QUADRILATERLS ASSIGNMENT 1

QUADRILATERLAS
1. Pentagon ABCDE has side CD || AB and has side BC parallel to side EA. Also, the length of sides
AB, BC, CD, DE and EA are 26, 45, 13, 15 and 41 unit respectively. Find the area of pentagon
ABCDE.
2. ABCD is a rhombus in which ∠C = 60°. Then, AC:BD = ?

3. PQRS is a rectangle in which PQ = 2PS. ‘T’ and ‘U’ are the mid points of PS and PQ respectively.
QT and US intersect at V. What is the area of QRSV divided by the area of PQT?
4. In the figure ABCD is a trapezium with parallel sides AB = a cm, CD = b cm. E and F are mid points
of non parallel sides. The ratio of ar (ABFE) and ar (EFCD) is

(a) a : b (b) (3a + b) : (a + 3b)

(c) (1 + 3b) : (3a + b) (d) (2a + b) : (3a + b)
5. PQRS is a quadrilateral and PQS is equilateral triangle. C is mid-point of SQ. B is on PR such that
PB = BR = SB. If QR = 10cm find BC.
6. The diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD intersects at O. A line through O intersects AB at X and DC
at Y another line passing through O intersects AD at P and BC at Q. Prove that XQYP is a
parallelogram.
7. ABCD is a parallelogram. Through C a straight line RQ is drawn outside the parallelogram and AP,
BQ, DR are drawn perpendiculars to RQ. Show that DR + BQ = AP
QUADRILATERLS 2

8. The side AB of parallelogram is produced both ways to F and G, so that AF = AD and BG = BC.
Prove that FD and GC produced intersect at right angles.
9. Prove that the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of a parallelogram onto its
diagonals are the vertices of another parallelogram.
10. In square ABCD, line segments are drawn from A to the mid-point of BC, from B to the mid-point of
CD, from C to the mid-point of DA, and from D to the midpoint of AB. The four segments form a
smaller square within square ABCD. If AB= 1, what is the area of the smaller square?
11. A trapezoid was formed by truncating an isosceles triangle ABC, through two points, taken as
follows: D on AB and E on AC. BE and CD intersect at F. The area of the original triangle ABC is 60
cm2 and that of the trapezoid is 45 cm2. Find the area of ∆BFC.

Circles
12. In the following figure, BE the diameter of the circle. Find the value of ‘x’ and DAB.

13. In the given figure the angles ADE and ABC differ by 15°. Find CAE

1
(a) 10° (b) 7  (c) 15 (d) 30
2
14. If a line intersect two concentric circles (circles with the same centre) with centre A at P,Q,R and S
then prove that PQ = RS
15. If circles are drawn taking two sides of a triangle as diameters, prove that the point of intersection of
these circles lie on the third side.
QUADRILATERLS 3

16. Two circles intersect at two points B and C. Through B, two line segments ABD and PBQ are drawn
to intersect the circles at A,D and P,Q respectively (see figure) Prove that ACP= QCD
17. (Miquel Point of a Triangle). Points D, E, F lie on lines BC, CA, and AB of ABC, respectively.
Prove that there exists a point lying on all three circles (AEF), (BFD), (CDE).
18. In the given figure , AB is the diameter of the circle with area  sq. units. Another circle is drawn
with C as centre, which is on the given circle and passing through A and B. Find the area of the
shaded region.

 2
(a) sq.units (b) sq.units (c) 1sq.units (d) 1.2.sq.units
3 3
19. In scalene triangle ABC, let K be the intersection of the angle bisector of ∠A and the perpendicular
bisector of BC. Prove that the points A, B, C, K are concyclic.
20. AB is chord of a circle with center O. CD is the diameter perpendicular to the chord AB, with AB
closer to C than to D. Given that  AOB = 90°, then the quotient
area of ABC
= ____
area of AOD

2 1+ 2 1
(a) 2 − 1; (b) 2 − 2; (c) ; (d) ; (e)
2 2 2
21. In the figure below, ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle with centre O and diameter AD,
with AB = AC. AD intersects BC at E, and F is the midpoint of OE. Given that BD is parallel to FC
and BC = 2 5 cm, find the length of CD in cm
QUADRILATERLS 4

3 5
(a) (b) 6 (c) 2 3 (d) 7 (e) 2 6
2

Ptolemy Theorem
22. If isosceles ∆ABC (AB = AC) is inscribe in a circle and a point P is on arc BC prove that
PA AC
=
PB + PC BC
PA + PC PD
23. A square ABCD is inscribed in a circle and a point P is on arc BC then prove that =
PB + PD PA
24. A regular pentagon ABCDE is inscribed in a circle and point P is chosen on arc BC.
Prove that PA + PD = PB + PC + PE.

Theorems related to tangent, Power of a Point, orthogonal Circles

25. If O is the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm. At a distance of 13 cm from O, a point P is taken. From
this point, two tangents PQ and PR are drawn to the circle. Then, the area of quad. PQOR is

(a) 60 cm2 (b) 32.5 cm2 (c) 65 cm2 (d) 30 cm2

26. In the given figure, ∆ABC is circumscribed touching the circle at P, Q, R. If AP = 4 cm, BP = 6 cm,
AC = 12 cm and BC = x cm. Then, x = ?
QUADRILATERLS 5

(a) 10 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 12 cm

27. In the given figure, quad. ABCD is circumscribed, touching the circle at P, Q, R and S. If AP = 5cm,
BC = 7cm and CS = 3 cm. Then, the length AB = ?

(a) 9 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 8 cm

28. In the given fig.., ∆ABC is right-angled at B such that BC = 6 cm and AB = 8 cm. A circle with
centre O has been inscribed inside the triangle. OP ⊥ AB, OQ ⊥ BC and OR ⊥ AC. If OP = OQ =
OR = x cm, then x = ?

(a) 2 cm (b) 2.5 cm (c) 3 cm (d) 3.5 cm

29. In the given figure, three circles with centres A, B, C respectively touch each other externally. If AB
= 5 cm, BC = 7 cm and CA = 6 cm, then the radius of the circle with centre A is
QUADRILATERLS 6

(a) 1.5 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 2.5 cm (d) 3 cm

30. In the given figure, O is the centre of two concentric circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. From an external
point P tangents PA and PB are drawn to these circles. If PA = 12 cm, then PB = ?

(a) 5 2 cm (b) 3 5 cm (c) 4 10 cm (d) 5 10 cm

31. In Fig., if AD, AE and BC are tangents to the circle at D, E and F respectively. Then,

(a) AD = AB + BC + CA (b) 2AD = AB + BC + CA

(c) 3AD = AB + BC + CA (d) 4AD = AB + BC + CA
32. In fig., if tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle such that ∠APB = 30° and chord AC is drawn
parallel to the tangent PB, then ∠ABC =
QUADRILATERLS 7

(a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 30° (d) None of these

33. If the internal bisector of ∠A of a triangle meets the base BC at D, show that AD2 + BD .DC = AB.
DC
34. Let ABC be an acute triangle with circumcenter O, and let K be a point such that KA is tangent to
circle ABC and ∠KCB = 90◦. Point D lies on BC such that KD||AB. Show that line DO passes
through A.
35. A circle has center on the side AB of the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. The other three sides are tangent
to the circle. Prove that AD + BC = AB.
36. Let ABCD be a non-isosceles trapezium in which AB || CD and AB > CD. Further, ABCD possesses
incentre I, which touches CD at E. Let, M be the mid-point of AB and MI meet CD at F. Show that
DE = FC, if and only if, AB = 2CD.

Common Tangents to two circles

37. Two equal circles touch each other externally at C and AB is a common tangent to the circles. Then,
∠ACB =
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 90°
38. AB and CD are two common tangents to circles which touch each other at C. If D lies on AB such
that CD = 4 cm, then AB is equal to
(a) 4 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 12 cm
39. Two circles C1 and C2 of radii 10 cm and 8 cm respectively are tangent to each other internally at a
point A. AD is the diameter of C1 and P and M are points on C1 and C2, as shown in the figure
below. If PM = 20 cm and PAD = x0, find the value of x
QUADRILATERLS 8

40. Three circles of equal radii(1cm) touch each other. Find the area of triangle formed by direct
tangents of these circle.

41. The tangents at A and B on a given circle O1(r) intersect at C. Show that the centre of the incircle of
triangle lies on the given circle.

42. As shown in the figure below, circles C1 and C2 of radius 360 are tangent to each other, and both
tangent to straight line l. If circle C3 is tangent of C1, C2 and l and Circe C4 is tangent to C1, C3 and l
find the radius of C4
QUADRILATERLS 9

43. Let ABCD be a circumscribed (or tangential) quadrilateral. Prove that the circles in the two triangles
ABC and ADC are tangent to each other.

Different centers of a triangle

44. Let O and H denote the circumcenter and orthocenter of an acute ∆ABC, respectively. Show that
∠BAH = ∠CAO.

45. Two sides of a triangle are 10 cm and 5 cm in length and the length of the median to the third side is
6.5 cm. If the area of the triangle is 6 pc m 2 , find the value of p.

46. Let ABC be scalene triangle. The medians from A, B, C meet the circum- circle of ∆ABC again at L,
M and N respectively. If LM = LN, prove that, AB2 + AC2 = 2BC2
47. If the incircle of a right angled triangle ABC, touches the hypotenuse AC at K. Then prove that the
c+a−b
area of right angle triangle is the product of CK and AK. Also prove that inradius is .
2
1 1 1 1
48. In ∆ABC, prove that + + =
ra rb rc r
49. If x, y, z are perpendiculars from the circumcentre to the sides BC, AC and AB of the ∆ABC
a b c abc
respectively. Prove that + + = .
x y z 4xyz
50. Let ABC be a triangle with IA. IB and Ic as excentres Prove that triangle IAIBIC has orthocenter I and
that triangle ABC is its orthic triangle.
51. In the diagram below, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB=AC, and M ad N are the midpoints of
AB and AC respectively. It is given that CM is perpendicular to BN, BC = 20cm, and the area of
∆ABC is x cm2 is x cm2. Find the value of x.
QUADRILATERLS 10

52. Let ABC be a triangle. The incircle of ABC is tangent to AB and AC at D and E respectively. Let O
denote the circumcenter of BCI. Prove that ∠ODB = ∠OEC.
53. If H is the orthocentre of ∆ABC and AH produced meets BC at X and the circumcircle of ∆ABC at
K then prove that HX = XK.
54. Find the distance between the incentre and ex-centres of ∆ABC.

Important Theorems
55. Let AM, BE, and CF be concurrent cevians of a triangle ABC. Show that EF||BC if and only if BM =
MC.
56. Let ABC be a triangle with contact triangle DEF. Prove that AD, BE, CF concur. The point of
concurrency is the Gergonne point of triangle ABC.
57. Proved that the medians of a triangle are concurrent.
PD PE PF
58. Let AD, BE, CF be concurrent cevians in a triangle, meeting at P. Prove that + + =1
AD BE CF
59. Prove that internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.
60. If the ex-circle of ∆ABC, opposite the vertices A, B, C touch BC, CA, AB at X 1, Y2, Z3 respectively
then prove that AX1,BY2,CZ3 are concurrent (the point of concurrence is called the Nagel Point of
∆ABC).
61. A transversal cuts the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of a quadrilateral at P, Q, R, S respectively prove that
AP BQ CR DS
. . . = +1
PB QC RD SA
62. Consider a triangle ABC with its inscribed circle whose centre I, touching BC at D. Let the mid-
points of AD, BC be M, N. Prove that M, I, N are collinear.
QUADRILATERLS 11

LEVEL II
1. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral; X and Y be the mid points of AC and BD respectively and the lines
through X and Y respectively parallel to BD, AC meet in O. Let P, Q, R, S be the mid points of AB,
BC, CD, DA respectively. Prove that
(a) quadrilaterals APOS and APXS have the same area ;
(b) the areas of the quadrilateral APOS, BOOP, CROQ, DSOR are all equal
2. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral ; P,Q,R,S be the mid points of AB, BC,CD,DA respectively
such that ∆AQR and ∆CSP are equilateral. Prove that ABCD is a rhombus. Determine its angles.
3. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 2BC ⋅ AD is produced both ways so that AM = AD = DN. Show
that BN is perpendicular to CM
4. In ∆ABC, ∠A is a right angle. Squares ACDE and ABGF are described on AC and AB externally to
the triangle. BD cuts AC in M and CG cuts AB in N. Show that AM = AN.

5. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon such that BCDE is a square with center O and ∠A = 90◦. Prove
that AO bisects ∠BAE.
6. Let PQ be a chord of a circle and M be the mid-point of PQ. Through M two chords AB and CD of
the circle are drawn. Chords AD and BC intersect PQ at points X and Y respectively. Prove that M is
the mid-point of the segment XY.
7. Let ABC be a triangle and let P interior point such that BPC = 90°, BAP = BCP. Let M, N be
the mid points of AC, BC respectively. Suppose, BP = 2PM. Prove that A,P,N are collinear.
8. Let the diagonals of the square ABCD intersect at S and let P be the midpoint of AB. Let M be the
intersection of AC and PD and N the intersection of BD and PC. A circle is inscribed in the
quadrilateral PMSN. Prove that the radius of the circle is MP- MS.
9. Given a right angle ABC, construct a point N in the interior of the triangle, such that the angles
∠NBC, ∠NCA, ∠NAB are all equal. Justify your construction.
QUADRILATERLS 12

10. In the triangle ABC with AC > AB, D is the foot of the perpendicular from A onto BC and E is
the foot of the perpendicular from D onto AC. Let F be the point on the line DE such that EF ·
DC = BD · DE . Prove that AF is perpendicular to BF.

