Chemical Changes & Reactions

ICSE IX [Chapter 2]
A chemical reaction is a process
that leads to the chemical
transformation of one set of
chemical substances to another
CHAPTER OVERVIEW

❖ Introduction

❖ Chemical Changes

❖ Characteristics of a chemical reaction

❖ Types of chemical reactions

❖ Conditions required for a chemical reaction

❑ Chemical Changes:
A change in which composition of a substance is altered
is termed as a chemical change.

❑ Chemical Bond:
The force of attraction that holds the atoms of a molecule
together in a compound. INTRODUCTION
❑ Chemical Properties
The properties associated with chemical change which
can be determined by chemical reactions are known as
chemical properties. Eg., action with air, water, acids,
etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES
A chemical change results in the formation of at least one or more new
products

The weight of substance undergoing chemical change usually changes

Most chemical changes are permanent and irreversible

During chemical change energy is either absorbed or given out

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS - PROCEDURE
The existing bonds of an atom or a group of atoms of REACTANTS are broken and
new bonds are formed resulting in formation of new substances called PRODUCTS

N O N O
3000◦C

N O N O

REACTANTS PRODUCT
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS - REPRESENTATION
❑ CHEMICAL EQUATION
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical
reaction – Shorthand form

WORD EQUATION : Methane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water vapor

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS - CHARACTERISTICS

CHANGE OF COLOUR EVOLUTION OF GAS FORMATION OF EVOLUTION OR

PRECIPITATE ABSORPTION OF
HEAT
 Here the color change is occurring due to action of heat
▪ Cu(NO3)2 → CuO + 4NO2 + O2 [ Blue to Black]

SOME MORE ▪ CuSO4 . 5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O [Blue to White]

EXAMPLES -
▪ FeSO4.7H2O → FeSO4 + 7H2O [Green to White]
COLOR CHANGE
▪ FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 [White to Reddish Brown]
 ▪ Na2SO3 + H2SO4 [dil.] → Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O

SOME MORE ▪ CaCO3 + HCl [dil.] → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

EXAMPLES – ▪ 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

EVOLUTION OF ▪ Cu(NO3)2 → CuO + 4NO2 + O2
GAS
▪ FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
 ▪ BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
SOME MORE (white)
▪ KCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + KNO3
EXAMPLES – (curdy white)
▪ Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl → NaNO3 + PbCl2
FORMATION OF (White)

PRECIPITATE ▪ CuSO4 + NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

(pale blue)
 ▪ N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 +

SOME MORE
▪ N2 + O2 → 2NO –
EXAMPLES –
EVOLUTION OR ▪ NaOH + HCl → NaCl +H2O +

ABSORPTION ▪ Mg + CuSO4 → MgSO4 + Cu +

OF HEAT
▪ 2C + H2 → C2H2 -
 DIRECT COMBINATION

DECOMPOSITION
TYPES OF REACTION
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS SINGLE DISPLACEMENT
REACTION

DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION
REACTION
 DIRECT COMBINATION REACTION

ELEMENT +ELEMENT → COMPOUND

H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
The reaction in which two
or more substances
ELEMENT +COMPOUND →
COMPOUND combine to form a single
2CO + O2 → 2CO2 substance is called direct
combination reaction/
COMPOUND +COMPOUND →
COMPOUND Synthesis reaction
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
 EXAMPLES – COMBINATION REACTION
• OXIDATION OF METALS/NON METALS:
• PREPARATION OF SULPHURIC ACID:
4P + O2 → 2P2O5
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
• PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS:
• ACIDIC/ BASIC OXIDES WITH WATER:
H2+Cl2 → 2HCl
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3
• FORMATION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE:
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
NH3 +HCl → NH4Cl
• PREPARATION OF SALTS:
• FORMATION OF MAGNESIUM CARBONATE:
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3[soluble]
Mg + CO2 → MgCO3
Pb + S → PbS [insoluble]
• FORMATION OF LIMESTONE:
• BURNING OF HYDROGEN:
CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• FORMATION OF NITRIDES:
• MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA:
2Al + N2 → 2AlN
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
 DECOMPOSITION REACTION

