UNIT 4 - ELEMENTS AND

PRINCIPLES OF THE ARTS

LESSON 1- KINDS OF LINES
STRAIGHT LINES- are
geometric, impersonal and Diagonal lines - are slanting
differ in the direction that lines. In the visual art,
they take. The straight diagonals suggest two
meanings, a positive and a CURVED LINES - are
lines may move from left to
negative one. On the positive technically curvilinear lines.
right, start from the top diagonals indicate action and Curve lines suggest grace,
going down, slant or move movement i.e. to move movement and flexibility
up and down forming forward and act. On the
negative, it conveys a feeling indicative of life and energy.
angles. Whatever is the
of uncertainty, stress and When a curve line moves
direction, each kind
defeat. continuously in opposite
indicates a specific type of
Horizontal lines - move from Zigzag lines - Are angular lines directions, it forms a wavy
emotion
left to right or vice versa. It is a that resulted in abrupt change line which shows fluidity
line that appears to be laying in the direction of a straight because of the gradual
down. line thus forming angles. The change in direction.
Vertical Line - start from lines are unpleasant and harsh
bottom to top or vice versa. It which portrays tension,
is a line that appears to be conflict, chaos, or violence.
standing.
LESSON 2 - PROPERTIES OF COLOR
AND HOW COLORS RELATE AND
LIGHT AND SHADOW
 Color is composed of a series of
wave lengths which strike the
retina of the eyes.
COLOR A ray of light contains all the
colors of the visible spectrum- red
orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet (ROYGBIV).
The visible spectrum was
discovered by sir Isaac Newton
when light was allowed to pass
through a glass prism.
Passing white light through a
prism breaks it into a band of the
visible colors (just like a rainbow).
PROPERTIES OF
COLOR
Hue - It is the For pigments, RED, YELLOW and BLUE
name given to are called primary hues. They are
considered primary because these
the color, for hues cannot be produced from
example; red, combining any hues.
green, violet When two primary hues are mixed in
equal amounts, secondary hues are
and blue. produced. These are ORANGE, GREEN
and VIOLET.
Mixing equal amounts of the primary
and secondary hues produces
intermediate hues which are RED
ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE
VIOLET.
Combining in equal mixture any two
secondary hues produces the tertiary
hues.
 Value - refers to the lightness
or darkness of a color. The
value of any hues can be
VALUE changed by adding a neutral
such as black or white. This
results in changing the
quantity of light the hue
reflects.
Shade - When black is
combined with hue.
Tint - When white is added
with hue.
 Monochromatic harmony - When
a single color in the composition
Color harmony is one
is varied in intensity and value by
method of establishing adding white or black.
color quality in a
composition. There are Complementary Harmony -
several ways of creating results when two colors that are
opposite each other in the color
harmony that an artist
wheel are place side by side.
can use. The most
common are the Analogous harmony - results
following: when hues that are adjacent or
beside each other in the color
wheel is used in a composition.
Color temperature - refers to the
relative warmth or coolness of a
color. Warm colors are colors
that have YELLOW as its dominant
component white cool colors
have blue as their dominant
component.\
LIGHT AND • Light and shadow focuses
on what is known as • Chiaroscuro - the
SHADOW achromatic value. This technique of manipulating
(VALUE) refers to the changes in light and shadow in
the amount of reflected painting. Masters who
light which ranges from have perfected the use of
black to gray to white and this technique are Da
vice versa. An artist who Vinci, Michelangelo,
has mastered the Rembrandt, and
manipulation of Caravaggio.
achromatic value in a
composition gives his work
the illusion of depth and
form.
 LESSON 3 - SHAPE AND
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
Shapes - In visual Picture plane - any flat Negative shapes - these
surface onto which the are between the shapes
arts, a shape is artwork is created. that are not occupied by
any form. In painting,
formed when two these spaces can be as
ends of a line important as the shaped
themselves. In sculpture
meet to enclose an and architecture, the
shape of the artwork can
area. be determined by viewing
the work against its
background
(Marquarot&Eskilson,
2005).
Classification of Natural or organic shapes Non-objective or
- those are seen on nature biomorphic shapes -
Shapes like the shape of leaves, seldom have reference to
animals, mountains, recognizable objects, but
flowers and seashells. most often show a
Abstract shapes - those similarity to some organic
that have little or no forms.
resemblance to natural Geometric shapes - these
objects. are triangles, rectangles,
squares, cylinders, cubes.
LESSON 4 - TEXTURE, METHODS
OF CREATING SPACE AND
Visual texture - in Texture - refers to the feel Space - An illusion in the
or tactile quality of the graphic arts. It is created
such cases where surface of an object. It has by techniques that adds
touching the to do with the depth and distance to
characteristic of surface, two-dimensional art. In
artwork is not whether it is rough or sculpture and
allowed, textured smooth, fine or coarse, architecture, however,
polished or dull, plain or space is actually present.
can be perceived irregular. They also add
by the eyes. richness and vitality in
paintings.
