linear growth of an organ.
Example root apical meristem and shoot apical  Parenchyma :
meristem.
 Lateral meristem :
 This meristem consists of initials which divide
mainly in one plane and cause the organ to
increase in diameter and girth. The lateral
meristem usually occurs on the sides both in stem
and root. Lateral meristem is of two types, i.e., in
the form of cork cambium and in vascular bundles
of dicots in the form of vascular cambium. The
activity of this cambium results in the formation
of secondary growth.
 Intercalary meristem :
 This meristem is located in between the regions of
Figure : PARENCHYMA; A-TRANSVERSE SECTION
permanent tissues. The intercalary meristem are B-LONGITUDINAL SECTION
usually persent at the base of node, base of
internode or at the base of the leaf. They are
responsible for growth of leaves and internodes.
 The parenchyma tissue is composed of living cells Sclerenchyma :

which are variable in thin morphology and

physiology but generally having thin wall and a
polyhedral shape and concern with vegetative
activities of the plant.

 They have inter cellular spaces between them.

 They act as storage for food and water.

Types of Parenchyma :
Aerenchyma :
 In hydrophytes, the intercellular space between
Figure : COLLENCHYMA; A-TRANSVERSE SECTION;
cells become wide & filled with air.
B-LONGITUDINAL SECTION
 Such a parenchymatous tissue having large air
spaces is called Aerenchyma.  They were discovered and coined by Mettenius
(1805).
 These help in gaseous exchange and provide
 The cells are long, narrow, pointed at ends, thick
buoyancy to plant. walled and lignified. They are the dead cells.

 Chlorenchyma :  It impart hardness to plant parts and give mechanical

strength.
 When parenchyma is richly supplied with
 Protective Tissue :
chloroplasts, it is called chlorenchyma.
 It includes epidermis and cork.
 They are found in leaf mesophyll, sepals,


 Epidermis :
phylloclades, phyllodes, cladodes etc. It is  It is usually present in the outermost layer of the
photosynthetic in function and posses chlorophyll. plant body such as leaves, flowers, stem and
roots.
Collenchyma :
 Epidermis is one cell thick and is covered with
 It was discovered and coined by schleiden (1839). cuticle.
 Cuticle is a water proof layer of a waxy substance
 The cells are living with intercellular space in
called cutin which is secreted by epidermal cells.
between the cells or junctional places filled with
 The main function of epidermis is to protect the
cellulose and pectin. plant from desication and infection.
 Generally they are longer than parenchyma Cork :

 Usually they are known as living mechanical  As roots and stem grow older with time (increase
in girth), tissues at the periphery become cork
tissue owing to their supportive functions. cell.
 It provides flexibility and strength to young plant  Cork cells are dead cells and they do not have any
organ. intercellular spaces.
 The walls of cork cells are heavily thickened by  When amount of sugar decreases, stomata closes.
the deposition of an organic substance Several theories have been proposed by the
(a fatty substance), called suberin. scientist to explain the opening and closing of
 Cork is protective in function. cork cells prevent stomata.
desiccation (loss of water from plant body),  Complex Permanent Tissues :
infection and mechanical injury.
 A complex tissues can be defined as a collection
 Cork is produced by cork cambium commereially of different types of cells that help in the
it is obtained from oak (quercus suber). performance of a common function.
 Cork is used for making insulation boards, sports  The important complex tissues in vascular plants
goods, bottle corks etc. are xylem and phloem. Both these together called
as vascular tissues.
Stomata :
 Epidermis of a leaf is not continuous at some  Both these tissues are an assemblage of living and
places due to the presence of small pores, called dead cells and may be primary or secondary,
stomata. depending upon their mode of origin.

