2-R2D1

Project Study B, AY 2021 - 2022

CEA, DHVSU

SUBMETERING SYSTEM OF A STATE UNIVERSITY IN BACOLOR, PAMPANGA FOR

ELECTRICAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT POLICY

Johnedelle P. Antonio1
Raymond L. Cayanan2
Jan Conrad Pineda3
Jescente Robin Rodriguez4
Lino Bonifacio Jr. 5
Alma M. Tangcuangco6
Errol M. Canlas7
1
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
4
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

In order to investigate the energy-saving potential of a university campus, it is effective to install a sub-metering
system for electricity. Introduction to the background and purpose of energy sub-metering on campus, as well
as a design for total electricity sub-metering based on the Government Energy Management Program (GEMP)
and policy-based protocols. A CT rated CL 20 kWh Meter is recommended for buildings with a total load
current exceeding 200 amperes, a Self-contained CL 200 kWh meter is recommended for buildings with a total
load current between 100 and 200 amperes, and a Self-contained CL 100 kWh meter is recommended for
buildings with a total load current below 100 amperes, along with the identification of Current Transformer
Ratio per total load current. Policy-based protocols were based on the GEMP; adopt and implement an
electricity efficiency and conservation program to reduce monthly electricity consumption by at least ten (10%)
percent benchmarked on the average monthly consumption during the 1st semester of the year. With the
implementation of this solution, electricity consumption can be monitored in real-time. It can also be used as a
diagnostic tool. Taking into account the extensive utilization of building energy management and control system
data for performance monitoring, fault detection and diagnostics, and demand-responsive control.

Keywords: sub-metering, electricity, management, monitoring, policy

Introduction
In most modern constructions, energy management and control systems are standard. These systems can save a
large amount of data about a building's performance and energy use (Fu et al., 2016). With today's residential,
commercial, and institutional institutions putting a greater emphasis on energy and cost savings, monitoring and
integrating utility energy into the facility's building management system is increasingly becoming the norm. The
question then becomes, in an era of tightened budgets and growing energy bills, how can the administration
address this challenge? Low-cost energy sub-metering is one solution, which allows facility admin to profile
energy usage in terms of consumption (kWh) and demand (kW) as a first step toward keeping it under control.
However, it is normal practice to utilize a single device to track the total energy use of the entire campus.
(Olaniyi, 2015.).

Given the significant cost savings associated with commissioning, several energy professionals have begun to
propose continuous commissioning employing monitoring equipment to achieve even greater cost savings
(Mills and Matthew, 2009). Simultaneously, as processing power and data storage prices drop, big data is
beginning to pervade every aspect of modern life, including energy use. (Zhai & Salazar, 2020).

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In addition, modifying consumer behavior, optimizing building operations and maintenance, and using energy
data in combination with analytics engines to uncover inefficiencies that may not be visible to the naked eye are
just a few areas outside the scope of traditional approaches (e.g., through building standards and regulations) to
saving energy in buildings. Utilities, corporate energy admin, and energy efficiency advocates are all looking
into these new tactics to save energy as much as possible (Zhai & Salazar, 2020).

Buildings can reduce energy usage by improving operations and maintenance and modifying consumer
behavior. Many industrial buildings have automated controls and schedules for when certain pieces of
equipment should be turned on and off. Schedules or occupancy controls for lighting and ventilation are two
more obvious examples. Given the complexity of commercial building control systems, it's unsurprising that
it doesn't always function properly. The commissioning process guarantees that a new commercial building's
controls and equipment work as intended. The task of re-commissioning a facility was previously allocated to
ensure that all equipment and controls remain operational. Because the performance of equipment and controls
tends to deteriorate over time, or "drift," it's critical to re-commission a facility regularly. The term "retro-
commissioning" refers to the process of commissioning an older structure that has never been tasked before.
Re-/retro-commissioning of existing buildings resulted in a median whole-building energy savings of 16
percent, according to a 2009 survey of 643 buildings. (Mills, 2011).

On the other hand, the influence of consumer behavior on building energy use is extensively documented (Paone
and Basher, 2018; D'Oca, Hong, and Langevin, 2018; Zhang, 2018). Consumers who are more conscious of
energy consumption are more likely to switch off lights that aren't in use, be more careful with mechanical
cooling and heating systems, unplug unused gadgets to prevent phantom loads, and conserve energy in general.
Various methods can motivate people to be more energy efficient. Educating building occupants and providing
ideas on how to reduce energy use is one that utilities have employed for many years (Zhai, 2020).