Methods of Overlapping planes Position on the picture
(interposition) - create plane (relative height) - In
Creating Space space when an object some paintings, spacial
covers a part of another representation is based
object which is behind it. upon the position of
Relative size - objects that objects relative to the
appear large/big indicate bottom of the frame.
nearness and small-sized Those objects found at the
objects as distant. Aside bottom of the frame will
from creating illusion of appear closer to the
space, this can also be viewer.
interpreted as power and Foreground - the
import. bottom part.
Middle ground -
where the horizon is.
Background - the
topmost part.
Color is also used to give
the illusion of distance.
Warm colors advance
and make objects look
closer while cool colors
recede making objects
look farther away.
Perspective - deals with effect of distance on the
appearance of objects. It enables the viewer to
perceive distance and to see the position of
objects in space.
Linear perspective - give the perception
distance by means of converging lines. It has
to do with the direction of lines and with the
size of objects.
Aerial perspective (gradient) - the effect of
haze, mist or atmosphere on the object.
Near objects are seen in detail with the full
intensity of color and as objects recede,
details are loss and objects appear grayer.
LESSON 5 - ELEMENTS OF
THE COMBINED ARTS
Space in sculpture may Space in architecture is • Movement -Over the
be viewed in two ways: created and defined by the years, artists of the visual
it may be considered a shape, position, and the arts have manipulated the
materials employed by the medium and elements in
single solid object or an architect. order to portray motion in
assemblage of solids their artworks. They have
that exhibits space; or also experimented on
space may be perceived which techniques to
as it enters into employ to be able to
relations with its incorporate in their works
surroundings－ the perception of
movement.
extending into it,
enveloping it, or
relating across it.
Two ways
to present Actual movement - in art,
specifically in sculptures results
motion or in kinetic art. Actual movements
movement may be achieved naturally using
wind and water or mechanically
in their art through some energy source
(batteries or electricity).
Implied movement - results
when a variety of lines are used
together, repeated, changed in
position, or decreased/increased
in size. This gives the impression
of movement in a stationary two
dimensional art.
LESSON 6 - ELEMENTS OF
MUSIC
Elements of Rhythm - is a movement Harmony - is the sounding
or pattern with uniform of a series of group of
Music recurrence of accented tones in the same time. It
and accented beat may also refer to the
Melody - is the succession pleasing sound that is
of tones arranged in such a produced when two or
way as to give it a musical more
sense. It may also refer to Timbre - is tonal quality or
the rising and falling of the the character of the tone
tune in time. that is produced by an
instrument or by the
human voice.
 • Form - is the structure or the Dynamics - is the loudness
framework of a composition and softness of the sound
• in music indicated by
• Vocal Forms symbols to regulate the
Elements of Opera is a drama set to music volume of the sound.
complete with actions, pp pianissimo - very
Music costumes and scenery soft
Cantata is a religious story
told in music without actions
p piano - soft
Moro-moro is a Philippine mp mezo piano - half
drama set to music which soft
depicts the conflict between ff fortissimo - very loud
the Christians and the
Muslims. crescendo - gradually
Instrumental Forms
becoming louder
Sonata is a long composition decrescendo -
for solo instruments (piano, gradually becoming
Violin) softer
Symphony is a sonata for the
orchestra
 Music plays an important Technique is the skill of
role in the dance to which the dancer in executing
it is closely related. It the movements.
Elements of should be melodic and
harmonious and fits into Design is the planned
Dance the movements of the organization or patterns of
dance. movement in time and
space.
Movement is how the
dancers use their bodies to Costume. The type of
move and create dance performed and the
organized patterns costumes worn relate
closely to the customs,
Choreography refers to beliefs, and environment
how the steps and of the people. Costumes
movements are connected enhance the effect of the
for it to be performed in dance.
an organized manner.
LESSON 7 - ELEMENTS OF
DRAMA
Drama is basically one of the genres of literature that is written primarily to be performed.
The performance is done by actors on stage before a live audience.
Plot is the over-all Setting is the locale and Dialogue refers to the
structure of the play. It period in which the story words uttered by the
takes place. It includes the characters in the story. It
is concerned about what the characters use
scenery, props and
what the story is all costumes used in staging
when conversing with
about. each other or when
Characters are the persons expressing his thoughts
- Exposition and emotions
involved in the story. They
- Complication may seem real to the Theme is what the story
- Resolution audience depending on means. It is how the
how the playwright individual elements are
structures the dialogues to put together to give the
story significance and
make the characters come perspective.
to life.