 Each stomata is bounded by a pair of specialised  Complex tissue transport water, mineral salts
(nutrients) and food material to various parts of
epidermal cells called guard cells.
plant body.
 The stomata allows gaseous exchange to occur
during photosynthesis and respiration. Complex tissues are of following two types :

Structure of Stomata : Xylem :

Epidermal cell Subsidiary cells Stoma
 Its main function is conduction of water and
Nucleus mineral salts from root to the top of plant.
 Primary xylem elements originate from procambuim
of apical meristem.
 Secondary xylem elements originate from the
vascular cambium of lateral meristem.
 The xylem elements are of 4 types : xylem
Chloroplast Guard cells tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma.


(A) (B)  Xylem Tracheids :

Figure : (A) LOWER EPIDERMIS OF A LEAF  These are lignified and dead cells with bordered pits.
TO SHOW STOMATA (B) STRUCTUER OF ONE
STOMATA  They help in conduction of water in pteridophytes
 

and gymnosperms and provide mechanical

Opening & Closing of Stomata :
support plants.
 Stomata opens in presence of light, at high 

temperature & at low CO2 concentration.  Xylem Vessels :

 When guard cells becomes turgid stomatal pore

 The cells are long and tubular with lignified cell
wall.
opens, while when they becomes flaccid
stomatal pore closes.  The cross wall (end wall) at both the ends
dissolves and form a pipe like channel.
 Due to endo-osmosis guard cells becomes
turgid while due to exo-osmosis guard cells  They help in ascent of sap in angiosperms.
 

becomes flaccid.  Xylem Fibers :

 Due to increase in the amount of osmotically active  Long and narrow sclerenchymatous fibers with
sugars in guard cells, their osmotic pressure tapering end. The wall is heavily lignified leaving
increases and water enters inside the cells increasing a very narrow Lumen.
the turgidity of cells and hence stomata opens.  It provides tensile strength and mechanical
strength.
 Xylem Parenchyma :  Companion Cells :
 They are thin walled living cells present in both  The cells are living, thin walled, narrow and
primary and secondary xylem. found attached to the lateral side of sieve element.
 They store food materials.  They are absent in pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

 Phloem :  They support the sieve tube in transport of food.

 The dead matter in them is known as bast.  These are living and thin walled cells.

 Its main function is conduction of food material  They are absent all monocots and some dicots.
from leaves to other plant parts.
Phloem Fibers (bast fibers) :
 The phloem elements are of four type : Sieve
 These are sclerenchymatous fibers having thick
tubes, Companion cells, Fibres and paranchyma.
wall and narrow Luman.
Sieve Tubes :  They provide mechanical support to the plant.
 These are living but lack nucleus at maturity.
Phloem Parenchyma -
 Cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose.
 The chief function of parenchyma is to store food
 The transverse walls of sieve tube form sieve material and other substances like mucilage,
plate. tanins and resins.
 They help in conduction of food material.
ANIMAL TISSUE

 Classification of Animal tissue :

ANIMAL TISSUES

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Glandular

(flattened) (cubical) (tall (with (with
or cilia) secretory
Pillar-like) function)

Striated Nonstriated Cardiac

Areolar Dense Regular Connective Adipose Skeletal Fluid

Tissue (Vascular Tissues)

Tendon Ligament
Cartilage Bone Blood Lymph

Hyaline Fibrous Calcified

Epithelial tissue :
 Epithelial tissue is a simplest as a protective covering.
Function of epithelial tissue:
 Epithelial cover the body surface as an outer layer Figure : CUBOIIDAL EPITHELIUM
of skin and provide protection to the underlying
tissues from mechanical injury, drying up, entry
 Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells)
forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of
of germs (viral or bacterial pathogens), and
salivary glands, where it provides mechanical
harmful chemicals. support. 
  Epithelia forms inner lining of mouth, alimentary Columnar epithelium
canal and other internal organs inside the body
and protect these organs.
 This epithelium consists of tall or pillar-like cells
that are much taller than wide. The nuclei are
 Epithelial lining of the intestine absorbs water and generally elongated along the long axis of cells.
digested food.  Occurrence. The columnar epithelium lines the
 Epithelial tissues help in the elimination of stomach, intestine and gall bladder. It also lines
nitrogenous and other waste products. mammary gland ducts and parts of urethra.