11. Let CD be a chord of a circle 1 and AB a diameter of 1 perpendicular to CD at N with AN > NB.

A circle  2 centred at C with radius CN intersects 1 at points P and Q, and the segments PQ and

CD intersect at M. Given that the radii of 1 and  2 are 61 and 60 respectively, find the length of

AM.
12. A circle passes through the vertex C of a rectangle ABCD and touches its sides AB and AD at M and
N respectively. If the distance from C to the line segment MN is equal to 5 units. Find the area of the
rectangle ABCD.
13. A Circle w through the incentre I of the triangle ABC and tangent to AB at A, intersects the segment
BC at D and the extension of BC at E. Prove that the line IC intersects w at a point M such that MD
= ME
14. In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, points X and Y are the orthocenters of ABC and BCD. Show that
AXYD is a parallelogram.
15. Find the area, circumradius and inradius of the orthic triangle of ∆ABC.
QUADRILATERLS 13

16. If I is the incentre of a ∆ABC and if AI meets the circumcircle in K prove that KI = KB
17. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon such that ∠BAC = ∠CAD = ∠DAE and ∠ABC = ∠ACD =
∠ADE. Diagonals BD and CE meet at P. Prove that ray AP bisects CD.

18. A circle cuts the sides of ΔABC internally as follows; BC, at D, D′; CA at E, E′ and AB at F′, F. If
AD, BE, CF are concurrent, prove that AD′, BE′, CF′ are concurrent

19. Bisectors of interior angles BMC, CMA, AMB intersect BC, CA, AB respectively at X, Y, Z.
Prove that AX, BY, CZ are concurrent. M is an interior point of a triangle ABC. If P is the point of
PA PB PC
concurrence and . . = 8 ., then show that M is the circumcenter and P is the centroid of
PX PY PZ
∆ABC.
QUADRILATERLS 14

20. ABC is triangle and D and E interior points of the side AB and BC respectively such that
AD 1 CE CF
= and = 3 . If AE and C intersect at F. find
DB 3 EB FD
21. Prove that the tangents at the vertices of a triangle to its circumcircle meets the opposite sides in
three collinear points.
22. Let ABC be a triangle. A circle passing through A and B intersects segments AC and BC at D and E,
respectively. Lines AB and DE intersect at F, while lines BD and CF intersect at M. Prove that MF =
MC if and only if MB · MD = MC2
23. Consider disjoint circles ω1, ω2, ω3 in the plane, no two congruent. For each pair of circles, we
construct the intersection of their common external tangents. Prove that these three intersections are
collinear.
24. The point O is situated inside the parallelogram ABCD such that ∠AOB + ∠COD = 180◦. Prove that
∠OBC = ∠ODC.
25. Three circles O1(r1), O2(r2) and O3(r3) touch each other externally. The line l is tangent to O1(r2)
and parallel to the exterior common tangent m to O2(r2) and O3(r3) which does not intersect O1(r1).
Find the distance between the lines l and m.

26. Coins of the same size are arranging on a very large table (the infinite plane) such that each coin
touches six other coins. Find the percentage of the plane that is covered by the coins
QUADRILATERLS 15

20 50
1. (a) % (b) % (c) 16 3 % (d) 17 3 %
3 3
QUADRILATERLS 16

LEVEL III
1. Let ABC be an acute triangle with D, E, F the feet of the altitudes lying on BC, CA, AB
respectively. One of the intersection points of the line EF and the circumcircle is P. The lines BP and
DF meet at point Q. Prove that AP = AQ.
2. Tangents are parallel to the three sides are drawn to the incircle. If x, y, z are the lengths of the parts
of the tangents with in the triangle then prove that
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
3. AB is a chord of a circle, which is not a diameter. Chords A1B1 and A2B2 intersect at the mid-point P
of AB. Let the tangents to the circle at A1 and B1 intersect at C1. Similarly, let the tangents to the
circle at A2 and B2 intersect at C2 prove that C1C2 is parallel to AB
4. A point P is chosen inside a parallelogram ABCD such that ∠APB is supplementary to ∠CPD.
Prove that AB ⋅ AD = BP ⋅ DP + AP ⋅ CP.
5. The Incircle of ABC touches BC, CA and AB or D,E and F respectively. X is a point inside ∆ABC
such that the incircle of ∆XBC touches BC at also and touches CX and XB at Y and Z respectively.
Prove that EFZY is a cyclic quadrilateral.
6. Let BE and CF be the altitudes of an acute ∆ABC, with E on AC and F on AB. Let O be the point of
intersection of BE and CF. Take any line KL through O with K on AB and L on AC. Suppose M and
N are located on BE and CF respectively, such that KM is perpendicular to BE and LN is
perpendicular to CF. prove that FM is parallel to EN.
7. The circumference of a circle is divided into eight arcs by a convex quadrilateral ABCD, with four
arcs lying inside the quadrilateral and the remaining four lying outside it. The lengths of the arcs
lying inside the quadrilateral are denoted by p,q,r,s in counter clockwise direction starting from some
arc. Suppose p + r = q +s. prove that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
8. Consider in the plane a circle  with centre O and a line l not intersecting circle  . Prove that there
is a unique point Q on the perpendicular drawn from O to the line l, such that for any point P on the
line l, PQ represents the length of the tangent from P to the circle  .
9. The internal bisector of A in a ∆ABC with AC > AB, meets the circumcircle  of the triangle in
D. Join D to the centre O of the circle  and suppose Do meets AC in E, possibly when extended.
Given that BE is perpendicular to AD, show that AO is parallel to BD
QUADRILATERLS 17

10. If x, y, z are the distances of the vertices of the ∆ABC respectively from the orthocentre then prove
a b c abc
that + + =
x y z xyz
11. If H is the orthocentre of ∆ABC. Prove that the radii of the circles circumscribing the triangles BHC,
CHA, AHB, ABC are all equal.
12. If A,B,C are the angles of a triangle , prove that cosA+ cosB + cosC = 1+r/R
13. Find the distance between the circumcentre and excentre.
14. Let points P1,P2,P3,….Pn-1 divides the side BC of a ∆ABC into an parts. Let r1,r2,r3….,rn be the radii
of inscribed circles and let q1,q2…,qn be the radii of escribed circles corresponding to vertex A for
triangle ABP1P2…,APn-1 C and let r and q be the corresponding radii for the ∆ABC. Show that.
r1 r2 r r
. ..... n =
q1 q 2 qn q
15. Find the distance between the circumcentre and incentre of a triangle
16. Given that a, b, c, d are the measures of the sides of a quadrilateral in clockwise direction, prove the
inequalities,

1 1 1
(i)  ABCD  ( ab + cd ) (ii)  ABCD   ( ad + bc ) (iii)  ABCD  ( a + b )( c + d )
2 2 4
17. ABCD is a square. M is a mid-point of CD. PQRS is a square of maximum possible area in
trapezium ABMD. KLNT is another square as shown in diagram whose area is 180cm2. Find area of
square PQRS and area of square ABCD.
18. A hemisphere is placed on a sphere of radius 100 cm. The second hemisphere is placed on the first
one the third hemisphere is placed on the second one (as shown below). Find the maximum height of
the tower (in cm)
QUADRILATERLS 18

19. In the tringle ABC, AB = 585, BC = 520, CA = 455. Let P,Q be points on the side BC, and R≠A the
intersection of the line AQ with the circumcircle w of the triangle ABC. Suppose PR is parallel to
AC and the circumcircle of the triangle PQR is tangent to w at R. Find PQ.
20. Let ABC be an acute angled triangle and let D, E and F and be the midpoints of BC, CA and AB
respectively. Construct a circle centred at the orthocenter of triangle ABC, such triangle ABC lies in
the interior of the circle. Extend EF to intersect the circle at P, FD to intersect the circle at Q and DE
to intersect the circle at R. Show that PQ = BQ = CR.
21. Let O be the centre of a parallelogram ABCD and P be any point in the plane Let M, N be the
midpoints of AP, BP respectively and Q be the intersection of MC and ND, Prove that O,P and Q are
collinear.
22. Let CD be a chord of a circle 1 and AB a diameter of 1 perpendicular to CD at N with AN > NB.

A circle  2 centred at C with radius CN intersects 1 at points P and Q. The line PQ intersects CD

at M and AC at K; and the extension of NK meets  2 at L. Prove PQ is perpendicular to AL.

23. In the figure below, AB and CD are parallel chords of a circle with centre O and radius r cm. It is
given that AB = 46 cm, CD = 18 cm and AOB = 3 × COD. Find the value of r.
QUADRILATERLS 19

24. Let ABC be a triangle and a circle C1 be drawn lying inside the triangle, touching its in-circle C
externally and also touching the two sides AB and AC. Show that the ratio of the radii of the circles
 −A 
C1 and C is equal to tan 2  
 4 
25. Let M and N be points on sides AB and AC of triangle ABC respectively. If
BM CN
2. + = 1 Show that MN passes through centroid of ABC
MA NA
26. Let O be the center of the circle inscribed in a rhombus ABCD. Points E, F, G, H are chosen on sides
AB,BC,CD and DA respectively so that EF and GH are tangent to the inscribed circle. Show that EH
and FG are parallel
27. In the quadrilateral PQRS, A, B, C and D are the midpoints of the side PQ, QR, RS and SP
respectively, and M is the midpoint of CD. Suppose H is the point on the AM such that HC = BC.
Prove that BHM = 90°
28. In the acute triangle ABC, M is a point in the interior of the segment AC and N is a point on the
extension of the segment AC such that MN = AC. Let D and E be the feet of the perpendiculars from
M and N onto the lines BC and AB respectively. Prove that the orthocenter of ∆ABC lies on the
circumcircle od BED.
QUADRILATERLS 20

Answers Key
(LEVEL I)
1. (1056) 2. ( 3 :1 ) 3. (8/3) 4. (b)
5. (5cm) 10. (1/5) 11. (20) 12. 44°, 46°
13 (c) 15 18. (c) 20. (b) 2 − 2; 21. (b) 6
25. (a) 26. B 27. a 28. a
29. b 30. c 31. b 32. c
37. d 38. c 39. (60)
40. AB = OA − OB = h(cot15o − cot 30o ) sq units 42. (40) 45. 14
A
51. 300 54. lla = a sec
2

(LEVEL II)
11. (78) 12. 25 20. 12:1
1 2 R
15. Area = R sin 2A sin 2Bsin 2C , Circumradius = , In radius = 2R cosA.cosB.cosC
2 2

( )
2
2r1r3 r1 + r2 + r3 + r
25. 26. B
( r2 + r3 )
2

(LEVEL III)
13. OlA = R 2 + 2Rra , OlB = R 2 + 2Rrb and Ol c = R 2 + 2R c 15. d = R 2 − 2Rr

17. 2401 18. 300 19. 64

QUADRILATERLS 21

Solutions
1. Pentagon ABCDE has side CD || AB and has side BC parallel to side EA. Also, the length of sides
AB, BC, CD, DE and EA are 26, 45, 13, 15 and 41 unit respectively. Find the area of pentagon
ABCDE.
Ans. 1056
Sol. Extend CD & AE

Intersect at F

ABCF is ||gm

FD = 26 – 13 = 13

EF = 45 – 41 = 4

In DEF

S = 16

 DEF = 16 12  3 1

 DEF = 24
 EFC = 2   EFD  = 48
45
 AFC =  48 = 540
4

 ABCF  = 2  540 = 1080

 ABCDE  = 1080 − 24 = 1056
QUADRILATERLS 22

2. ABCD is a rhombus in which ∠C = 60°. Then, AC:BD = ?

Ans. 3 :1
Sol. Sol. BC = CD = a [sides of Rhombus]

BCD = 60° (given)

 BCD is equilateral 

BD = a

3
CO = a (Altitude)
2

AC = 3 a

3. PQRS is a rectangle in which PQ = 2PS. ‘T’ and ‘U’ are the mid points of PS and PQ respectively.
QT and US intersect at V. What is the area of QRSV divided by the area of PQT?
Ans. 8/3
Sol. Sol. [PTQ] = x + 2y = [PQRS]/4

[PSU] = 2x + y = [PQRS]/4

 x + y = 2x + y

x=y
QUADRILATERLS 23

 3x = [PQRS]/4

y = x = [PQRS]/12

[QRSV] = [PQRS] – 2(x + y) = [PQRS] – 4x = 2/3 [PQRS]

QRSV  = 8
 PQT  3
4. In the figure ABCD is a trapezium with parallel sides AB = a cm, CD = b cm. E and F are mid points
of non parallel sides. The ratio of ar (ABFE) and ar (EFCD) is

(a) a : b (b) (3a + b) : (a + 3b)

(c) (1 + 3b) : (3a + b) (d) (2a + b) : (3a + b)
Ans. (b)
Sol. EF = 1/2 [AB + CD] = ½ (a + b)

Both trapeziums have same height = h, because E & F are the mid points

1
 ABFE  = 2  AB + EF  h = 3a + b
 EFCD 1  EF + CD  h a + 3b
2

5. PQRS is a quadrilateral and PQS is equilateral triangle. C is mid-point of SQ. B is on PR such that
PB = BR = SB. If QR = 10cm find BC.
Ans. 5cm
1
Sol. SB = PR
2
QUADRILATERLS 24

1 1
SC = QS = PQ
2 2

BSC = QPR = 

SBC  PRQ by SAS

1
BC = QR = 5
2

6. The diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD intersects at O. A line through O intersects AB at X and DC

at Y another line passing through O intersects AD at P and BC at Q. Prove that XQYP is a
parallelogram.
Sol.

