Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

Engineering Mechanics II (Dynamics)

MEng 2052
Chapter One

Introduction
By Tadele Libay July, 2021
 Introduction

• Dynamics is a branch of mechanics which deals with the

motion of bodies under the action of forces.

• The study of dynamics in engineering usually follows the

study of statics, which deals with the action of forces on
bodies at rest.

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• Dynamics has two distinct parts:

i. Kinematics

ii. Kinetics

i. Kinematics- which is the study of motion without

reference to the forces which cause motion.

ii. Kinetics- which relates the action of forces on bodies to

their resulting motion.

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• Dynamics is a relatively recent subject as compared with
statics.

• The understanding of dynamics was started about in 16th

centuries, and which is credited to Galileo.( showed that
heavy and light objects accelerated at the same constant
rate as they fall)

• Following Galileo, important contributions to mechanics

were made by, Newton's, Euler, D’Alembert, Lagrange,
Laplace, Einstein, ...and others.
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 Area of application of dynamics

The rapid technological developments of the present day requires

increasing application of the principles of mechanics, particularly
dynamics.
 Analysis and design of moving structures.

 Fixed structure subjected to shock load.

 Robotic systems

 Automatic control system

 Rockets

 Missiles and spacecraft

 Transportation vehicle

 Machinery of all types, such as turbines, pumps, etc.

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 Basic concepts and terms

Space – the geometric region occupied by bodies.

Time – is a measure of the succession of events and is considered an

absolute quantity in Newtonian mechanics.

Mass – is the quantitative measure of inertia or resistance to change

in motion of a body. Mass can also be defined as the quantity

of matter in a body or a property that gives rise to gravitational

attraction.

Force – vector action of one body on another.

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Particle – a body of negligible dimensions.

- when the dimension of a body are irrelevant to the description

of its motion or the action of force on it, the body may be treated

as a particle.

Rigid body – is a body whose changes in shape are negligible

compared with the over all dimensions of the body or with the

changes in position of the body as a whole.

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 System of units

i. SI units

- Mass, time and length are taken as the basic quantities and the

units for force are derived from Newton’s 2nd law of motion.

ii. US customary units

- The unit for force, length and time are base units and the units

for mass are derived from the second law.

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• The four fundamental quantities of mechanics

Quantity SI – units US – units

Mass Kg slug

Time s sec

Length m ft

Force N lb

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• The SI system is termed an absolute system since mass is
taken to be an absolute or base quantity.

• The US customary system is termed a gravitational

system since force (as measured from gravitational pull)
is taken as a base quantity.

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 Newton's Laws of Motion

Law I – A particle remains at rest or continuous to move in a straight line

with a constant velocity if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.

Law II –The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the resultant force

acting on it and is in the direction of this force.

F = ma……………..……………………………..…….1.1

Law II –The force of action and reaction between interacting bodies are
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and collinear.

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 Gravitation

• Newton states that two particles of masses m1 and m2 at a distance r from

each other attract each other with equal and opposite forces F and - F directed

along the line joining the particles is given by:

m1m2 ………………………………..…..………………………………………………….. 1.2

F=G
r2
Where:

F= the mutual force of attraction between two particles.

G= Universal constant = 6.673x10-11 m2/kg-s2

m1,m2 = the masses of the two particles

r = the distance between the centers of the particles.

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• The acceleration due to gravity is derived from combining equation 1.1 and 1.2 ;

………………………………………..……1.3
Gme
g=
R2
Example 1: Determine the acceleration due to gravity at sea level(g) on a particle m.

Take: radius of earth, R=6,371km and mass of earth,

me = 5.976x1024Kg

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Note: In almost all engineering problems where measurements are
made on the surface of the earth, the effects of local variations are
neglected, and 9.81m/s2 in SI unit is used for the sea level value of g.

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• The variation of g with altitude is easily determined by the

gravitational law. If go represents the absolute acceleration due to

gravity at sea level, the absolute value at an altitude h is;

R2
g = g0
( R  h) 2 …………………………………..1.4

R – radius of the earth

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 Effect of rotating earth

• The acceleration due to gravity as determined from the

gravitational law is the acceleration which would be measured
from a set of axes whose origin is at the center of the earth.

• With respect to this ‘fixed’ axes, this value may be termed the
absolute value of g.

• Because the earth rotates, the acceleration of a freely falling body

as measured from a position attached to the surface of the earth is
slightly less than the absolute value.

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 Standard value of g

• The standard value which has been adopted internationally for the
gravitational acceleration relative to the rotating earth at sea level
and at a latitude of 45 is 9.80665m/ s2 or 32.1740ft/sec2

• In almost all engineering applications near the surface of the earth,

we can neglect the difference between the absolute and relative
values of the gravitational acceleration, and the effect of local
variations.

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 Apparent weight

• If the gravitational force of attraction or true weight of the body is

W, then, because the body falls with an absolute acceleration g,

W = mg………………………………………..1.5

• The apparent weight is slightly less than the true weight of the
body.

• The difference is due to the rotation of the earth.

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• [For the surface-level value of the acceleration of gravity
relative to a rotating earth, use g=32.1740 ft/sec2
(9.80665 m/s2) and,

• For the absolute value relative to a non-rotating earth, use

g= 32.234 ft/sec2 or (9.825 m/s2).

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 Example

A space-shuttle payload module weighs 100 lb when resting on the

surface of the earth at a latitude of 450 north.
a. Determine the mass of the module in both slugs and kilograms,
and its surface-level weight in Newton.
b. Now suppose the module is taken to an altitude of 200 miles
above the surface of the earth and released there with no velocity
relative to the center of the earth. Determine its weight under
these conditions in both pounds and newtons.
c. Finally, suppose the module is fixed inside the cargo bay of a
space shuttle. The shuttle is in a circular orbit at an altitude of 200
miles above the surface of the earth. Determine the weight of the
module in both pounds and newtons under these condition.

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 Suggested Problem

From 7th Edition , Merriam

Engineering Mechanics Dynamics
Chapter I Problem 1/……..
2, 5, and11

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 Thank You

Any Question?

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