 Epithelial lining of the cavities give rise to glands

that provide valuable secretions such as mucus,
gastric juice, etc.


Type of epithelial tissue :

Squamous epithelium :
 Simple squamous epithelial cells are extremely
thin and flat and form a delicate lining. The
oesophagus and the lining of the mouth are also
covered with squamous epithelium. Figure : COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
 The skin, which protects the body, is also made of
 Function. It helps in protection, absorption and
squamous epithelium.

secretion. Columnar epithelium of intestine is
Cuboidal epithelium : specialized for the absorption of water and
digested food.
 Structure. This epithelium consists of cube-like
cells which are about as tall as wide. The outline Cilliated epithelium :
of cells is polygonal in surface view and square in  Structure. This epithelium consists of cuboidal or
section. columnar cells that bear cilia on their free
surfaces. A cilium is fine, vibratile cytoplasmic
 Occurrence. The cuboidal epithelium lines the
outgrowth that arises from a minute basal granule.
small salivary ducts, pancreatic ducts, sweat
glands, salivary glands and thyrid glands. It also
 Occurrence. Cuboidal ciliated epithelium lines
certain parts of urinary tubules of the kidney and
covers the ovaries and lines the sperm-producing
sperm ducts. Columnar ciliated epithelium lines
tubules.
the nasal passages, oviducts (fallopian tubes),
 Function. It helps in protection , secretion, terminal bronchioles and ventricles of the brain.
absorption, excretion and gamete formation.
 (ii) Dendrons. These are short much-branched and
tapering projections arising from the cell body.
The dendrons are further branched into dendrites.
They provide a large surface area for synaptic
connections with other neurons. They conduct
nerve impulses towards the cell body.
(iii) Axon (Nerve fibre). The axon is a long
cylindrical process of uniform diameter that arises
from the axon hillock of the cyton. It shows fine
branching at the terminal end. Each branch ends
Figure : CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM in a swollen structure, called synaptic knob or
bouton. The axons carry impulses aways from the
 Function. This epithelium helps in the movement cell body to other neurons. The synaptic knobs of
of mucus, urine, eggs, sperms and cerebrospinal terminal branches of neuron are connected with
fluid in a particular direction.
dendrite branches of an adjacent neuron. Each
Glandular epithelium : such junction, in fact, has minute gap called
synapse. It is meant for the transmission of nerve
 This epithelium consists of columnar cells modified impulse from on neuron to the other.
to secrete chemicals. It lines the glands such as gastric
glands, pancreatic lobules, intestinal glands, etc.

Figure : GOBLET CELLS IN COLUMNAR

EPITHELIUM

 Nervous Tissue :
 The nervous tissue, which contains densely packed
nerve cells, called neurons (Gk. neuro = nerve),
is present in the brain, spinal cord and sense
organs. The neurons are specialized for
conduction of nerve impulses. They receive
stimuli from within or outside the body and
conduct impulses (signals) which travel from one
neuron to another neuron. Each neuron is
composed of the following three parts.
(i) Cyton or cell body. The cell body contains the
major concentration of the cytoplasm and the
central nucleus of the neuron. The cell body also
contains Nissl's granules, which are groups of
ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Figure : A NEURON (NERVE CELL
AND NERVE FIBRES )

  Muscle is a contractile tissue which brings about
Muscular Tissue :
movements, regarded as motors of the body.
 Locomotion and movements are due to muscular
 Muscle cells are elongated slender like cells and
tissues contain highly contractile muscle cells.
called muscle fibres.
 It is made up of muscle fibres.  The muscles are of three types : as compared
 On the basis of their structures and functions, they below :
can be divided as striated, unstriated and cardiac
muscles.
Characteristics Striped Unstriped Cardiac

Occur in the body wall, limbs, Occur in the wall of hollow Occur in the walls of
Location tongue, pharynx and beginning viscera, iris of the eye and heart, pulmonary veins
of oesophagus dermis of the skin. and superior venacava.