Proof: In ∆COY and ∆AOX

∠1 = ∠2 (Alternate interior angles)
CO = AO
∠3 = ∠4 (VOA)
 By ASA congruence
∆COY ∆AOX
⇒ OY = OX (1)
Similarly in POD and QOB
QUADRILATERLS 25

4 = 5 (Alternate interior angles)

OD = OB
6 = 7 (VOA)
 By ASA congruence
∆POD  QOB
OP = OQ (2)
 From (1) and (2), in quadrilateral XQYP diagonals bisects each other and hence it is a
parallelogram.
7. ABCD is a parallelogram. Through C a straight line RQ is drawn outside the parallelogram and AP,
BQ, DR are drawn perpendiculars to RQ. Show that DR + BQ = AP

Sol.

Construction: Draw DT ⊥ AP
Proof: In quadrilateral DRPT , ∠R = ∠P = ∠T = 90°
∴ DRPT is a rectangle ∴ DR = TP (1)
In ∆DAT and ∆CBQ ⋅
DA = CB
∠DTA = ∠CQB = 90°
 By AAS congruence
∆DAT  ∆CBQ
 AT = BQ
(1) + (2)
 DR + BQ = AT + TP (2)
⇒ DR = BQ = AP
8. The side AB of parallelogram is produced both ways to F and G, so that AF = AD and BG = BC.
Prove that FD and GC produced intersect at right angles.
QUADRILATERLS 26

Sol.

Proof: Since in ∆AFD, AF = AD

∴∠AFD = ∠ADF =x (say)
∠DAB = 2x (Exterior angle theorem)
AD || CB  CBG = DAB = 2x
In BCG, BC = BG  BCG = BGC = y (say)
And 2x + y + y = 180°  x + y = 90°
In ∆FGH, x + y + 1 = 180°
1 = 90° (As x + y = 90°)
9. Prove that the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from the vertices of a parallelogram onto its
diagonals are the vertices of another parallelogram.
Sol. Let the diagonals of the given parallelogram ABCD intersects at O and P, Q, R, S are the feet of the
perpendiculars from the vertices on the diagonals. In triangles OSD and

OQB, we have ∠OSD. = ∠OQB = 90°

SOD = QOB (VOA)
OD = OB (Diagonals bisects each other)
By AAS congruence
∆OSD  ∆OQB
 OS = OQ (CPCT)
Similarly ∆ORA  ∆OPC
 OR = OP (CPCT)
QUADRILATERLS 27

Thus in quadrilateral PQRS, diagonals bisects each other and consequently PQRS is a parallelogram.
10. In square ABCD, line segments are drawn from A to the mid-point of BC, from B to the mid-point of
CD, from C to the mid-point of DA, and from D to the midpoint of AB. The four segments form a
smaller square within square ABCD. If AB= 1, what is the area of the smaller square?
Ans. 1/5
Sol.

CR = RQ = x (Converse of mid-pt. theorem)

by symmetry AS = ST = x
PQ = AS/2 = x/2 (Converse of mid-pt. theorem)
PC = 5x/2
In ∆PDC, PC2 = 12 + (½)2 = 5/4
1
x= ⇒ Area = 1/5
5
11. A trapezoid was formed by truncating an isosceles triangle ABC, through two points, taken as
follows: D on AB and E on AC. BE and CD intersect at F. The area of the original triangle ABC is 60
cm2 and that of the trapezoid is 45 cm2. Find the area of ∆BFC.
Ans. 20
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 28

[ADE] 1 AD DE AE 1
3. = ⇒ = = =
[ABC] 4 AB BC AC 2
D and E are the mid points of AB and AC respectively.
[BFC] = 4[DEF] & [BFD] = [CFE]
[DECB] = 5[DFE] + 2[DFB] = 45
3[DFE] + 2[DEB] = 45
[DFE] = 5 (As [DEB] = [ADE] = 15)
⇒ [BFC] = 20
Circles
12. In the following figure, BE the diameter of the circle. Find the value of ‘x’ and DAB.

Sol. BEA = 46°

EAB = 90°
x = 90° - 46° = 44°
EAD = EBD = 44°
DAB = 90 - EAD = 90 – 44 = 46°
13. In the given figure the angles ADE and ABC differ by 15°. Find CAE

1
(a) 10° (b) 7  (c) 15 (d) 30
2
QUADRILATERLS 29

Ans. (c)
Sol.

From the given figure

AE > AC
 ADE > ABC
 (ADE - ABC) = 15°
AOE AOC
 − = 15
2 2
 AOE − AOC = 30
 COE = 30
1
 COE = COE = 15
2
14. If a line intersect two concentric circles (circles with the same centre) with centre A at P,Q,R and S
then prove that PQ = RS
Sol. Construction : Draw AM ⊥ PS
Proof :

Consider larger circle

AM ⊥ chord Ps [construction]
PM = MS [Perpendicular from the centre of the circle to the chord, bisects the chord]
PQ + QM = MR + RS ….(i) [P-Q-M, M-R-S]
QUADRILATERLS 30

AM ⊥ Chord QR [ Construction]
QM = MR
PQ + QM = QM + RS [From (i) and (ii)]
PQ = RS
15. If circles are drawn taking two sides of a triangle as diameters, prove that the point of intersection of
these circles lie on the third side.
Sol Constructiion : Draw AD

Proof
ADB = 90° …(I)
ADC = 90° …(2)
Adding (1) and (2)
ADB + ADC = 90° + 90°
ADB + ADC = 180°
i.e. BD and DC are opposite rays BDC is a straight line
Hence, D lies on BC
16. Two circles intersect at two points B and C. Through B, two line segments ABD and PBQ are drawn
to intersect the circles at A,D and P,Q respectively (see figure) Prove that ACP= QCD

Sol ACP = ABP [ Angles in the same segment are equal] …(i)
QUADRILATERLS 31

QCD = QBD [ Angles in the same segment are equal] …..(ii)

ABP = QBD [vertically opp. Angles]

 From (1), (2) and (3) we have
ACP = QCD
17. (Miquel Point of a Triangle). Points D, E, F lie on lines BC, CA, and AB of ABC, respectively.
Prove that there exists a point lying on all three circles (AEF), (BFD), (CDE).

Sol. let Circumcircles of BFD and CDE intersect at P other than D.

∠FPD = 180 – ∠B and ∠EPD = 180 – ∠C

⇒ ∠FPE = 360 – (∠FPD + ∠EPD) = ∠B + ∠C
⇒ ∠FPE + ∠A = 180
⇒ AFPE is cyclic quadrilateral.
18. In the given figure , AB is the diameter of the circle with area  sq. units. Another circle is drawn
with C as centre, which is on the given circle and passing through A and B. Find the area of the
shaded region.

 2
(a) sq.units (b) sq.units (c) 1sq.units (d) 1.2.sq.units
3 3
Ans. (c)
Sol. r1 = 1
QUADRILATERLS 32

∠ACB = 90°
r2 = 2

  1 
Area = −   2 −  2
2 4 2 
=1
19. In scalene triangle ABC, let K be the intersection of the angle bisector of ∠A and the perpendicular
bisector of BC. Prove that the points A, B, C, K are concyclic.
Sol. We assuming Ak bisects A and try to prove perpendicular KD bisect BC.`

∠KBC = ∠KAC = ∠KAB = ∠KCB = x

Clearly KBC is isosceles triangle therefore KD bisects BC.
20. AB is chord of a circle with center O. CD is the diameter perpendicular to the chord AB, with AB
closer to C than to D. Given that  AOB = 90°, then the quotient
area of ABC
= ____
area of AOD

2 1+ 2 1
(a) 2 − 1; (b) 2 − 2; (c) ; (d) ; (e)
2 2 2
Sol. (b)
Let the radius of the circle be 1. Then
QUADRILATERLS 33

SABC AE  CE
= =
AE  CE
=
2  CE 2 1 − 1 2
=
(= 2− 2
)
SAOD SAOD 1 OD 1
 AE  OD
2

21. In the figure below, ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle with centre O and diameter AD,
with AB = AC. AD intersects BC at E, and F is the midpoint of OE. Given that BD is parallel to FC
and BC = 2 5 cm, find the length of CD in cm

3 5
(a) (b) 6 (c) 2 3 (d) 7 (e) 2 6
2
Ans. (b)
Sol. Since the diameter AD perpendicularly bisects the chord BC,
BE = EC = 5.
Also, given that BD||FC, we have DBE = FCE. Thus BDE is congruent to CFE, so DE = FE.
As F is the midpoint of OE, we have OF = FE = ED.
Let OF = x. Then AE = 5x.
Using Intersection Chord Theorem, we have
AE  ED = BE  EC,
which leads to 5x2 = 5. Consequently, we obtain x = 1. Now CD2 = CE2 + ED2
gives CD = 5 + 1 = 6 .

Ptolemy Theorem
QUADRILATERLS 34

22. If isosceles ∆ABC (AB = AC) is inscribe in a circle and a point P is on arc BC prove that
PA AC
=
PB + PC BC
Sol: By Ptolemy’s theorem

PA ⋅ BC = PB ⋅ AC + PC ⋅ AB
= PB ⋅ AC + PC ⋅ AC (As AB = AC)
⇒ PA ⋅ BC = (PB + PC) AC
PA AC
 =
PB + PC BC
PA + PC PD
23. A square ABCD is inscribed in a circle and a point P is on arc BC then prove that =
PB + PD PA
Sol:

Since in a square ABCD, AB = BC = CD = DA = a (Say) and AC = BD = a 2 In cyclic

quadrilateral APCD, by
Ptolemy’s theorem
PA ⋅ CD + AD ⋅ PC = PD ⋅ AC]
⇒ (PA + PC)a = PD ⋅ a 2

⇒ PA + PC = PD a 2 (1)
In cyclic quadrilateral ABPD, by using Ptolemy’s theorem
QUADRILATERLS 35

PD ⋅ AB + PB ⋅ AD = PA ⋅ BD
⇒ (PD + PB)a = PA ⋅ a 2

⇒ PB + PD = PA a 2 (2)
PA + PC PD
From Eq. (1)/ Eq. (2) we get, =
PB + PD PA
24. A regular pentagon ABCDE is inscribed in a circle and point P is chosen on arc BC.
Prove that PA + PD = PB + PC + PE.
Sol: In cyclic quadrilateral ABPC, ABPD and ABPE by using Ptolemy’s theorem we get
AB ⋅ PC + AC ⋅ PB = AP ⋅ BC (1)
AB ⋅ PD + AD ⋅ PB = AP ⋅ BD (2)
AB ⋅ PE + AE ⋅ PB = AP ⋅ BE (3)
From Eq. (1) + Eq. (3) - Eq. (2)

AB(PC + PE - PD) + (AC + AE - AD)PB = (BC + BE – BD)APAB[PC + PE - PD] + AE ⋅ PB =

BC ⋅ AP (As AC = AD; BE = BD)
⇒ PC + PE - PD + PB = PA (As AB = AE = BC)
⇒ PC + PE + PB = PA + PD.
Theorems related to tangent, Power of a Point, orthogonal Circles
25. If O is the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm. At a distance of 13 cm from O, a point P is taken. From
this point, two tangents PQ and PR are drawn to the circle. Then, the area of quad. PQOR is

(a) 60 cm2 (b) 32.5 cm2 (c) 65 cm2 (d) 30 cm2

QUADRILATERLS 36

Ans. (a)
Sol. PQ2 + OQ2 = PO2

PQ = 12

 PQOR  = 2  POQ 
1
= 2   PQ  OQ
2

= 60

26. In the given figure, ∆ABC is circumscribed touching the circle at P, Q, R. If AP = 4 cm, BP = 6 cm,
AC = 12 cm and BC = x cm. Then, x = ?

(a) 10 cm (b) 14 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 12 cm

Ans. (b)
Sol.

27. In the given figure, quad. ABCD is circumscribed, touching the circle at P, Q, R and S. If AP = 5cm,
BC = 7cm and CS = 3 cm. Then, the length AB = ?
QUADRILATERLS 37

(a) 9 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 12 cm (d) 8 cm

Ans. (a)
Sol. AP = AQ = 5

CS = CR = 3

BR = 7 – 3 = 4

QB = BR = 4

AB = AQ + QB = 9

28. In the given fig.., ∆ABC is right-angled at B such that BC = 6 cm and AB = 8 cm. A circle with
centre O has been inscribed inside the triangle. OP ⊥ AB, OQ ⊥ BC and OR ⊥ AC. If OP = OQ =
OR = x cm, then x = ?

(a) 2 cm (b) 2.5 cm (c) 3 cm (d) 3.5 cm

Ans. (a)
Sol. AC = 10

[ABC] = [BOA] + [BOC] + [COA]

1 1
 8  6 =  AB + BC + CA   x
2 2

x=2
QUADRILATERLS 38

29. In the given figure, three circles with centres A, B, C respectively touch each other externally. If AB
= 5 cm, BC = 7 cm and CA = 6 cm, then the radius of the circle with centre A is

(a) 1.5 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 2.5 cm (d) 3 cm

Ans. (b)
Sol. Let rA , rB , rC are radii of circles A, B and C

AC = rA + rc = 6 …(1)

BC = rB + rC = 7 …(2)

AB = rA + rB = 5 ..(3)

1 + 2 + 3  rA + rB + rC = 9 …. (4)

4 – 2  rA = 2

30. In the given figure, O is the centre of two concentric circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. From an external
point P tangents PA and PB are drawn to these circles. If PA = 12 cm, then PB = ?