Locally, the Philippines passed the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act (Republic Act No. 11285 of 2018),
which declares the government's policy to establish conservation and efficiency as a national manner of living.
It aims toward the efficient and judicious use of energy by formulating, developing, and implementing energy
efficiency and conservation plans and programs to improve energy supply security and mitigate the impact of
high energy prices. All energy users must make every effort to use all available energy resources wisely and
efficiently by the act's fundamental policies. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act, Republic Act No.
11285, or the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act, was implemented by the Department of Energy in 2019.
(EEC-IRR). This act establishes a framework for introducing and institutionalizing fundamental energy
efficiency and conservation policies, such as encouraging efficient and judicious energy use, increasing the use
of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, and defining responsibilities between government
agencies and private entities. (Global Legal Insights, 2021).

However, simply putting in place an energy analytics technology in a facility will not result in any energy
savings. To reduce energy usage, a facility or energy management must act on the information provided by the
energy analytics tool. As a result, case studies have been the primary method by which academics have
investigated the energy savings afforded by these techniques. Energy analytics-enabled savings of up to 36
percent have been demonstrated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in various applications.
Verifying that these tools can save energy is only the first step in making this technology more commercially
viable. The next step is to determine how cost-effective these tools are. The cost-effectiveness of energy
analytics platforms is influenced by a variety of factors (e.g., IMDS, EEM Suite, and NorthWrite Energy
WorkSite). One of the common methods for cost-effectiveness is the Simple Payback Period. Most managers
use this cost analysis in their businesses. When cash flows are constant, most organizations use a simple
payback period in capital budgeting. It is tied to the duration of future cash flows and serves as a valuable proxy
for describing liquidity and risk. (Hong-Jen Lin, 2010)

The depth of submetering affects both the costs and benefits of energy analytics implementations. Providing the
software with more actual data should theoretically allow it to perform more in-depth assessments, resulting in
batter energy savings. One of the keys to a cost-effective implementation is maintaining a balance between
giving the analytics engine highly accurate data (more submeters) and keeping costs low (fewer submeters).
This work aims to correlate the depth of submetering with energy savings and implementation costs.

Rather than installing sub-meters in separate regions of a facility, the administration increasingly has to install
individual pieces of energy-consuming equipment. Administration can use this method to track the systems or
part of equipment's utility use and evaluate its performance. Data collected from these submeters can assist in
uncovering problems and energy-saving potential when tracked over time and under changing conditions.
Unlike energy efficiency measures, which provide a glimpse of a facility's electricity systems, submetering

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 Sub-metering, management, policy 3

provides real-time data on the functioning of an energy-consuming system, which data administration can use to
identify unusual energy use and its source. (Olaniyi, 2015.).

Facilities around the country are turning to sub-meters as a first-level data collection tool to assist in uncovering
previously unnoticed savings potential. Furthermore, the purpose for sub-metering has evolved from just
calculating individual shares of utility expenditures inside a facility to diagnostic consideration, so sub-meters
are now more likely to be utilized for energy management. By pinpointing the method, timing, and location of
utility usage in a facility, sub-metering has aided management in focusing their conservation efforts.

Sub-meters can improve an organization's bottom line by offering better visibility of the overall energy footprint
as a data-gathering tool for a facility's energy-using systems. Organizations can begin to comprehend the
relevance of changes in operational strategy by bringing energy profiling down to the individual piece of
equipment. The key to the administration’s efforts to control a facility's energy use is understanding the
direction energy use is headed in their organizations, and the level of profiling required by such facilities is
simply unattainable using the standard utility meter found at the main electrical service entrance; that is why
sub-meters, as first-level data-gathering tools, can help facilities professionals save thousands of pesos in
reduced energy costs literally (Olaniyi, 2015).

Department of Energy (DOE), together with the Department of Budget and Management (DBM),
institutionalizes the Government Energy Management Program (GEMP); the government-wide program to
reduce the government’s monthly consumption of electricity in all government entities as well as state
universities and colleges (SUCs). Any government utility must provide a monthly electricity consumption report
and a 10% reduction in energy usage in kWh (IAEECC, 2020). GEMP’s implementation of rules and regulation
establishes a framework for introducing and institutionalizing fundamental energy efficiency and conservation
policies, such as encouraging efficient and judicious energy use, increasing the use of energy efficiency and
renewable energy technologies, and defining responsibilities between government agencies and private entities
(Republic Act No. 11285 of 2018). DHVSU, as one of the SUCs here in Pampanga, needed to comply with the
GEMP.