Also called non-striated,

Also called striated, skeletal and Also called heart muscle
Other names smooth, visceral and
voluntary muscle fibres fibres.
involuntary muscle fibres.

Shape Cylindrical Spindle Cylindrial

Action Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
Light & Dark
Present Absent Absent
bands
Branching Absent Absent Present

Connective Tissue : numerous fibres and cells and abundant mucin.

The fibres are mostly of two types : (a) White
 Connectvie tissues of animals serve the functions
collagen fibres. They are made up of a protein
of binding and joining one tissue to another (i.e.
called collage, which on boiling with water
connecting bones to each other, muscles to bones
changes to gelatin, and (b) yellow elastic fibres.
etc.) forming protective sheath and packing
They are formed of a protein called elastic.
material around the various organs separating
Collagen fibres provide flexibility and strength
them so that they do not interfere with each other
whereas elastic fibres provide elasticity.
acitivities, Carrying materials from on part to
another in the body, forming a supporting from  The areolar tissue is connective in function. It
work of cartilage and bones for the body etc. fixes the skin with the muscles, fills the spaces
 Types of connective tissue : inside the organs, Attaches the blood vessels and
nerves with the surrounding tissues, fastens the
The connective tissues are of five major types : -
periotneum to the body wall and viscera. It is
(i) Areolar tissue (Loose connective tissue)
commonly called "Packaging tissue" of the
(ii) Dense Regular connective tissue
body. Examples, bone periosteum, muscle
(iii) Adipose tissue
perimysium, nerve perineurium, etc.
(iv) Skeletal tissue
(v) Vascular tissue (Fluid). (ii) Dense regular connective tissue :

(i) Areolar tissue :

 Dense regular connective tissue consists of orderd
and densely packed fibres and cells. The fibres are
 The areolar tissue is also known as loose loose and very elastic in nature. They are secreted
connective tissue. It is most widely distributed by the surrounding connective tissue cells. This
connective tissue in the animal body. It consists of tissue is the principal component of tendons and
a transparent, jelly-like sticky matrix containing ligaments.
 Difference between tendon and ligament :
Tendons Ligaments
1. Tendons are very tough 1. Ligaments are elastic.
and inelastic.
2. They connect the 2. Ligaments connect
skeletal muscles with bones to other bones
the bones. at joints.
3. Tendons are made up 3. Ligaments are made
of white fibrous tissue. up of yellow elastic
Yellow elastic fibres fibres. The white
are, however, absent. fibres also occur but
they are very fine.
4. Fibroblasts occur in 4. Fibroblasts lies scat -
Figure : DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE rows. ered.

(a) Tendon : Tendons are cord-like, very tough, (iii) Adipose tissue :
inelastic bundles of white collagen fibres bound  Adipose is primarily a fat storing tissue in which
together by areolar tissue. The cells present in the the matrix is packed with large, spherical or oval
tendons are elongated fibroblasts which lie in
fat cells (or adipocytes). Each fat cell contains a
almost continuous rows here and there. The
large fat globule. The matrix also contains
tendons connect the skeletal muscles with the
fibroblasts, macrophages, collagen fibres and
bones.
elastic fibres. The adipose tissue is arranged in
(b) Ligaments : Ligaments are cords formed by
lobules encased in areolar tissue.
yellow elastic tissue in which many collagen
fibres are bound together by areolar tissue. The  The adipose tissue is found beneath the skin, in
fibroblasts are irregularly scattered. This tissue
the covering of the heart, around the blood vessels
combines strength with great flexibility. The
and kidney and in yellow bone marrow. This
ligaments serve to bind the bones together.
tissue stores fat and insulates the body against
heat loss. It forms a shock aborbing cushion
around the kidneys and the eyeballs. Bulbber in
whales is, in fact, an insulating fat body.
Similarly, hump in camel is also rich in adipose
tissue.