(a) 5 2 cm (b) 3 5 cm (c) 4 10 cm (d) 5 10 cm

Ans. (c)
Sol. OP2 = PA2 + OA2

OP = 13

PB2 + OB2 = OP2

PB2 = 169 – 9
QUADRILATERLS 39

PB = 4 10

31. In Fig., if AD, AE and BC are tangents to the circle at D, E and F respectively. Then,

(a) AD = AB + BC + CA (b) 2AD = AB + BC + CA

(c) 3AD = AB + BC + CA (d) 4AD = AB + BC + CA
Ans. (b)
Sol. AD = AE

AD + AE= AC + CD + AB + BE

=AC + CF + AB + BF

2AD = AC + AB + BC

32. In fig., if tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle such that ∠APB = 30° and chord AC is drawn
parallel to the tangent PB, then ∠ABC =

(a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 30° (d) None of these

Ans. C
Sol. PA = PB (triangles)

180 − 30
PBA = PAB = = 75
2

ABP = BCA = 75 ( alterate segment theorem )

ABP = CAB = 75 ( alterate angles )

QUADRILATERLS 40

ABC = 180 − 75 − 75 = 30

33. If the internal bisector of ∠A of a triangle meets the base BC at D, show that AD2 + BD .DC = AB.
AC
Sol. ∆ABD ≈ ∆AEC (By AA)
AB. AC = AD.AE
= AD2 + AD.DE (1)
= AD (AD + DE)
AD ⋅ DE = BD ⋅ DC. (2)

AB. AC = AD2 + BD.DC

34. Let ABC be an acute triangle with circumcenter O, and let K be a point such that KA is tangent to
circle ABC and ∠KCB = 90◦. Point D lies on BC such that KD||AB. Show that line DO passes
through A.
Sol. Let us assume AD’ passing through O.

∠D’AK + ∠D’CK = 180

D’AKC is cyclic, therefore ∠KD’C = ∠ACK = x
∠ABD’ = ∠CAK = x (Alternate segment theorem)
∠KD’C = ∠ABD’
⇒ KD’|| AB
QUADRILATERLS 41

But KD||AB ⇒ D’ and D are same.

(M2)

∠KAO =90
∠KDC = ∠CAK
⇒ CDAK is cyclic.
∠DAK + ∠DCK = 180
⇒ ∠DAK = 90
⇒ ∠DAK = ∠KAO =90
A, D, O are collinear.
35. A circle has center on the side AB of the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. The other three sides are tangent
to the circle. Prove that AD + BC = AB.

Sol.

Let O be the centre of the circle in the problem, and T be the point on AB such that AT = AD. Then
DTA = (180 - DAB)/2 = DCB/2 = DCO
So DCTO is a cyclic quadrilateral
∠ODC = ∠BTC = 90-B/2
∠BCT = 90-B/2
QUADRILATERLS 42

∠BTC = ∠BCT ⇒ BT = BC
AB = AD + BC
36. Let ABCD be a non-isosceles trapezium in which AB || CD and AB > CD. Further, ABCD possesses
incentre I, which touches CD at E. Let, M be the mid-point of AB and MI meet CD at F. Show that
DE = FC, if and only if, AB = 2CD.
Sol. ∆MIN  ∆FIE

⇒ MN = EF

AB
– BN = CD – ED – FC
2

= CD – 2ED …..(1)

AQ = AN – DE

PB = BN – EC

AD = AG + GD

AD = AN + DE

BC = BH + HC = BN + CE

gr2 = AD2 – AQ2 = BC2 – BP2

4AN.DE = 4BN.CE

AN.DE = BN.CE …..(2)

QUADRILATERLS 43

AN CE
−1 = −1
BN DE
2MN EF
=
BN DE
 BN = 2DE
Put in (1)
AB = 2CD
N = 2DE

CASE II. If AB = 2CD

from (1) BN = 2DE

from (2) AN.DE = BN.CE

AN = 2CE

2MN = AN – BN = 2(CE – DE)

2EF = 2(EF + F(– DE)

FC = DE

Common Tangents to two circles

37. Two equal circles touch each other externally at C and AB is a common tangent to the circles. Then,
∠ACB =
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 90°
Ans. d

Sol.

ACO1 = 45
BCO2 = 45
ACB = 180 − 45 − 45
= 90
QUADRILATERLS 44

38. AB and CD are two common tangents to circles which touch each other at C. If D lies on AB such
that CD = 4 cm, then AB is equal to
(a) 4 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 8 cm (d) 12 cm
Ans. c
Sol. AD = DC = 4

DB = DC = 4

AB = 8

39. Two circles C1 and C2 of radii 10 cm and 8 cm respectively are tangent to each other internally at a
point A. AD is the diameter of C1 and P and M are points on C1 and C2, as shown in the figure
below. If PM = 20 cm and PAD = x0, find the value of x

Ans. (60)
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 45

Let O be the centre of C2 and let PA intersect C2 at B. The homothety centred at A mapping C2 to C1
AB 8
has similitude ratio 8/10. It maps B to P. Thus = . (This can also be seen by connecting P to
AP 10
the centre O’ of C1 so that the triangles ABO and APO’ are similar.) The power of P with respect to
AB 8
C2 is PM2 = 20. Thus PB  PA = 20, or equivalently (PA – AB)PA = 20. Together with = , we
AP 10
obtain AB = 8 and AP = 10. Consequently, the triangle ABO is equilateral, and hence PAD =
BAO = 60°.
40. Three circles of equal radii(1cm) touch each other. Find the area of triangle formed by direct
tangents of these circle.

Sol.

DA = 2DE = 2
 AE = 3
QUADRILATERLS 46

 Similarly, FB = 3 and EF = CD = 1 + 1 = 2

Hence, side AB = 3 + 3 + 2 = 2(1 + 3)

 Area of equilateral triangle

3
= [2(1 + 3)]2
4
41. The tangents at A and B on a given circle O1(r) intersect at C. Show that the centre of the incircle of
triangle lies on the given circle.

Sol.

AO1O2 = 2CAO2 = 2x (Alternate segment theorem)

O1O2 = O1A = R
 O1AO2 = 2AO2O1 = 90 – x
 BAO2 = x
 AO2 is angle bisector of BAC and CO2 is the angle bisector of ABC.
 O2 is the incenter of incircle.
42. As shown in the figure below, circles C1 and C2 of radius 360 are tangent to each other, and both
tangent to straight line l. If circle C3 is tangent of C1, C2 and l and Circe C4 is tangent to C1, C3 and l
find the radius of C4
QUADRILATERLS 47

Ans. 40
Sol. Let R be the radius of C3. Then
(360 – R)2 + 3602 = (360 + R)2  R = 90.

Let r be the radius of C4. Then

= ( 360 + r ) − ( 360 − r ) + ( 90 + r ) − ( 90 − r ) = 90  r = 40
2 2 2 2

43. Let ABCD be a circumscribed (or tangential) quadrilateral. Prove that the circles in the two triangles
ABC and ADC are tangent to each other.
Sol. Let the incircle of ∆ABC be C1 and that of ∆ADC be C2

Since C1 and C2 lie on either side of AC, the diagonal, if they touch each other, then, they must touch
at a point only on AC.
If possible let C1 touch AC at P and C2 touch AC at a point Q. (We assume to the contrary).
Then, PQ = AQ – AP (1)
Now AQ = AC – CQ = AC – CR = AC – CD + DR (Equal tangent property)
= AC – CD + DS = AC – CD + DA – SA (Equal tangent property)
QUADRILATERLS 48

= AC – CD + DA – AQ (Equal tangent property)

∴ 2AQ = AC – CD + AD (2)
Similarly, 2AP = AC – BC + AB (3)
∴ 2PQ = (AC – CD + AD) – (AC – BC + AB) (From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3))
i.e., 2PQ = (AD + BC) – (AB + CD) = 0 (by Pitot’s theorem)
Therefore the points P and Q must coincide with each other, i.e., the two circles touch AC at the
same point.
Different centers of a triangle
44. Let O and H denote the circumcenter and orthocenter of an acute ∆ABC, respectively. Show that
∠BAH = ∠CAO.

Sol. AOC = 2B

OAC = ½(180 – 2B) = 90 - B
BAH = 90 - B
 BAH = AOC
45. Two sides of a triangle are 10 cm and 5 cm in length and the length of the median to the third side is
6.5 cm. If the area of the triangle is 6 pc m 2 , find the value of p.

Sol. Let D be the mid-point of BC. By Apollonius theorem

QUADRILATERLS 49

AB2 + AC2 = 2(BD2 + AD2) (By Apollonius Theorem)

Or 4AD2 = 2AB2 + 2AC2 – BC2
 BC2 = 2AB2 + 2AC2 – 4AD2
2
 13 
= 2 (10 ) + 2 ( 5 ) − 4   = 81
2 2
(On simplification)
2
9 + 10 + 5
 BC = 9cm  s = = 12
2

Area = s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) = 6 p

= 12  3  7  2 = 6 b  p = 14
46. Let ABC be scalene triangle. The medians from A, B, C meet the circum- circle of ∆ABC again at L,
M and N respectively. If LM = LN, prove that, AB2 + AC2 = 2BC2
Sol.

Let G be the centroid of ∆ABC.

Now,
LNG ~ CAG ( AA )
LN GL
 = (1)
AC GC
LMG ~ BAG ( AA )
LM GL
 =
AB GB
AB GB
Thus = (From Eq (1) (2) and using LN = LM)
AC GC
AB2 GB2
 =
AC 2 GC2
QUADRILATERLS 50

1
( 2AB2 + 2BC2 − AC2 )
=9 (By Apollonius theorem)
1
9
( 2AC 2 + 2BC 2 − AB2 )

AB2 − AC2 3 ( AB2 − AC2 )

 = (Subtracting 1 from both sides)
AC2 2AC2 + 2BC2 − AB 2
 2AC2 + 2BC2 − AB2 = 3AC2 (As triangle is scalene AB2 ≠ AC2)
 2BC2 = AB2 + AC2
47. If the incircle of a right angled triangle ABC, touches the hypotenuse AC at K. Then prove that the
c+a−b
area of right angle triangle is the product of CK and AK. Also prove that inradius is .
2
Sol.

CK = s –c, AK = s – a
 a + b − c  b + c − a 
4. CK.AK =   
 2  2 

=
1
4
( a + b2 − (c − a)2 )
=
4
(
1 2
b − (c2 + a 2 − 2ca) ) = ( b 2 − (b 2 − 2ca) )
1
4
1
= ca = [ABC]
2
c+a−b
(ii) r = s – b =
2
1 1 1 1
48. In ∆ABC, prove that + + =
ra rb rc r

1 1 1 s−a s−b s−c

Sol. + + = + +
ra rb rc   
QUADRILATERLS 51

3S − ( a + b + c ) 3s − 2s
= =
 
s 1
= =
 r
49. If x, y, z are perpendiculars from the circumcentre to the sides BC, AC and AB of the ∆ABC
a b c abc
respectively. Prove that + + = .
x y z 4xyz
Sol.

 1 1 1
[DEF] = = yz sin(180 − A) + xz sin(180 − B) + yx sin(180 − C)
4 2 2 2
abc 1  SinA SinB SinC 
5. = xyz  + + 
16R 2  x y z 

abc  2RSinA 2RSinB 2RSinC 

= + + 
4xyz  x y z 
abc  a b c 
= + + 
4xyz  x y z 
50. Let ABC be a triangle with IA. IB and Ic as excentres Prove that triangle IAIBIC has orthocenter I and
that triangle ABC is its orthic triangle.
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 52

2x + 2y = 180
⇒ x+y = 90
⇒ IbB⊥IcIa
Similarly IcC⊥IbIa & IaA⊥IcIb
⇒ I is orthocentre and ABC is its orthic triangle.
51. In the diagram below, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB=AC, and M ad N are the midpoints of
AB and AC respectively. It is given that CM is perpendicular to BN, BC = 20cm, and the area of
∆ABC is x cm2 is x cm2. Find the value of x.

Sol. Let P be the intersection of CM and BN, so that P is the centroid of ABC. Then BP = 2PN and CP
= 2PM. Let PN = PM = y, so that BP = CP = 2y. Since BPC = 90°, we have BC =

20 = ( 2y ) + ( 2 y ) and thus y = 50 . Now AB2 = 4BM2 = 4((2y)2 + y2) = 20y2 = 1000.

2 2

1
Thus the altitude of ABC is AB2 − 102 = 30 . Hence the area of ABC is  20  30 = 300 .
2
52. Let ABC be a triangle. The incircle of ABC is tangent to AB and AC at D and E respectively. Let O
denote the circumcenter of BCI. Prove that ∠ODB = ∠OEC.

Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 53

It can be proved that O lies on circum circle of ABC.

O lies on line AI. Now AI is an angle bisector and AD = AE, so it follows that ADO  AEO, so
ADO = AEO and hence BDO = OEC.
53. If H is the orthocentre of ∆ABC and AH produced meets BC at X and the circumcircle of ∆ABC at
K then prove that HX = XK.
Sol.

In DBXH and DBYC ∠BXH = ∠BYC = 90°

∠XBH = ∠YBC ∴ By AA
similarly ∆BXH ~ ∆BYC∴ ∠BHX = ∠BCY = ∠C
Also ∠ACB = ∠AKB = ∠C
In ∆BXH and ∆BXK
∠BHX = ∠BKX = ∠CBXH = ∠BXK = 90°BX = BX (Common)
∴ By AAS Congruence ∆BXH ≅ ∆BXK∴ HX = KX.
54. Find the distance between the incentre and ex-centres of ∆ABC.

Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 54

We know that AE = s, AD = s − a ⇒ DE = s − (s − a) = a
⇒ IF = a
In ∆llaF,
A II lla
sec = =
2 lF a
A
lla = a sec
2

Important Theorems
55. Let AM, BE, and CF be concurrent cevians of a triangle ABC. Show that EF||BC if and only if BM =
MC.

Sol.

If BM = MC

By Ceva’s theorem

AF BM CE
  =1
FB MC EA
AF EA
 =
FB EC
 EF || BC [Converse of BPT]

CASE 2.