LESSON 8 - ELEMENTS OF
THEATER
 The Playwright’s role is to The Director works with
Elements of work out the plot in terms the the playwright to
Theater of the actual actions to be present which is
performed and dialogue to interpreted and translated
be spoken by actors within into dramatic action.
the limited facilities of the Production Design
stage. includes the scenery,
The Performers are the props, make-up,
ones who portray the costumes, lights, music,
characters in a play. sound and all other special
effects used in a theater
production.
 LESSON 9 - ELEMENTS OF
CINEMA (MOTION PICTURE)
Acting and the Stars. Music and Musical Make-up, Hair and
Acting is the art of Director. The musical Costume Design. These
portraying or director is in charge of people are responsible for
impersonating a character selecting, composing new applyingthe specific type
in the story. songs, writing of make-up, hairstyle and
Set and Directors should orchestration, preparing costume to the actors
know the setting of the background music, before they face the
story and build artificial creating musical scores camera.
sets. and supervising all Sound, Camera and
recording. Special Effects
Color in the movies is an Technicians. Sound
innovation in technicians are
cinematography. It costs responsible for making the
twice as much as the black dialogue clear and music
and white films. of fine quality. They make
sure that there is no
background noise.
LESSON 10 - PRINCIPLES OF
ART
Form refers to how specific Content refers to the message Context refers to the various
elements in the artwork are the artists wants to convey circumstances that influence
organized to produce a unified through his art. The levels of how a work of art was produced
whole. Form is further classified content are: and interpreted. The two types
into: Factual is the literal of context are:
Primary Features. This is interpretation of the work, Primary context pertains to
how the artwork appears to its images, attributes, the characteristic of the
the viewers.Its physical actions and poses. artist, his personality,
attributes in terms of Conventional level takes beliefs, interests and
medium, color, texture and into consideration the basic values.
size. genres and the figurative Secondary context pertains
Secondary Features. this meanings usually indicated to the setting. The
refers to balance, by familiar signs and historical period, time in
proportion, unity and symbols and the quality of which the work was
harmony that are used to work. produced.
create the whole Subjective level takes into
composition. consideration the effect of
form and content on the
viewers of the art.
 LESSON 11
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
Balance is the distribution of the Emphasis is the part of the Emphasis is the part of the
visual weight of objects, color,
texture and space. The use of
design that catches the design that catches the
these elements should be viewers attention. The viewers attention. The
balanced to make the viewers artist will usually make one artist will usually make
see and feel design as stable. area stand out by one area stand out by
Three types of balance: contrasting it with other contrasting it with other
areas. areas.
Symmetrical balance results Movement is the path the Movement is the path the
when the elements used on viewers eye takes when viewers eye takes when
one side of the design are
similar to those on the other looking through the work looking through the work
side. of art. Such movement can of art. Such movement can
Asymmetrical balance is be implied along lines be implied along lines
when the sides of the edges, shape, and color edges, shape, and color
composition are different but within the work of art. within the work of art.
still looked balanced.
Radial balance is achieved
when the elements are
arranged around a central
point.
 Repetition works with patterns to make the work seem active. The
repetition of elements of design creates unity within the artwork.
Rhythm is created when one or more elements of design are used
M E repeatedly to produce a feeling of organized, continuous,
V E
MO sometimes flowing movement. To keep rhythm exciting and active,
variety is important.
NT Variety is the use of several elements of design that adds interest in
order to hold the viewers attention and guide the viewer’s eye
through and around the work of art.
Unity is the feeling of harmony between and among the parts of the
work of art, which creates a feeling of completeness in the
composition.
 LESSON 12 - THE RULE OF
THIRDS AND THE SEVEN DA
 The surface with two equally
spaced vertical lines and two
equally spaced horizontal lines.
The Rule These lines divide the picture
of Thirds plane into nine equal parts with
four intersecting points.
Based on studies, placing an
object in one of the intersecting
point results in a pleasing
composition.
Balance is achieved by placing
another object at the point
opposite the first one.
 Curiosita is approaching life Arte/Scienza is finding a
with a heightened level of balance between art and
wonder and continuous search science or logic and
to know and learn more. imagination.
The Seven Da Dimostrazione is the Corporalita is taking care of
commitment to test knowledge one’s body. Ensuring that
Vincian Principles and to persist in this task, which healthy habits are practiced and
includes experiencing both sustained. A sound mind is
success and failures in usually the product of a sound
undertaking. body and vice versa.
Sensazione is experiencing life Connessione is realizing that all
through refinement of the things are interconnected. It is
senses. discovering patterns in the way
Sfumato is accepting life’s things work and how things and
paradoxes and uncertainties. It lives work out.
is knowing and realizing that not
everything is cause and effect
and that events happen that
even logic can explain.