(iv) Skeletal tissue :

 Skeletal tissue forms the rigid skeleton which
supports the vertebrate body, helps in locomotion
and provides protection to many vital organs.
There are two types of skeletal tissues.
Figure : ATTACHMENT OF TENDOMS (a) Cartilage, and
AND LIGAMENTS
(b) Bone
  Occurrence. This tissue occurs in very few parts
of the body. In humans, the cartilage occurs at the
ends of long bones, the pinnae of ears, the ends of
nose, in the walls of respiratory ducts, within
intervertebral discs, etc. In sharks and rays, the
entire skeleton is cartilage.

 Functions. Cartilage is more compressible than

bone. It absorbs stresses and provides flexibility
to the body parts.

Figure : ADIPOSE TISSUE (b) Bone

(a) Cartilage  Characterisitics. Bone is a very strong and non-

flexible vertebrate connective tissue. A compact
 Characteristics. Cartilage is a hard but flexible bone consists of living bone cells. Called
skeletal tissue consisting of living cells embedded osteoblasts, embedded in a firm, calcified matrix.
in a matrix. The cells (chondroblasts) become The osteoblasts are contained in lacunae (spaces)
chondrocytes when get surrounded within special which are arranged in concentric circles present
fluid-filled chambers, called lacunae (sing. lacuna). throughout the matrix. The lacunae are also
The lacunae (containing chondrocytes)are traversed by nerves and blood vessels. The blood
separated by the amorphous matrix (chondrin) that vessels passing through them provide nutrients to
contains glycoproteins, collagen and elastic fibres. osteoblasts and help exchange of materials. The
The surface of cartilage is surrounded by irregular matrix in cmposed of about 30% organic materials
connective tissue forming the perichondrium. (chiefly collagen fibres and glycoproteins) and
Growth of cartilage occurs continuously due to 70% inorganic bone salts (mainly phosphates and
multiplication of chondrocytes by mitosis, charbonates of calcium and magnesium,
deposition of matrix within existing cartilage and hydroxyapatite, etc.). These inorganic salts are
from activity of the deeper cells of the responsible for hardness of the bone.
perichondrium. Blood vessels and nerves are
absent in the matrix.

Figure : CARTILAGE Figure : T.S. Of LONG BONE

 Functions of blood :
 Blood transports nutrients, hormones and vitamins
to the tissues and transports excretory products
from the tissues to the liver and kidney.
 The red blood corpuscles (RBC’s) carry oxygen
to the tissues for the oxidation of food stuff.
 The white blood cells (WBC’s) fight disease
either by engulfing and destroying foreign
bodies or by producing antitoxins and antibodies
that neutrophils and harmful effects of germs.

Figure : OSTEOBLAST  Granulocytes include neutorphils, eosinophils and

basophils.

Cartilage Bone  Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.

1. Cartilage is soft, elastic 1. Bone is hard, tough  Blood platelets disintegrate at the site of injury
and flexible. and inelastic. and help in the clotting of blood.
2. Matrix of cartilage 2. Matrix of bone is (b) Lymph:
consists of entirely both organic and
organic matter. inorganic. Nature :
3. Cartilage do not have  Lymph is a colourless fluid that has filtered out of
3. Bones have rich
blood supply (except the blood capillaries. Red blood corpuscles and
blood supply.
in perichondrium). some blood proteins are absent in it. In the lymph,
4. Growth of bone is white blood cells are found in abundance.
4. Growth of cartilage is
bidirectional.



unidirectional. Functions :
 Lymph transports the nutrients (oxygen, glucose)
 Functions. Bones form endoskeleton of that may have filtered out of the blood capillaries
vertebrates. They provide levers for movement back into the heart to be recirculated in the body.
and support for soft parts of the body. Bones also  It brings CO2 and nitrogenous wastes from tissue
protect many delicate tissues and organs.
fluid to blood.
(iv) Fluid Connective Tissue : (Vascular Tissue)
Fluid connective tissue links the different parts of
body and maintains a continuity in the body. It
includes blood and lymph.