If EF || BC
AF AE AF EC BM
=    =1
FB EC FB AC MC
 AM, BE, CF are concument

56. Let ABC be a triangle with contact triangle DEF. Prove that AD, BE, CF concur. The point of
concurrency is the Gergonne point of triangle ABC.
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 55

BD CE AF y z x
= =1
DC EA FB z x y
57. Prove that the medians of a triangle are concurrent.
Sol. If D, E, F are the mid-points of BC, CA, AB respectively then BD = DC; CE = EA; AF = AB

BD CE AF
 = 1; = 1; =1
DC EA FB
BD CE AF
 . . =1
DC EA FB
Thus the Cevians AD, BE, CF are concurrent
PD PE PF
58. Let AD, BE, CF be concurrent cevians in a triangle, meeting at P. Prove that + + =1
AD BE CF
Sol. By Ceva’s theorem

ace = bdf …...(1)

a c +d n m ac + ad
In DABD,   = 1  +1 = +1
b d m n bd

m + n ac + ad + bd
=
n bd

n bd
Similarly, = ....... ( 2 )
m + n ac + ad + bd
QUADRILATERLS 56

s df
=
r + s ce + cf + df

da
= from (1) …(3)
bd + ac + da

k bf
=
k + l ea + eb + bf

ac
= from (1)………. (4)
bd + ac + da

(2) + (3) + (4) = 1

59. Prove that internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.
Sol. If AX, BY, CZ are the angle bisector then by internal angle bisector theorem
We have following:
BX AB CY BC AZ AC
= ; = and =
XC AC YA BA ZB BC
BX CY AZ AB BC AC
 . . = . . = +1
XC YA ZB AC AB BC
60. If the ex-circle of ∆ABC, opposite the vertices A, B, C touch BC, CA, AB at X1, Y2, Z3 respectively
then prove that AX1,BY2,CZ3 are concurrent (the point of concurrence is called the Nagel Point of
∆ABC).
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 57

Let the ex-circle opposite A touch AC produced at Y1 and AB produced at Z1 then BX1 = BZ1 and
CX1 = CY1
AX1 = AY1
And hence AB + BZ1 = AC + CY1
1
AB + BX1 = AC + CX1 = ( AB + BX1 + X1C + AC )
2
1
 AB + BX1 = AC + CX1 = ( AB + BC + CA ) = s
2
Hence X1 bisect the perimeter of DABC and lies on BC
Similarly Y2,Z3 lies on AC and AB and bisects the perimeter of ABC
Also BX1 = s – c, CX1 = s -b, CY2 = s –a, AY2 = s – c, AZ3 = s –b and BZ3 = s–a
BX1 CY2 AZ3  s − c  s − a  s − b 
 . . =   
X1C Y2 A Z3B  s − b  s − c  s − a 
BX1 CY2 AZ3
 . . =1
X1C Y2 A Z3B
Hence by converse of Ceva’s theorem AX1, BY2, CZ3 are concurrent
61. A transversal cuts the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of a quadrilateral at P, Q, R, S respectively prove that
AP BQ CR DS
. . . = +1
PB QC RD SA
Sol. Construction: Join AC which cuts the line at T
In ∆ABC and ∆ADC apply Menelaus theorem on the given transversal, we get

AP BQ CT
. . = −1 (1)
PB QC TA
CT AS DR
And . . = −1 (2)
TA SD RC
 From eq (1) + Eq. (2) we get
QUADRILATERLS 58

AP BQ CR DS
. . . = +1
PB QC RD SA
62. Consider a triangle ABC with its inscribed circle whose centre I, touching BC at D. Let the mid-
points of AD, BC be M, N. Prove that M, I, N are collinear.
Sol.

In ∆AED
DN EI AM CN − CD EC
6. =  1
NE IA MD CN − CE AC
BC − 2CD EC
= 
BC − 2CE AC
BD − CD EC
= 
BE − CE AC
AC.BC
AB − AC
=  AB + BC
AB.BC AC.BC AC
−
AB + AC AB + AC
AB − AC BC
=  =1
AB.BC − AC.BC 1
QUADRILATERLS 59

LEVEL II
27. Let ABCD be a quadrilateral; X and Y be the mid points of AC and BD respectively and the lines
through X and Y respectively parallel to BD, AC meet in O. Let P, Q, R, S be the mid points of AB,
BC, CD, DA respectively. Prove that
(a) quadrilaterals APOS and APXS have the same area ;
(b) the areas of the quadrilateral APOS, BOOP, CROQ, DSOR are all equal
Sol. We use the facts : (i) the joining the mid points of the sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side ;
(ii) and any median of a triangle bisects its area ; (iii) two triangles having equal bases and bounded
by same parallel lines have equal area.
(a) Now BD is parallel to PS as well as OX is parallel to PS. Hence [PXS] = [POS]. Adding [PAS] to
both sides we get [APXS] = [APOS]. This proves part (a)

(b) Now,  APXS =  APX  +  ASX 

1 1
=  ABX  +  ADX 
2 2
1 1
=  ABC +  ADC
4 4
1
=  ABCD
4
Hence by
1
(a) [APOS] =  ABCD . Similarly by Symmetry each of the areas [AQOP],[CROQ] and [DSOR] is
4
1
equal to [ABCD].Thus the four given areas are equal. This proves part
4
(b) [Note [.] denotes area]
QUADRILATERLS 60

28. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral ; P,Q,R,S be the mid points of AB, BC,CD,DA respectively
such that ∆AQR and ∆CSP are equilateral. Prove that ABCD is a rhombus. Determine its angles.
Sol. We have QR = BD/2 = PS. Since AQR and CSP are both equilateral AR = PS, they must be
congruent triangles. Thus implies that AQ = QR = RA = CS = SP = PC.

Also CEF = 60° = RQA

Hence, CS is parallel to QA. Now, CS = QA implies that CSQA is a parallelogram. In particular SA
in parallel to CQ and SA = CQ. This shows that AD is parallel to BC and AD = BC. Hence ABCD is
a parallelogram
Let the diagonal AC and BD bisect each other at W. Then DW = DB/2 = QR = CS = AR. Thus, in
∆ADC, the medians AR,DW,CS are all equal. Thus, ADC is equilateral. This implies ABCD is a
rhombus. Moreover the angles are 60° and 120°
29. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB = 2BC ⋅ AD is produced both ways so that AM = AD = DN. Show
that BN is perpendicular to CM
Sol.

Given. ABCD is a parallelogram with AB = 2BC, AM = AD = DN

To proof: MC ⊥ BN
Proof: In ∆PMA and ∆PCB
∠1 = ∠2 VOA
QUADRILATERLS 61

∠3 = ∠4 (Alternate interior angles)

 AM = BC (As AM = AD = BC)
 By AAS congruence
∆PMA ≅ DPCB
AP = BP  P is the midpoint of AB
 BC = AP = [B = AM
 1= 3 = 2 =4
Also in ∆ABN, AB = 2BC,
AN = 2AD = 2BC
 AB = AN
5 = 6
PAN = 1 + 3
= 2 + 2 = 22= BAN (Exterior angle property, in APM)
In ABN, BAN + BNA + ABN = 180°
 22 + 5 + 6 = 180°
22 + 25 = 180°
2 + 5 = 90°
In POB, 2 + 5 + 7 = 180°
 90° + 7 = 180°
7 = 90°
 CM ⊥ BN
30. In ∆ABC, ∠A is a right angle. Squares ACDE and ABGF are described on AC and AB externally to
the triangle. BD cuts AC in M and CG cuts AB in N. Show that AM = AN.

Constructions: Join FN and ME.

QUADRILATERLS 62

Proof: Since if a triangle and a parallelogram having the same base and between the same parallel
then area of triangle is half the area of parallelogram.
1
GNF = GBAF
2
1
And  GBN  +  AFN  = GBAF
2
1
Also  GBC = GBAF (Between two parallels FC and GB with same base GB)
2
 [GBN] = [AFN] = [GBC] = [GBN] + [NBC]
 [AFN] = [NBC]
Adding [ANC] to both sides , we get
[AFN] + [ANC] = [NBC] + [ANC]
[FNC] = [ABC] (1)
1
Similarly  DCM  +  EAM  =  ACDE  =  DCB
2
 [DCM] + [EAM] = ]DCM] + [BCM]
[EAM] = [BCM]
[EAM] + [AMB] = [BCM] + [AMB] (Adding [AMB] to both sides)
 [EMB] = [ABC]
 From eqs (1) and (2), we get [FNC] = [EMB]
1 1
 FC  AN = AB  AM
2 2
 AN= AM (FC = EB as FC = FA + AC = AB + AE = EB)
Alter :
CAN – CFG
AN CA
=
FG CF
AN CA
 = (As FG = AB)
AB AC + AB
AB.CA
 AN = (1)
AC + AB
Also BAM − BED
QUADRILATERLS 63

AM AB
= (2)
ED AB + AC
From eqs.(1) and (2)
AN = AM
31. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon such that BCDE is a square with center O and ∠A = 90◦. Prove
that AO bisects ∠BAE.
Sol Observe that BAE = 90° and BOE = 90°. It follows that ABOE is cyclic. So OAE = OBE =
45° and BAO = BEO = 45°. It follows that OAE = BAO = 45°, as needed
The condition that ABCDE is convex ensures that A lies on the opposite side of BE as O, so there is
no need to worry about configuration issues and it is fine to just use standard angles

32. Let PQ be a chord of a circle and M be the mid-point of PQ. Through M two chords AB and CD of
the circle are drawn. Chords AD and BC intersect PQ at points X and Y respectively. Prove that M is
the mid-point of the segment XY.
Sol. Construction: From X we draw perpendicular lines to AB and CD, with feet X1 and X2
respectively. From Y draw perpendicular lines to AB and CD, with feet Y1 and Y2 respectively.

let MX = x, MY = y and PM = QM = a.
Using similar triangles we get
x XX1 XX 2 XX1 AX XX 2 DX
= = , = and =
y YY1 YY2 YY2 CY YY1 BY
QUADRILATERLS 64

x 2 XX1 XX 2
 = 
y 2 YY1 YY2

XX1 XX 2
= 
YY2 YY1
AX DX
= 
CY BY
PX  OX
= (By intersecting chords theorem)
PT  QY

=
( a + x )( a − x ) = a 2 − x 2
( a + y )( a − y ) a 2 − y2
x2
 =1
y2
x=y
Note: This problem is known as Butterfly theorem.
33. Let ABC be a triangle and let P interior point such that BPC = 90°, BAP = BCP. Let M, N be
the mid points of AC, BC respectively. Suppose, BP = 2PM. Prove that A,P,N are collinear.
Sol Extend CP to D
Now, CP = PD

Let BCP = BAP = 

( BP is perpendicular bisector of CD)

Thus, BDP = 
Then BDP = BAP = 
Hence B,P, A,D all lie on circle
DAB = DPB = 90°
QUADRILATERLS 65

( P is mid point of CD and M is mid point of CA)

 PM||DA
Where DA = 2PM = BP
Thus,DBPA is an isosceles trapezium
And DB||PA
Hence, we get
DPA = BAP = BCP = NPC
 BPC = 90°

and N is mid point of CB

NP = NC = NB for right angled ∆BPC
Hence A,P and N are colinear
34. Let the diagonals of the square ABCD intersect at S and let P be the midpoint of AB. Let
M be the intersection of AC and PD and N the intersection of BD and PC. A circle is
inscribed in the quadrilateral PMSN. Prove that the radius of the circle is MP- MS.
Sol. Let O be the centre and r the radius of the circle. Let X, Y be n its points of contact with the sides
PM, MS, respectively
Since OY ⊥ MS and YSO - ASP - 45°, SY = YO = r. Abo OPX = PDA (since OP || DA) and
OXP = PAD = 90°. Therefore OXP PAD . Hence OX/XP = PA/AD = 1/2. Hence Px = 2r.
Therefore PM – MS = 2r + MX - MY – r = r.

35. Given a right angle ABC, construct a point N in the interior of the triangle, such that the angles
∠NBC, ∠NCA, ∠NAB are all equal. Justify your construction.
QUADRILATERLS 66

Sol. ∠ANB = ∠3 + 90 – ∠2 = 90°

N lies on circle taking AB as diameter therefore draw a semicircle on AB as diameter.
For ∠2 = ∠1, we can draw a circle passing through B, C and N having CA tangent at C.
Therefore draw CX ⊥ AC. Draw the perpendicular bisector of BC and extend it to meet CX at O.
With ‘O’ as centre and OC as radius draw arc of a circle to intersect the semicircle on AB as
diameter at N.
N is the required point. Note: This point N is called Brocard Point.
36. In the triangle ABC with AC > AB, D is the foot of the perpendicular from A onto BC and E is
the foot of the perpendicular from D onto AC. Let F be the point on the line DE such that EF ·
DC = BD · DE . Prove that AF is perpendicular to BF.

Sol. Since we are supposed to prove AFB = 90°, it means that the 4 point! A, B, D, F are concyclic.
Note that AC > AB implies that B > C. If TD is the tangent to the circumcircle  of the triangle
ABD with B and T lying opposite sides of the line AD, then ADT = B > C = ADE so that 
intersects the interior of DE at F. Therefore, F can only be in the interior of DE. Now observe that
the triangles ADE and DCE are similar so that AD/AE = DC/DE. By the given condition, this can be
written as AD/AE = BD/EF. This means the triangles ABD and AFE are similar. Thus ABD =
AFE. This shows that A, B.D, F are concyclic. Therefore AFB = ADB = 90°.
QUADRILATERLS 67

37. Let CD be a chord of a circle 1 and AB a diameter of 1 perpendicular to CD at N with AN > NB.

A circle  2 centred at C with radius CN intersects 1 at points P and Q, and the segments PQ and

CD intersect at M. Given that the radii of 1 and  2 are 61 and 60 respectively, find the length of

AM.
Ans. 78
Sol. Extend DC meeting 2 at H. Note that DN = NC = CH = 60. Since M is of equal power with respect
1 and 2. Thus MN  MH = MC  MD. That is MN(MC + 60) = MC(MN + 60) giving MN = MC.
Thus MN = 30.