According to the Implementing Rules and Regulation of the GEMP, in accordance with the policy of the
government to promote the judicious and efficient utilization of energy resources, Energy Conservation Program
(ECP), government entities including SUCs must take into consideration energy conservation measures, target
savings, motor vehicle inventory, and other strategies. The policy in energy management of this study was based
on the IRR of the GEMP. One can monitor its energy consumption through an effective sub-metering system.
Since DHVSU has poor energy management by not having a kWh meter installed in each building, this will be a
big challenge for the university.

Therefore, this study proposed an electricity sub-metering solution for Don Honorio Ventura State University
total with the cooperation of the Office of Physical Plant and Facilities by; 1.) Determining the suitable kWH
meter per building, 2.) Determining the suitable location of each kilowatt-hour meter, and 3.) A policy that can
solidify the energy management of Don Honorio Ventura State University.

Methods

The following procedures were employed in the development of a proposed sub-metering system and policy in
energy management:

Sub-metering Design

● Gathering of total load ampere/current per building

There were a total of 40 buildings, total load current per building, type of electricity supply was
provided by the Office of Physical Plant and Facilities.
● Identification of system components
(ANSI, 2003) was the standard utilized in determining the kWh meter to be used based on the total
ampere/current and phase of each building. ANSI standard meter forms (ANSI, 2003) was the only
standard focuses on the ratings of appropriate kWH meter based on the building’s number of phase and
maximum load current. In addition, if maximum load current exceeds 200 amperes, a Class 20 kWH
meter and current transformer (CT) is needed to be used (NEA, 2017). Current transformers are needed
for the loads that exceeded 200 amperes for their maximum load current.

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● Suitable Location for kWh meter

The site development plan of DHVSU, the number of buildings and the poles that are near the service
entrance of each building were considered for the location of submeters. The connection of meters was
also demonstrated through a single line diagram. Drafting of the possible location of each kWh meter
was done with the use of CAD software such as Autodesk Autocad 2020.

● Simple Payback Period for Proposed Sub-metering program

SPP=Investment /Total savings annualy

The formula for the Simple payback period is the quotient of the investment and the total saving
annually or the difference between the annual savings and the annual cost. Where Annual savings is the
expected saved energy in a year in terms of peso/s considering here is the 10% reduction by the order
from GEMP and Annual Cost is the total price for the maintenance of the materials in a year.

● Policy in energy management

The policies were made to solidify the energy management in the University. Maintaining the optimum
energy procurement and minimizing energy cost can lead the University to be economic
competitiveness and maximize environmental quality.

Results and Discussion

Table 1. Total load current per building

Building Name Load Current (A) Electricity Supply (1phase or

3phase)
Multi-Purpose Covered Court 232.7 3
IRTPC Bldg 428.7 3
University Hostel 439.74 3
Business Studies 206.22 3
Girl’s Trade Building 851.48 3
Prince 513.21 3
University Auditorium 625.04 3
Industrial Technology 493.82 3
General Shoproom 498.06 3
Arts and Science Building 365 3
Students Service Bldg 371.48 3
Computer Studies Bldg 380 3
CEA Main 302 3
Graduate School Bldg. 238.17 3
College Building 673.04 3
College Building Extension 552 3
Learning Resource Center 790.93 3
Admin Building 302 3
Integrated HRM Laboratory
Building 223.65 3
Science and Technology
Laboratory Bldg. 185.92 3

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Senior High School 484.78 3

MDRTC Bldg 173.91 3
Medical & Dental Clinic 185.92 3
Information Technology Bldg. 145.13 3
CE & ME Laboratory 115.04 3
Engineering Lab Building 184 3
Accreditation Room 155 3
CE Laboratory 184 3
Extension Building CEA 150 3
University food center 145 3
Integrated Science Lab Bldg. 185.92 3
Electrical Technology 151.22 3
Engineering Building 1 86 3
Engineering Building 2 72.87 3
ROTC & NSTP Bldg. 87.37 3
Food Technology 185.92 3
PE Building 45 3
Supply and Procurement office 64 3
Security and General Services
Bldg. 40 3
Motor Pool 55 3

Table 1 shows the maximum load current and the types of electricity supplied to each building of Don Honorio
Ventura State University. It is observed that half of these buildings exceeded 200 amperes and needed to use
Current Transformers to reduce the ampere flow to the sub-meters. And also the type of electricity supplied on
each building were all using a 3 phase-type. Based on the findings, the types of kWh meters to be used were
identified.