(a) Blood :
 It is a fluid connective tissue.

BLOOD

Plasma Corpuscle

Serum Protein RBC WBC Platelet

 EXERCISE # 1

Q.10 Fats are stored in human body as -

A.Single Choice Type Questions
(A) Cuboidal epithelium
Q.1 Large intercellular space are present in - (B) Adipose tissue
(A) Epithelial tissue (B) Connective tissue (C) Bones
(C) Muscular tissue (D) Nervous tissue (D) Cartilage
Q.2 Xylem & phloem occur in - Q.11 White fibers of connective tissue are made up
(A) Connective tissue (B) Cortex of -
(C) Periderm (D) Vascular bundle (A) Elastin (B) Reticular fiber
Q.3 Periderm is produced by - (C) Collagen (D) Myosin
(A) Cork cambium Q.12 Aerenchyma provides -
(B) Secondary cortex
(A) Flexibility of plant
(C) Procambium
(B) Mechanical strength to plant
(D) Vascular cambium
(C) Buoyancy to plant
Q.4 some parts of the plants are flexible due to the (D) Help in floating
presence of -
Q.13 One of the following is modification of
(A) Parenchyma (B) Collenchyma
parenchyma -
(C) Meristematic (D) Sclerenchyma
(A) Fibres found in phloem
Q.5 Which of the following tissue has dead cells ? (B) Vessel
(A) Parenchyma (B) Sclerenchyma (C) Tracheids
(C) Collenchyma (D) Epithelial tissue (D) Chlorenchyma
Q.6 Voluntary muscles are found in - Q.14 Spinal cord & brain are made of -
(A) Alimentary canal (B) Limbs
(A) Muscular tissue (B) Vascular tissue
(C) Iris of eye (D) Bronchi of lungs
(C) Nervous tissue (D) Skeletal tissue
Q.7 Cartilage is not found in -
Q.15 Striated muscles are -
(A) Nose (B) Ear
(A) Multinucleate & unbranched
(C) Kidney (D) Larynx
(B) Uninucleate & spindle - Shaped
Q.8 Bone matrix is rich in - (C) Uninucleate & branched
(A) Fluoride & calcium (D) Multinucleate & branched
(B) Calcium & phosphorus
(C) Calcium & Potassium Q.16 The cell body of nerve cell contains a nucleus
(D) Phosphorus & potassium & cytoplasm & is called the -
(A) Cyton (B) Dendron
Q.9 Intestine absorbs the digested food materials.
(C) Axon (D) None
What type of epithelial cells are responsible
for that ? Q.17 Dendrites are found in -
(A) Stratified squamous epithelium (A) Striated muscle
(B) Columnar epithelium (B) Cardiac
(C) Spindle fibres (C) Neuron
(D) Cuboidal epithelium (D) Nonstriated muscle
Q.18 Permanent tissues are derived from -
(A) Simple tissue Q.23 Which of the following statement is false
(B) Meristematic tissue about meristematic tissue -
(C) Complex tissue (A) They contain dense cytoplasm
(D) Collenchyma (B) The endoplasmic reticulum & mitochondria
are fully developed
Q.19 Protective tissue is -
(C) These are the most metabolically active
(A) Xylem (B) Chlorenchyma
cells
(C) Phloem (D) Cork
(D) Meristematics cells are similar in structure
Q.20 Adipose tissue is a type of -
(A) Nervous tissue Q.24 Which of the following tissue is impermeable
(B) Muscular tissue for water -
(C) Epidermal tissue (A) Ciliated columnar
(D) Connective tissue (B) Simple cuboidal
(C) Keratinized squamous
Q.21 Which of the following is an example of
(D) All
photosynthetic type of tissue -
(A) Chlorenchyma (B) Sclerenchyma
Q.25 Mucilage, tannins & resins are stored materials
(C) Collecnchyma (D) Aerenchyma
of -
Q.22 Mast cells are part of - (A) Xylem (B) Apical tissue
(A) Adipose tissue (B) Areolar tissue (C) Phloem (D) Parenchyma
(C) Cartillage (D) Lymph
 EXERCISE # 2