The power of N with respect to 1 is DN • NC = 602, and is also equal to NA • NB = NA(AB – NA)
= NA •(122 – NA). Thus NA • (122 – NA) = 602. Solving this quadratic equation, we get NA = 72 or

50. Since NA > NB, we haw NA = 72. Consequently AM = NA 2 + MN 2 = 722 + 302 = 78 .

38. A circle passes through the vertex C of a rectangle ABCD and touches its sides AB and AD at M and
N respectively. If the distance from C to the line segment MN is equal to 5 units. Find the area of the
rectangle ABCD.
Sol. Let CP ⊥ MN, CP = 5 units

By alternate segment theorem,

QUADRILATERLS 68

CMB = CNM =  also CND = CMN = 

Consider quadrilateral DNPC and PMBC
NPC and PMBC
DNP =  +  = PMB
NPC = 90° = MBC
And NDC = 90°= MPC
By AAA similarly quadrilaterals are similar , hence
DC PC
=
PC BC
 BC.DC = PC2 = 52 = 25
  ABCD  = 25 square units

Alter
BC
In BMC, sin  =
CM
CP
In NPC , sin  =
CN
BC CP BC CM
 =  = (1)
CM CN CP CN
CD
In CND sin  =
CN
CP
In CPM = sin  =
CM
CD CP CD CN
 =  = (2)
CN CM CP CM
BC CD CM CN
Multiplying Eqs. (1) add (2) , we get . = . =1
CP CP CN CM
 BC. CD = CP2 = (5)2  BC.CD = 25 sq. units
 Area of rectangle = 25 sq. units
39. A Circle w through the incentre I of the triangle ABC and tangent to AB at A, intersects the segment
BC at D and the extension of BC at E. Prove that the line IC intersects w at a point M such that MD
= ME
QUADRILATERLS 69

Sol. Join AD, ID, IA and AE. Let IE intersect AC at N. We have IAN = IAB = IEA so that the
triangles NIA and AIE are similar. Thus ANI = EAI = IDB. Also DCI = NCI. Therefore,
the triangles DCI and NCI are congruent. Hence DIC = NIC implying MD = ME.

40. In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, points X and Y are the orthocenters of ABC and BCD. Show that
AXYD is a parallelogram.
Sol. Let the reflections of X and Y over BC be X' and Y'.

As we have reflected the orthocenters over the sides, we find that X' and Y’ lie on the circumcircle to
 of ABCD. Thus we find that X’Y’ = XY. It is also clear that AX ' DY ' Therefore, we have a
cyclic trapezoid AX'Y'D, meaning X'Y’ = AD as well. Consequently. AD = XY.
Therefore, we have AX DY and AD = XY. Hence AXYD is either a parallelogram or a trapezoid.

Actually, since AD is the reflection of X1Y1 across the diameter of  parallel to BC , while XY is

the reflection of X1Y1 over BC , it follows that we must be in the parallelogram case.

41. Find the area, circumradius and inradius of the orthic triangle of ∆ABC.
QUADRILATERLS 70

Sol. Since area of ∆

= 1/2 (Product of the sides) × Sine of the included angle
[XYZ] = 1/2 XY.XZ sin YXZ
= 1/2R sin 2C. R sin 2B sin(180°-2A)
= 1/2 R2sin2A sin2B sin2C
YZ R sin 2A R
Circumradius = = =
2sin YXZ 2sin (180 − 2A ) 2

That is, circumradius of orthic triangle is half the circumradius of ∆ABC

The inradius of the orthic XYZ =

 XYZ
Semi perimeter

1 R 2 sin 2A sin 2Bsin 2C

=
2 2R sin A sin Bsin C
=2R cosA cosB cosC
Thus for orthic triangle
1 2
Area = R sin 2A sin 2Bsin 2C
2
R
Circumradius =
2
In radius = 2R cosA.cosB.cosC
42. If I is the incentre of a ∆ABC and if AI meets the circumcircle in K prove that KI = KB
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 71

I is the incentre of ∆ABC∠IAB = (1/2)

∠A∠IBA = (1/2) ∠B
∠KBC = ∠KAC = (1/2) ∠A (1).
Also In ∆ABI by exterior ∠property
1
IBK = IBC + CBK = ( A + B )
2
∠BIK = ∠IAB + ∠IBA = A/2 + B/2 (2)
In ∆IBK, ∠IBK = ∠BIK = 1/2(∠A + ∠B) (From Eqs. (1) and (2))
∴ KI = KB
Note: Angle bisector ∠A and ⊥ bisector of BC meet at the circumcircle. So K lies on the
perpendicular bisector of BC ∴ KB = KC
Also IIa is the diameter of circumcircle of triangle IBIa, where Ia is the excentre as IBIa = 90°. Since
mid-pint of the hypotenuse is equidistance from the vertices , KI = KB = IaK = KC
43. Let ABCDE be a convex pentagon such that ∠BAC = ∠CAD = ∠DAE and ∠ABC = ∠ACD =
∠ADE. Diagonals BD and CE meet at P. Prove that ray AP bisects CD.

Sol. Let X denote the intersection of diagonals AC and BD . Let Y denote the intersection of diagonals

AD and CE .
QUADRILATERLS 72

The given conditions imply that  ABC ~ ACD ~ ADF. From this it follows that quadrilaterals
AX AY
ABCD and ACDE are similar. In particular, we have that = .
XC YD
Now let ray AP meet CD at M. Then Ceva's theorem applied lo triangle ACD implies that
AX CM DY
. . = 1  CM = MD.
XC MD YA

44. A circle cuts the sides of ΔABC internally as follows; BC, at D, D′; CA at E, E′ and AB at F′, F. If
AD, BE, CF are concurrent, prove that AD′, BE′, CF′ are concurrent

Sol. If AD, BE, CF are concurrent, then by Ceva’s theorem, we have

BD CE AF
. . =1
DC EA FB
Also
BD ⋅ BD′ = BF ⋅ BF′ (Power of the point B with respect to the circle)
BD BF'
 = (1)
BF BD '
Also CD′.CD = CE′.CE (Power of the point C with respect to the circle)
CE CD
 = (2)
CD CE
Also AE′.AE = AF′.AF (Power of the point A with respect to the circle)
AF AE '
= (3)
AE AF
From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) we get
BF' CD ' AE '  BD   CE   AF 
. . =  .  .  =1
BD ' CE ' AF'  FB   CD   EA 
QUADRILATERLS 73

 BF'   AE '  CD ' 

  .   =1
 F'A   E 'C  D 'B 
∴ By converse of Ceva’s theorem AD’, BE’, CF’ are concurrent.
45. Bisectors of interior angles BMC, CMA, AMB intersect BC, CA, AB respectively at X, Y, Z.
Prove that AX, BY, CZ are concurrent. M is an interior point of a triangle ABC. If P is the point of
PA PB PC
concurrence and . . = 8 , then show that M is the circumcenter and P is the centroid of
PX PY PZ
∆ABC.

Sol. In ∆MBC
MX is the angle bisector of BMC
BX MB
So =
XC MC
MC CY
Similar in ∆MCA, MY bisects  AMC and by internal angle bisector theorem = and in
MA YA
MA AZ
∆AMB, =
MB ZB
BX CY AZ MB MC MA
 . . = . . =1
XC YA ZB MC MA MB
Hence by converse Ceva’s theorem AX, BY, CZ are concurrent
If P is the point of occurrence of AX, BY, CZ.
Let [BPC] = ∆1 [APC] = ∆2[APB] = ∆3
PA  APB  APC  APB +  APC  APB +  APC
 = = = =
PX  BPX   PCX   BPX  +  PCX   BPC
PA 3 +  2
 =
PX 1
QUADRILATERLS 74

PB 1 +  3 PC  2 + 1
Similarly = and =
PY 2 PZ 3

PA PB PC  3 +  2  1 + 3    2 + 1 
 . . =   =8 (Given)
PX PY PZ  1   2  3 

Since AM  GM
a+b
i.e.  ab or a + b  2 ab
2
 1 +  2  2 1 2

Similarly  2 +  3  2  2  3 and  3 + 1  2  31

 Multiplying ( 1 +  2 )(  2 +  3 )(  3 + 1 )  81 2  3

  +  2   2 + 3  3 + 1 
 1   8
 3   1   2 
Thus equality holds if 1 = 2 = 3

BX  ABX   PBX   ABX  −  PBX   ABP  3

i.e. = = = = =
XC  ACX   PCX   ACX  −  PCX   APC  2

As ∆3 = ∆2
BX
 = 1  BX = XC
XC
But MX is the bisector of ∠BMC, and BX = XC
∴ ∆MBC of an isosceles triangle MB = MC. Similarly MC = MA.
Thus M is the circumcentre of ∆ABC.Since
BX = XC ∴ AX is a median similarly BY, CZ are also medians.
∴ Their point of intersection P is the centroid of the triangle.
QUADRILATERLS 75

46. ABC is triangle and D and E interior points of the side AB and BC respectively such that
AD 1 CE CF
= and = 3 . If AE and C intersect at F. find
DB 3 EB FD
Sol. In ∆BCD, consider EFA as a transversal.
It cuts BC, CD, DB at E, F and A respectively. Then by Menelaus theorem
BE CF DA
. . = −1
EC FD AB
Since
AD 1 AD 1
=  =
DB 3 AB 4
AD 1 AD 1
Since =  =
DB 3 AB 4
CE BE 1
Also = 3 =
EB EC 3
1 CF 1
 Eq (1) becomes . . = −1
3 FD 4
CF −12 CF 12
= or =
FD 1 FD 1

(M2) Construction: Join BF and produce it to cut AC at G Since by Ceva’s theorem

QUADRILATERLS 76

AD BE CG
. . =1
DB EC GA
1 1 CG
. . =1
3 3 GA
CG 9
 =
GA 1
CF Also by van Aubel’s theorem, we get
CF CG CE 9 3 12
= + = + =
FD GA EB 1 1 1
47. Prove that the tangents at the vertices of a triangle to its circumcircle meets the opposite sides in
three collinear points.
Sol. Given In ∆ABC, tangent at A to the circumcircles meets CB produced at D. Tangent at B to the
circumcircle meets CA produced at E and tangent at C to the circumcircle meets BA produced at F.
To prove D, E, F are collinear points

Proof: In ∆DAB and ∆DCA

∠ADB = ∠ CDA (Common)
∠DAB = ∠ DCA (Alternate segment theorem)
∴ By AA similarly ∆BAD~ ∆ACD
BD AD BA c
 = = =
AD CD AC b
2
BD AD  AB 
Now . = 
AD CD  AC 

BD AB2 c2
 = =
CD AC 2 b 2
QUADRILATERLS 77

BD −c 2
 = ( BD and DC are in opposite directions)
DC b 2

CE −a 2 AF −b 2
Similarly , = 2 and =
EA c FB a 2

BD CE AF  −c2  −a 2  −b 2 
 . . =    = −1
DC EA FB  b 2  c2  a 2 

 By converse of Menelaus theorem D,E,F are collinear

48. Let ABC be a triangle. A circle passing through A and B intersects segments AC and BC at D and E,
respectively. Lines AB and DE intersect at F, while lines BD and CF intersect at M. Prove that MF =
MC if and only if MB · MD = MC2
MC MB
Sol. We first assume that MB . MD = MC2. Because = and CMD = BMC, triangle CMD
MD MC
and BMC are similar. Consequently MCD = MBC.

Because quadrilateral ABED is cyclic DAE = DBE. Hence

FCE = MCD = MBC = DBE = DAE = CAE,
Implying that AE||CF, so AEF = CFE. Because quadrilateral ABED is cyclic ABD = AED.
Hence
FBM = ABD = AED = AEF = CFE = MFD.
Because FBM = DFM and FMB = DMF, triangle BFM and FDM are similar, Consequently.
FM BM
= , or FM2 = BM . DM = CM2. Therefore MC2 = MB.MD implies MC = MF.
DM FM
Now we assume that MC = MF. Applying Ceva’s Theorem to triangle BCF and Cevians BM . CA,
FE gives
BA FM CE
. . = 1,
AF MC EB
QUADRILATERLS 78

BA BE
Implying that = so AE || CF.
AF EC
Consequently. DCM = DAE, Because quadrilateral ABED is cyclic DAE = DBE. Hence
DCM = DAE = DBE = CBM.
Because CBM = DCM and CMB = DMC, triangle BCM and CDM are similar.
CM BM
Consequently. = . Or CM2 = BM.DM.
DM CM
49. Consider disjoint circles ω1, ω2, ω3 in the plane, no two congruent. For each pair of circles, we
construct the intersection of their common external tangents. Prove that these three intersections are
collinear.
Sol.

Let the centers of the circles be A, B, C and denote the radii by ra, rb, rc. Let the tangents for the
circles centered at B and C meet at X. Define Y and Z analogously.
It is not hard to check that X lies outside BC . Consider the similar right triangles exhibited below.

We see that
XB rb
= .
XC rc
Hence, in the notation of Menelaus’s theorem, we have
QUADRILATERLS 79

BX rb
= .
XC rc

CY rc AZ ra
Analogously, we have = and = . So
YA ra ZB rb
BX CY AZ
. . = −1
XC YA ZB
As needed.
50. The point O is situated inside the parallelogram ABCD such that ∠AOB + ∠COD = 180◦. Prove that
∠OBC = ∠ODC.
Sol.