CT rated, CL 20 kWh meters

The buildings that needed to be installed with a CT rated, CL20 kWh meter, are Multi-Purpose Covered Court,
IRTPC Bldg, University Hostel, Business Studies, Girl’s Trade Building, Prince, University Auditorium,
Industrial Technology, General Shop room, Arts and Science Building, Students Service Bldg, Computer
Studies Bldg, CEA Main, Graduate School Bldg., College Building, College Building Extension, Learning
Resource Center, Admin Building, Integrated HRM Laboratory Building, University Library, Senior High
School, Science and Technology Laboratory Bldg.

As per ANSI class meter forms (ANSI, 2003), since the maximum load current of these buildings exceeds 200
amperes, current transformers (CT) are needed to be installed along with a class 20 kWh meter.

Self-contained CL 200 kWh meters

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6 Sub-metering, management, policy

The buildings that needed to be installed with a self-contained CL 200 kWh meter, are: MDRTC Bldg, Medical
& Dental Clinic, Information Technology Bldg., CE & ME Laboratory, Engineering Lab Building,
Accreditation Room, CE Laboratory, Extension Building CEA, University food center, Integrated Science Lab
Bldg., Electrical Technology.

As per ANSI class meter forms (ANSI, 2003), since the maximum load current of these buildings ranges
between 101-200 amperes, a self-contained class 200 kWh meters are applicable.

Self-contained CL 100 kWh meters

The buildings needed to be installed with a self-contained CL 100 kWH meter, Engineering Building 1,
Engineering Building 2, ROTC & NSTP Bldg., Food Technology, PE Building, Supply and Procurement office,
Security and General Services Bldg., Motor Pool.

As per ANSI class meter forms (ANSI, 2003), since the maximum load current of these buildings ranges below
100 amperes, a self-contained class 100 kWh meters are applicable.

Current Transformer ratio of DHVSU buildings per total load current

Buildings that exceed 200 amperes needed to have current transformers because they carry big loads. There are
different types of current transformers according to their ratio such as, 300:5 CT, 400:5 CT, 500:5 CT, 600:5
CT, 700:5 CT, 800:5 CT, and 1000:5 CT. Below shows the following CT ratio per building of DHVSU:

Table 2. Required Current Transformers

Ratio Quantity Location/s

300:5 12 Business Studies

Bldg., Integrated HRM, Food
Technology, and Multipurpose
Covered Court

400:5 15 CEA MAIN, Admin, Student

Service Building, College of Arts
and Sciences, Computing Studies

500:5 18 Gen Shoproom, Industrial

Technology Building, Senior
High, IRTPC, Hostel, Science and
Technology Bldg,

600:5 6 College Bldg Ext, Prince

700:5 6 College Building, Auditorium

800:5 3 Learning Resource Center

1000:5 3 Girls Trade Building

Total 63

Table 2 presents the appropriate ratio of the current transformers to be used. As observed on the data there are
63 current transformers in total to be used for the sub-metering system this was based according to the
number of buildings that exceeded 200 amperes and the types of phase that these buildings are being supplied.

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Single line diagram for the connection of kWh meter

Figure 1. Class 100 and Class 200 kWh meter in wye and delta connection.

Figure 1 shows the single line diagram for the connection of kWh meter for Class 100 and 200 in wye and
delta connection. It displays the total connection from transformers to meter to the service entrance.

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8 Sub-metering, management, policy

Figure 2. Class 20 kWh meter in wye and delta connection

Figure 2 shows the single line diagram for the connection of Class 20 CT rated kWh meter in wye and delta
connection. It displays the total connection from transformers to current transformer to kWh meter to the
service entrance.

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Economic Analysis

Table 3. Total Investment for Sub-metering System

Material Cost Quantity Total cost

Class 20 7,500 21 157,500

Class 100 8,410 11 92,510

Class 200 5,300 8 42,400

300:5 CT 3,500 12 42,000

400:5 CT 4,000 15 60,000

500:5 CT 2,500 18 45,000

600:5 CT 1,500 6 9,000

700:5 CT 2,000 6 12,000

800:5 CT 2,000 3 6,000

1000:5 CT 3,000 3 9,000

Conduit 25 mm dia 210 per meter 145 30,450

Conduit 32 mm dia 266 per meter 40 10,640

Conduit 40 mm dia 322 per meter 50 16,100

Conduit 65 mm dia 680 per meter 60 40,800

❑
Wire 3.5 mm2 33 per meter 756 24,948

❑
Wire 14 mm2 129 per meter 108 13,932

❑
Wire 22 mm2 202 per 36 7,272

❑
Wire 30 mm2 263 108 28,404

❑
Wire 38 mm2 347 36 12,492

❑
Wire 50 mm2 452 36 16,272

❑
Wire 60 mm2 544 144 78,336,

❑
Wire 80 mm2 717 216 154,872

Clamp 1 10 116 1,160

Clamp 1.25 35 32 1,120

Clamp 1.5 45 40 1,800

Clamp 3 65 48 3,120

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10 Sub-metering, management, policy