A.Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q.15 Where are fats stored in our body ?
Q.1 What is a tissue ?
A.Long Answer Type Questions
Q.2 Name types of simple tissues ?
Q.16 What is the connective tissue ? List their
types. Explain tendons and ligaments.
Q.3 Where is apical meristem found ?
Q.17 Describe the various types of protective
Q.4 What are the constituents of phloem ? tissues in plants.

Q.5 What are the functions of areolar tissue ? D.Diagrammatic Type Questions

Q.6 Give three features of cardiac muscles ? Q.18 Observe the figure and answer the following
questions :
Q.7 What are the function of the stomata ?

Q.8 Name the muscle of heart ?

Q.9 Where are intercalary meristem located ?

Q.10 Name the fat storing tissue in human body ?

B.Short Answer Type Questions

Q.11 Define the meristematic tissue ?

(a) What does the figure shows ?
Q.12 What are the different types of parenchyma ? (b) Label A, B and C.
(c) Write the functions of A and C
Q.13 Select the examples of - (a) complex permanent (d) Which part is responsible for increase in
tissue, (b) Simple permanent tissue, growth of internode.
(c) Connective tissue, (d) Muscular tissue, and
(e) Nervous tissue, from the given list : Blood,
phloem, muscle, Bones, Sclerenchyma, Neuron, Q.19
Cartilage, Chlorenchyma.

Q.14 Name the tissue responsible for the following

functions in our body
(a) Storage of fat, (b) Movement of limbs, (a) Identify figures A and B.
(b) Which has living cells and which has dead
(c) Movement of food in the alimentary
cells ?
canal (d) Act as barrier to keep different
body systems separate.
 (c) Which one is impermeable and does not Q.22 Aerenchyma is found in -
allow substances to pass through it. (A) Sciophytes (B) Hydrilla
(d) What is common between A and B.
(C) Lithophytes (D) Hydrophytes
Q.20 Given below are three figures A, B and C.
Wall Thickenings Q.23 Lymph can be defined as -
Cell Wall Nucleus (A) Blood minus plasma
(B) Blood minus RBCs
(C) Blood minus WBCs
(D) Blood without RBCs
Intercellular Vacuole
Space Q.24 Which is not a component of xylem ?
(A) Tracheid
Simple
Pit pair Primary cell wall (B) Companion cell
Secondary (C) Sieve tube
cell wall
(D) Wood parenchyma

Q.25 Aerenchyma provides -

(A) Flexibility of plants
(a) Identify figures A, B and C. (B) Buoyancy to plants
(b) Which one is commercially exploited to (C) Mechanical strength to plants
(D) Help floating
get jute and hemp ?
(c ) Which one is modified to store products ?
(d) Whichone has deposition of lignin ?
(e) Which one of these provides both
mechanical strength and flexibility ?

E.Column Matching

Q.21 Each of the tissues listed in the left hand

column is related to one of the words in the
right hand column.

Column - I Column - II
1. Squamous epithelium a. Tip of nose
2. Elastic cartilage b. Blood capillary
3. Columnar epithelum c. Intestine
4. Granulocyte d. Coelomic lining
5. Agranulocyte e. Eosinophill
f. Monocyte
g. Platelet
h. Tip of bones

F.Multiple Choice Type Questions