Let O' be a point such that DAO'O is a parallelogram. Since OO' = DA = BC and all three lines are
parallel, it follows that CBO'O is a parallelogram as well. Moreover, we have AO'B = DOC,

since AO' || DO and BO' || CO. Consequently. AO'B + AOB = 180° and AO'BO is cyclic (note
that O' must lie outside the parallelogram since O is given to lie inside it). Actually, one can even
check that O'AB  OBC.
Consequently. CBO = O'OB = O'AB = ODC as needed.
51. Three circles O1(r1), O2(r2) and O3(r3) touch each other externally. The line l is tangent to O1(r2)
and parallel to the exterior common tangent m to O2(r2) and O3(r3) which does not intersect O1(r1).
Find the distance between the lines l and m.
QUADRILATERLS 80

( )
2
2r1r3 r1 + r2 + r3 + r
Ans.
( r2 + r3 )
2

52. Coins of the same size are arranging on a very large table (the infinite plane) such that each coin
touches six other coins. Find the percentage of the plane that is covered by the coins

20 50
7. (a) % (b) % (c) 16 3 % (d) 17 3 %
3 3
Ans. (b)
Sol.

Consider the equilateral triangle formed by joining the centres of 3 adjacent coins.
It is easy to see that the required percentage is given by the percentage of the triangle covered by
these three coins.
1 2
r
50
We have 2 2 100% = %.
3r 3
QUADRILATERLS 81

LEVEL III
1. Let ABC be an acute triangle with D, E, F the feet of the altitudes lying on BC, CA, AB
respectively. One of the intersection points of the line EF and the circumcircle is P. The lines BP
and DF meet at point Q. Prove that AP = AQ.
Sol.

We prove for P1 and Q1 similarly we can prove for P2 and Q2

8. APBC and AFDC are cyclic,
9. ∠QPA = ∠BPA = ∠BCA = ∠DCA = ∠DFA = ∠QFA.
10. Therefore, we see AFPQ is cyclic. Then
11. ∠AQP = ∠AFP = ∠AFE = ∠AHE = ∠DHE = ∠DCE = ∠BCA.
12. We deduce that ∠AQP = ∠BCA = ∠QPA which is enough to imply that AP Q is isosceles with AP =
AQ.
2. Tangents are parallel to the three sides are drawn to the incircle. If x, y, z are the lengths of
the parts
of the tangents with in the triangle then prove that
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
Sol. Let PQ = x, PQ | | BC
SR = y, SR | | CA
TU = z, TU | | AB
QUADRILATERLS 82

We know that AF = AE = s – a
Also AF = AP + PF = AP + PL
And AE = AQ + QE = AQ + QL
⇒ Perimeter of ∆APQ = 2AE = 2
(s − a) We can see that ∆APQ ∼ ∆ABC
PQ Perimeter or APQ 2 ( s − a )
= =
BC Perimeter of ABC 2s

x s−a
 =
a s
y s−b z s−c
Similarly = and =
b s c s
On adding, we get
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
3. AB is a chord of a circle, which is not a diameter. Chords A1B1 and A2B2 intersect at the mid-point P
of AB. Let the tangents to the circle at A1 and B1 intersect at C1. Similarly, let the tangents to the
circle at A2 and B2 intersect at C2 prove that C1C2 is parallel to AB
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 83

Let O be the centre of the circle, let OC1 intersects A1B1 at M, let OC2 intersects A2B2 at N, and let
also OC1 intersects AB at K Clearly, OM and ON are respectively the perpendicular bisectors of
A1B1 and A2B2
So, OMP = ONP = 90° , saying that O,M,P,N are concyclic
 ONM = OPM = 90° –MOP = OKA (1)
Clam M,C1,C2 ,N ARE concyclic
Proof of claim : As OA1C1 and OB2C2 are right angled triangles,
OM  C1 = OA12 = OB22 = ON  OC 2

Or OM  OC1 = ON  OC2

 M, C1,C2 N are concyclic (by the converse of interesting chords theorem)

Now,  OC1C2 = ONM (As M, C1,C2,N are concyclic)
 OC1C2 = OKA (From Eq.(1))
 C1C2 ||AB
4. A point P is chosen inside a parallelogram ABCD such that ∠APB is supplementary to ∠CPD.
Prove that AB ⋅ AD = BP ⋅ DP + AP ⋅ CP.
Sol. Given: ∠APB + ∠CPD = 180°
Construction: Draw DQ || AP, CQ || BP

Proof: Since AB || DC, AP || DQ

∴ ∠1 = ∠2
AB = DC
Also ∠3 = ∠4 [AB || DC, PB || CQ]

∴ By ASA congruency, ∆APB ≅ ∆DQC

∴ ∠APB = ∠DQC
And AP = DQ and BP = CQ
Since ∠APB + ∠DPC = 180° (Given)
QUADRILATERLS 84

∴ ∠DQC + ∠DPC = 180°∴

P, D, Q, C are concyclic
By Ptolemy’s theorem in quadrilateral PDQC
PD ⋅ CQ + PC ⋅ DQ = PQ ⋅ CD
Since AP = DQ and AP || DQ
∴ APQD is a parallelogram
∴ PD ⋅ PB + PC ⋅ PA = AD ⋅ CD
⇒ PD ⋅ PB + PC ⋅ PA = AD ⋅ AB.
5. The Incircle of ABC touches BC, CA and AB or D,E and F respectively. X is a point inside ∆ABC
such that the incircle of ∆XBC touches BC at also and touches CX and XB at Y and Z respectively.
Prove that EFZY is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Sol.

Let P be the intersection of EF with BC. Then, by Menelaus’ Theorem we have

BP CE AF
. . =1 (i)
PC EA FB
Since, CE = CD, EA = AF and FB = BD, we get
BP CD
. =1
PC BD
BP BD
So that = (ii)
PC CD
Since, XZ = XY, BZ = BD and CY = CD, we have from Eq. (ii)
PB CY XZ BD CD XY
. . = . . =1
PC YX ZB CD YX BD
Hence, by Menelaus’ Theorem P, Z and Y are collinear.
Since, PF . PE = PD2 and PZ . PY = PD2 we have
QUADRILATERLS 85

PF . PE = PZ . PY
Hence, EFZY is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Comment: If .AB = AC. then BD= DC and then it can easily be proved that AD is the perpendicular
bisector of EF and YZ so that EFZY is an isosceles trapezoid and is a cyclic trapezoid.
1. Let BE and CF be the altitudes of an acute ∆ABC, with E on AC and F on AB. Let O be the point of
intersection of BE and CF. Take any line KL through O with K on AB and L on AC. Suppose M and
N are located on BE and CF respectively, such that KM is perpendicular to BE and LN is
perpendicular to CF. Prove that FM is parallel to EN.
Sol. Observe that KMOF and ONLE are cyclic quadrilaterals. Hence, FMO = FKO and
OEN = OLN.

However we see that

 
OLN = − NOL = − KOF = OKF.
2 2
If follows that FMO = OEN.
This forces that FM is parallel to EN.
2. The circumference of a circle is divided into eight arcs by a convex quadrilateral ABCD, with four
arcs lying inside the quadrilateral and the remaining four lying outside it. The lengths of the arcs
lying inside the quadrilateral are denoted by p, q, r, s in counter clockwise direction starting from
some arc. Suppose p + r = q +s. Prove that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Sol. Let the lengths of the arcs XY, UV, EF, GH be respectively p, q, r, s. We also the following
notations : (See figures)
XAY = 1, AYP = 2, YPX = 3, PXA = 4,
UBY = 1, BVP = 2, VPU = 3, PUB = 4,
QUADRILATERLS 86

ECF = 1, CFP = 2, FPE = 3, PEC = 4,

GDH = 1, DHP = 2, HPG = 3, PGD = 4,
We observe that
j = j = j = j = 2
If follows that
(j + j) = (j + j)
On the other hand, we also have 2 = 4 since PY = PU. Similarly we have other relations; 2 = 4,
2 = 4 and 2 = 4. It follows that
1 + 2 + 1 + 3 = 1 + 3 + 1 + 3
But p + r = q + s implies 3 + 3 = 3 + 3
We thus obtain
1 + 1 = 1 + 1
Since, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 360, it follows that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
3. Consider in the plane a circle  with centre O and a line l not intersecting circle  . Prove that there
is a unique point Q on the perpendicular drawn from O to the line l, such that for any point P on the
line l, PQ represents the length of the tangent from P to the circle  .
Sol. Let R be the foot of the perpendicular from O to the line l and u be the length of the tangent RX from
R to circle r. On OR take a point Q such that QR = u. We show that Q is the desired point.

To this end, take any point P on line l and let y be the length of the tangent PY from P to .
Further let r be the radius of the circle . Join OP, QP. Let QP = x, OP = z, RP = t. From right angled
triangles POY, OXP, ORP, PQR we have respectively z2 = r2 + y2, OR2 = r2 + u2. z2 = OR2 + t2 = r2 +
u2 + t2, x2 = u2 + t2. So
we obtain y2 = z2 – r2 = r2 + u2 + t2 – r2 = u2 + t2 = x2. Hence y = x. This gives PY = PX
which is what we needed to show.
QUADRILATERLS 87

4. The internal bisector of A in a ∆ABC with AC > AB, meets the circumcircle  of the triangle in
D. Join D to the centre O of the circle  and suppose Do meets AC in E, possibly when extended.
Given that BE is perpendicular to AD, show that AO is parallel to BD
Sol. We consider here the case when ABC is an acute angled triangle the cases when A is obtuse or one
of the B and C is obtuse may be handled similarly.

Let M be the point of intersection of DE and BC; let AD intersect BE in N. Since ME is the
perpendicular bisector of BC we have BE = CE. Since AN is the internal bisector of A and is
perpendicular to BE, it must bisect BE; Le, BN = NE. This in turn Implies that DN bisects
BDE. But BDA = BCA = C. Thus ODA = C. Since OD = OA get OAD = C. It
follows that BDA = C = OAD. This implies that OA is parallel to BD.
5. If x, y, z are the distances of the vertices of the ∆ABC respectively from the orthocentre then prove
a b c abc
that + + =
x y z xyz
Sol. [ABC] = [BHC] + [CHA] + [AHB]
1 1 1
= yz sin (  − A ) + zx sin (  − B ) + xy sin (  − C )
2 2 2
abc 1 1 1
= yz sin A + zx sin B + xy sin C
4R 2 2 2
1  sin A sin B sin C  1  a b c 
= xyz  + +  = xyz  + + 
2  x y z  2  2Rx 2Ry 2Rz 
abc xyz  a b c 
=  + + 
4R 4R  x y z 
QUADRILATERLS 88

abc a b c
 = + +
xyz x y z

Alter: Since A + B + C = π
∴ A + B = π − C⇒
tan(A + B) = tan(π − C)
tan A + tan B
 = − tan C
1 − tan A tan B
 tan A + tan B = − tan C + tan A tan Btan C
 tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B + tan C
sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C
 + + = . .
cos A cos B cos C cos A cos B cos C
a b c  a  b  c 
 + + =   
2RcosA 2R cos B 2R cos C  2R cos A  2R cos B  2R cos C 
a b c abc
 + + = (As x = 2R cosA similarly others)
x y z xyz
6. If H is the orthocentre of ∆ABC. Prove that the radii of the circles circumscribing the triangles BHC,
CHA, AHB, ABC are all equal.
Sol. Since ∠BHC = 180° − ∠A
∠AHC = 180° − ∠B
∠AHB = 180° − ∠C
Let R1 is the radius of the circumcircle of DBHC
BC BC
∴ R1 = = =R
2sin BHC 2sin (180 − A )

AC
R2 = =R
2sin B
AB
R3 = =R
2sin C
QUADRILATERLS 89

 R1 = R 2 = R 3 = R

Where R1, R2, R3 and R are the circumradii of ∆s BHC, AHC, AHB and ∆ABC
7. If A,B,C are the angles of a triangle , prove that cosA+ cosB + cosC = 1+r/R
Sol. For any ,  ,   cos + cos + cos + cos(++)
 + +  +
= 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A+B  B+C C+A
 cos A + cos B + cos C + cos ( A + B + C ) = 4 cos   cos   cos  
 2   2   2 
 C  A  B
 cos A + cos B + cos C + cos (180 ) = 4 cos  90 −  cos  90 −  cos  90 − 
 2  2  2

C  A  B
 cos A + cos B + cos C − 1 = 4sin   sin   sin  
2  2 2
C  A  B r
 cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4sin   sin   sin   = 1 +
2  2 2 R
8. Find the distance between the circumcentre and excentre.
Sol. Let O be the circumcentre and I be the incentre then AI produced passes through the excentre I
Let AI meets the circumcircle in D
Join CI, BI, CD, BD, Cia, BIa
We know that DB = DC = DI = DI (From previous problem)
In ∆BCI
BC
Circumdiameter IIa =
sin Bla C

a
lla =
 A
sin  90 − 
 2
2R sin A
2DIa =
A
( As IIa 2Dla )
cos
2
QUADRILATERLS 90

a 2R sin A
 Dla = =
A A
2cos 2cos
2 2
A
 Dla = 2R sin
2

By writing power of the point Ia with respect to circumcircle of ∆ABC, we get

IaQ. IaP = IaD. IaA
A A
 ( Ia O − R )( Ia O + R ) = 2R sin .ra cos ec
2 2
 Ola2 − R 2 = 2Rra

 Ola2 − R 2 + Rra

 Ola2 = R 2 + 2R a

Similarly, OlB = R 2 + 2Rrb and Olc = R 2 + 2R c

9. Let points P1,P2,P3,….Pn-1 divides the side BC of a ∆ABC into an parts. Let r1,r2,r3….,rn be the radii
of inscribed circles and let q1,q2…,qn be the radii of escribed circles corresponding to vertex A for
triangle ABP1P2…,APn-1 C and let r and q be the corresponding radii for the ∆ABC. Show that.
r1 r2 r r
. ..... n =
q1 q 2 qn q
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 91

In ∆ABC, we have
A B C
4R sin sin
r 2 2 2
=
A B
q 4R sin cos cos C
2 2 2
r B C
 = tan tan
q 2 2
r
i.e., is product of tangents of half of base angles
q
r1 B 
So, = tan .tan 1
q1 2 2

r2  180 − 1  2
And = tan   tan
q2  2  2

= cot 1 tan 2

And so on
rn −1  180 −  n −2   n −1  
= tan   tan = cot n −2 tan n −1
q n −1  2  2 2 2

rn  180 −  n −1  C  n −1 C
= tan   tan = cot tan
qn  2  2 2 2
Multiplying all , we get
r1 r2 rn −1 rn  B         
. ... . =  tan tan 1  cot 1 tan 1  ...  cot n −2 tan n −1 
q1 q 2 q n −1 q n  2 2  2 2   2 2 

  n −1 C
 cot tan 
 2 2
QUADRILATERLS 92

B C r
= tan .tan =
2 2 q
10. Find the distance between the circumcentre and incentre of a triangle
Sol. In ∆ABC, let AP be the angle bisector, where P is a point on its circumcircle. I is the incentre and O
is the circumcentre of ∆ABC. Let LIOM is a straight line, LM is a diameter.