Meter Box 2500 40 100,000

CT Box 2000 21 42,000

Service cap 250 59 14,750

Concrete Screw 3000 1 3,000

Installation Cost 35% of total cost for 376,907

material

Total Investment 1,453,785

Table 3 shows the cost for each material to be used and installation. A budget of P292,410 for kWh meter,
P183,000 budget for the current transformers, P97,990 for RSC conduit, P336,528 for wires, P7,200 for
clamps, P100,000 for meter box, P42,000 for CT box, P14,750 for service cap, P3,000 for Concrete Screws
and P376,907 for the installation cost resulting in an overall investment of P1,453,785
The kWh meters used in this study were approved by the Energy Regulatory Commission. The price of
installation cost were obtained by getting the 35% of total cost of materials. The quantity for the current
transformers were based on the types of electricity supplied on each building. The size of RSC conduit and
wires were obtained through identifying the total ampere of each bldg and PEC standards were the basis for
the sizes of conduit and wires.
According to Santos (2019), the monthly average kWh consumption of DHVSU is 84,287 kWh. The average
total kWh consumption is charged at ₱8.76 per kWh from the distribution utility, amounting to a total electric
bill of ₱738,354 monthly or ₱8,860,249 annually. Considering the implementing rules and regulations of
GEMP, an expected 10% reduction in monthly consumption of electricity. The annual savings in terms of
kwh is 8,428.7 resulting to ₱886,025 making the annual electric bill into ₱7,974,224,
Given the data above, the outcome for the simple payback of this project is 1 year, 7 months 2 weeks and 6
days

Conclusion

Understanding and enhancing energy efficiency measures requires a trustworthy application process for net
metering. This paper has demonstrated energy conservation measures that can estimate energy savings, all in
service of the GEMP's goal of a 10 percent reduction in energy savings. The amperage flow to the sub-meters
in fifty percent of DHVSU's buildings exceeded 200 amps, necessitating Current Transformers. The kWH
meters demonstrated in this paper have practical value for DHVSU's buildings because they provide evidence
of energy savings achieved and data that can be used to optimize energy conservation measures. Working
with few meters/sub-meters and other information in energy models for office buildings is a critical issue to
address in the direction of minimal and cost-effective sensing. More and more institutions are beginning to
understand the variety of benefits associated with energy management. The proponents believe that putting an
energy policy is the best way to start an energy-saving and monitoring journey. The paper suggests that
applicable energy models for loads of interest in buildings with single net meters can be developed with sub-
meters, policy information, and GEMP-aligned guidelines.

Recommendation

As the sub-metering shows its efficiency and application, there are future studies that the researchers may
develop:
• Make full use of the meter power data sent by the sub-meters to a data center, in which the
distribution utility has access for a smooth process and collection of data.

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 Sub-metering, management, policy 11

• Develop an on-line based software for the measurement error of large-scale electric meters.
• Establish a system-loss tracking from the primary meter based on the findings of the sub-meters.

Policy-based instruction

An energy management policy should set the DHVSU’s aims and goals concerning energy use and management
in compliance with the GEMP. Upon reviewing the IRR of GEMP and based on the findings of the study, the
researchers believe that a robust energy policy should cover three key areas: commitment, objectives and
immediate aims.

· Commitment

● Don Honorio Ventura State University (DHVSU) is committed to responsible

energy consumption and will practice energy efficiency throughout DHVSU’s sites
and campuses, wherever it is cost-effective.

· Goals – high-level energy management goals include long-term goals. For this study, it is to comply with
the GEMP and its IRR:

● Committed to 10% monthly reduction of energy consumption.

● Cost-efficient implementation (1 year of payback period)
● Direct all Departments to implement the strategic energy management.

· Immediate Aims

● Energy Efficiency and Conservation Program (EECP) include energy efficiency,

conservation measures and target savings.
● An Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EEC) officer.
● Accomplished annex A form of the IAEECC’s resolution no.01, s.2020, the
electricity consumption report.

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12 Sub-metering, management, policy

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