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
A decomposition reaction is a type
of chemical reaction in which a
single compound breaks down into
two or more elements or new
PHOTOLYTIC REACTIONS compounds. These reactions often
involve an energy source such as
heat, light, or electricity that
breaks apart the bonds of
compounds.
ELECTROLYTIC REACTIONS
 EXAMPLES – DECOMPOSITION REACTION
• DECOMPOSITION OF AMMONIUM DICHROMATE: COMPOUND → ELEMENT + ELEMENT
(NH4)2Cr2O7 → Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2
COMPOUND → COMPOUND + ELEMENT
• HEAT ON HYDRATED SUBSTANCES:
CuSO4 . 5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O SOME MORE EXAMPLES:
2CuSO4 → 2CuO + 2SO2 + O2
• OXIDES:
• THERMAL DISSOCIATION: 2HgO → Hg + O2
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
• CARBONATES:
140◦C
N2O4 2NO2 CuCO3 → CuO + CO2
20◦C

• PHOTOLYTIC DECOMPOSITION:
• NITRATES:
SUNLIGHT
2AgBr 2Ag + Br2 KNO3 → KNO2 + O2
• ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION:
• HYDROXIDES:
ELECTRIC
2H2O CURRENT 2H2 + O2 Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2O
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION

A single-displacement reaction,
also known as a single-replacement
reaction, is a type of chemical
reaction where an element reacts
with a compound and takes the
place of another element in that
compound.
EXAMPLES – SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION
 DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION
A double displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction where two compounds
react, and the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion) of the two reactants
switch places, forming two new compounds or products.

A B C D A D C B

PRECIPITATION
DOUBLE
DISPLACEMENT
REACTION
NEUTRALIZATION
EXAMPLES – DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION
 CLOSE
CONTACT

CONDITIONS
REQUIRED FOR A
CHEMICAL REACTION

SOLUTION ENERGY
 CONDITIONS REQUIRED - ENERGY
ENERGY REASON EXAMPLE

HEAT Heating initiates the

movement of particle and help N2 + O2 → 2NO
them to react quickly

LIGHT Molecules absorb light energy H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

and become activated
ELECTRICITY Electricity directs particles to 2H2O → 2H2 + O2
opposite electrodes
PRESSURE Reacting particles N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
agglomerate under sudden
high pressure T: 450 degree Celsius, P : 200 atm
CATALYST Initiates change in reaction 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
without undergoing any
change in its chemical Catalyst : Pt, T: 800 degree Celsius
composition
SOUND Sound energy speeds up the
reaction of atoms, ions or C2H2 → 2C + H2
molecules
 MCQs
1. We store silver chloride in a dark colored bottle because it is: 5. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water:
(a) a white solid (a) calcium hydroxide is formed
(b) undergoes redox reaction (b) white precipitate of CaO is formed
(c) to avoid action by sunlight (c) lime water turns milky
(d) none of the above (d) Color of lime water disappears

2. When crystals of lead nitrate are heated strongly in a dry test tube: 6. When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in air, the ash formed is:
(a) crystals immediately melt (a) Black
(b) a brown residue is left (B)White
(c) white fumes appear in the tube (C) Yellow
(d) a yellow residue is left (D) Pink

3. In which of the following, heat energy will be evolved? 7. The reaction in which two compound exchange their ions to form two
(a) Electrolysis of water new compounds is called
(b) Dissolution of NH4Cl in water (a) Displacement Reaction
(c) Burning of L.P.G. (B) Combination Reaction
(d) Decomposition of AgBr in the presence of sunlight (C) Double Displacement Reaction
(D) Decomposition Reaction
4. On immersing an iron nail in CuSO4 solution for few minutes, you will
observe: 8. Zn + H2SO4(dil.) → ZnSO4 + H2
(a) no reaction takes place Above reaction is an example of:
(b) the color of solution fades away (a) Decomposition reaction
(c) the surface of iron nails acquire a black coating (b) Single displacement reaction
(d) the color of solution changes to green (c) Combination reaction
(d) Synthesis reaction
THANK YOU