OL = R = OM
Let IO = d,
∴ LI = R − d and IM = R + d,
Let IE ⊥ AB ∴ IE = r
In ∆AEI
A r
sin =
2 AI
r
AI =
sin A / 2
We know BP = IP (From previous problem) Also in a D, angle bisector of ∠A and perpendicular
bisector of BC meet at the circumcircle so OP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
∴ BK = a/2
A BK a
In ∆BKP , cos = =
2 BP 2.Bp
a 2R sin A A
BP = = = 2R sin
2 cos A / 2 cos A / 2 2
 PI = BP = 2RA/2
 Considering power of the point I with respect to circumcircle, we get
AI. IP = LI . IM – (R–d) (R+d)
QUADRILATERLS 93

r A
 2R sin = R 2 − d2
A 2
sin
2

 d = R 2 − 2Rr
11. Given that a, b, c, d are the measures of the sides of a quadrilateral in clockwise direction, prove the
inequalities,

1 1 1
(i)  ABCD  ( ab + cd ) (ii)  ABCD   ( ad + bc ) (iii)  ABCD  ( a + b )( c + d )
2 2 4
Sol. Area of the quadrilateral ABCD ,i.e.
1 1
 ABCD = ab sin  + cd sin  (in the first figure (1))
2 2
1
 ABCD  ( ab + cd ) ( As sin , sin  1) (1)
2

1 1
From the second figure [ABCD] = ab sin  + bcsin 
2 2
1
  ABCD  ( ad + bc ) ( As sin  ,sin   1) (2)
2

[ABCD] = 1/2(AC⨯BDsinƟ) ≤ ½(AC⨯BD)≤1/2(ac + bd) (3)

QUADRILATERLS 94

Add (2) and (3)

2[ABCD])≤1/2(ad+bc+ac + bd)=1/2(a+b)(c+d)
Equality happens when the quadrilateral is a square (i.e., sin = 1   = 90°)
12. ABCD is a square. M is a mid-point of CD. PQRS is a square of maximum possible area in
trapezium ABMD. KLNT is another square as shown in diagram whose area is 180cm2. Find area of
square PQRS and area of square ABCD.
Sol.

Let AB = BC = 2x  CM = x, Let PQ = a, KL = b , Let CBM = 

x 1 1 2
In CBM, tan  = =  sin  = and cos  =
2x 2 5 5

a 2 5a
In BPQ, cos  = =  BP
BP 5 2
AP 1 a
In APS,sin = =  AP
a 5 5
AS 2 2a
And cos  = =  AS =
a 5 5

b 2 5b
In KTS cos = =  KS =
KS 5 2
KD 1 b
In KDL, sin  = =  KD =
b 5 5
Since AD = AB
KD + KS + SA = AP + PB
b 5b 2a a 5a
+ + = +
5 2 5 5 2

 2a + 5b + 4a = 2a + 5a (Multiplying 2 5 on both side)

QUADRILATERLS 95

 7a = 3a
b 3 b2 9 180 9
 =  2 =  2 = (As b2 = [KLNT] = 180)
a 7 a 49 a 49
  PQRS = a 2 = 20  49 = 980  a = 14 5

a a 5 7a 7 14 5
 2x = AB + PB = + = = = 49
5 2 2 5 2 5

[ABCD] = 492 = 2401

13. A hemisphere is placed on a sphere of radius 100 cm. The second hemisphere is placed on the first
one the third hemisphere is placed on the second one (as shown below). Find the maximum height of
the tower (in cm)

Ans. 300.

Sol. Let the radius of the ith hemisphere be ri metre (r0 = 1). Set h i = ri2−1 − ri2 .

By Cauchy inequality,

( )  4 (r − r12 + r12 − r22 + r22 − r32 + r32 ) = 4r02 = 4 .

2
r02 − r12 + r12 − r22 + r22 − r32 + r3 2
0

The total height h  r0 + r02 − r12 + r12 − r22 + r22 − r32 + r3  1 + 4 = 3m = 300 cm.

4−i
The equality holds if ri = ,i = 0,1, 2,3.
2
QUADRILATERLS 96

14. In the tringle ABC, AB = 585, BC = 520, CA = 455. Let P,Q be points on the side BC, and R≠A the
intersection of the line AQ with the circumcircle w of the triangle ABC. Suppose PR is parallel to
AC and the circumcircle of the triangle PQR is tangent to w at R. Find PQ .
Ans. 64
Sol.

First by cosine rule, cos C = 2/7. Reflect A about the perpendicular bisector of BC to get the point A'
on . Then AA'BC is an isosceles trapezoid with A'A parallel to BC. Thus A'A = BC – 2ACcosC =
520 – 2  455  2/7 = 260. Consider the homothety h centred at R mapping the circumcircle of PQR
to . We have h(Q) = A, and h(P) = A' because PQ is parallel to A'A Thus A', P, R are collinear and
AA'PC is a parallelogram. Hence PC = AA' = 260, and P is the midpoint of BC. Also PA' = CA =
455. As PA'  PR = BP  PC, we have 455  PR = 2602 giving PR = 1040/7. Since the triangles PQR
and A'AR are similar, we have PQ/A'A = RP/RA'. Therefore, PQ = 260  (1040/7)/(455 + 1040/7) =
64.

15. Let ABC be an acute angled triangle and let D, E and F and be the midpoints of BC, CA and AB
respectively. Construct a circle centred at the orthocenter of triangle ABC, such triangle ABC lies in
the interior of the circle. Extend EF to intersect the circle at P, FD to intersect the circle at Q and DE
to intersect the circle at R. Show that PQ = BQ = CR.
Sol. Let the radius of the circle be r. Let X, Y and Z be the feet of the altitudes from A, B and C
respectively. Let PE intersect the altitude from A at U. We have AP2 = AU2 + PU2 = AU2 + r2 – UH2
= r2 + (AU + UH)(AU – UH) = r2 + AH  {AU – UH) = r2 + AH  (UX – UH) = r2 + AH  HX.
QUADRILATERLS 97

Similarly, BQ = r2 + BH  HY, and CR = r2 + CH  HZ. Since AH  HX = BH  HY = CH  HZ, we

have AP = BQ = CR.

16. Let O be the centre of a parallelogram ABCD and P be any point in the plane Let M, N be the
midpoints of AP , BP respectively and Q be the intersection of MC and ND, Prove that O,P and Q
are collinear.
Sol. Since MN || AB || CD, we have MQX ~ CDQ. Hence MN = AB/2 = CD/2. Thus QM = CQ/2. In
ACP, CM is a median and Q divides CM in the ratio 1:2. Thus Q is the centroid. Hence the median
PO passes through Q.

17. Let CD be a chord of a circle 1 and AB a diameter of 1 perpendicular to CD at N with AN > NB.

A circle  2 centred at C with radius CN intersects 1 at points P and Q. The line PQ intersects CD

at M and AC at K; and the extension of NK meets  2 at L. Prove PQ is perpendicular to AL.

Sol. Extend DC meeting 2 at H. Let the radius of 2 be r. Note that DN = NC = CH = r. Since M is of

equal power with respect to 1 and 2 Thus MN • MH = MC • MD. That is MN(MC + r) = MC(MN
+ r) giving MN = MC. Thus M is the midpoint of NC.
QUADRILATERLS 98

As K lies on the radical axis of 1 and 2 the points C, N, A, L are concyclic. Thus
ALC = ANC = 90° so that AL is tangent to 2. It follows that AC is perpendicular
to NL at K, and hence MN = MC = MK.
Now let PQ intersect AL at T. We have TAK = KNM = NKM = LKT and similarly TLK =
AKT. Consequently, 2KTL = 2(TAK + AKT) = TAK + AKT + LKT + TLK = 180°,
which means KTL = 90°.
18. In the figure below, AB and CD are parallel chords of a circle with centre O and radius r cm. It is
given that AB = 46 cm, CD = 18 cm and AOB = 3 × COD. Find the value of r.

Ans. 27
Sol.
QUADRILATERLS 99

Let M and N be the midpoints of AB and CD respectively and let CON = x. Then AON = 3x and
23 AM r sin 3x 3sin x − 4sin 3 x
= = = = 3 − 4sin 2 x.
9 CN r sin x sin x
1 23  1 1
Thus sin 2 x =  3 −  = , and so sin x = .
4 9  9 3
CN
Hence r = = 27.
sin x
19. Let ABC be a triangle and a circle C1 be drawn lying inside the triangle, touching its in-circle C
externally and also touching the two sides AB and AC. Show that the ratio of the radii of the circles
 −A 
C1 and C is equal to tan 2  
 4 
Sol. Draw I1 K ⊥ IN ,  l1KNM is a rectangle I1K + MN
ll1K = l1AM = A/2
A IK r − r1
Inll1K, sin = =
2 ll1 r + r1

A
1 − sin
Applying componendo and divideno ,we get 2 = r − r1 − r + r1
A r + r1 + r − r1
1 + sin
2
 A  −A 
1 − cos  −  2sin 2  
  2 2  = 2r1   4  = r1
  A  2r  −A  r
1 + cos  −  2 cos 2  r
2 2  4 

  − A  r1
 tan 2  =
 4  r
QUADRILATERLS 100

20. Let M and N be points on sides AB and AC of triangle ABC respectively. If

BM CN
13. + = 1 Show that MN passes through centroid of ABC
MA NA
Sol. Let D be the midpoint of AC.

CN
Since  1 .N lies in the segment CD. Let G be the intersection of BD and MN. By Menelaus'
NA
Theorem applied to the line MN and triangle ABD,
DG BM AN
. . =1
GB MA ND
BG BM AN  CN  AN
Thus = . = 1 − .
GD MA ND  NA  ND

NA − CN ( 2CD − CN ) − CN
= =
ND ND
2ND
= = 2.
ND
Therefore, G is the centroid of ABC.
21. Let O be the center of the circle inscribed in a rhombus ABCD. Points E,F,G,H are chosen on sides
AB,BC,CD and DA respectively so that EF and GH are tangent to the inscribed circle. Show that EH
and FG are parallel
Sol. The figure shows half of the rhombus (which is an isosceles triangle), where X, Y, Z are points of
tangency of the circle to the sides AB, CB and EF respectively. Note that
XOE = EOZ, ZOF =FOY, AOX =COY.
In particular, a + b + c = 90°.
QUADRILATERLS 101

Thus
AEO = 90°- a = b + c = COF.
Hence the triangles AOE and CFO are similar. It follows that AE  CF = AO2.
Similarly, on the lower half of the rhombus, AO2 = AHCG. Then AE/AH = CG/CF and hence the
triangles AEH and CGF are similar. Thus AEH = CGF. Since AB is parallel to CD, it follows
that EH is parallel to FG.
22. In the quadrilateral PQRS, A, B, C and D are the midpoints of the side PQ,QR,RS and SP
respectively, and M is the midpoint of CD. Suppose H is the point on the AM such that HC = BC.
Prove that BHM = 90°
Sol. First observe that ABCD is a parallelogram by Varignon's theorem. Let the extensions of .AM and
BC meet at N. Since AD is parallel to CN, MAD = MNC. Since AMD = NMC and MD =
MC, MAD and MNC are congruent, so that CN = DA = CB = HC. Thus H lies on the circle
centred at C with diameter BN.Hence BHM = 90°.

23. In the acute triangle ABC, M is a point in the interior of the segment AC and N is a point on the
extension of the segment AC such that MN = AC. Let D and E be the feet of the perpendiculars from
QUADRILATERLS 102

M and N onto the lines BC and AB respectively. Prove that the orthocenter of ∆ABC lies on the
circumcircle od BED.
Sol. Let K be the point of intersection of MD and NE. It is easy to see that the circle with diameter BK is
the circumcircle of BED. As AH is parallel to MK and CH is parallel to NK, we have HAC =
KMN and ACH = MNK. Since AC = MN. wethus have AHC is congruent to MKN.

Therefore, the distance from K onto AC equals to the distance from H onto AC. But
H and K are on the same side with respect to the line AC, it follows that HK is parallel
to AC. Therefore HK is perpendicular to BH and H lies on the circle with diameter BK
circumscribing about BED.