u ace él, las esate CONTENTS @ Survey and load estimate design conditions heat storage solar heat gain=glass cheat and moisture flow Infiltration and ventilation infernal and system heat gain applied psychrometrics Corporation 1960 Printing 1968. ‘Mine Printing 1972 (s1030){ @ CHAPTER 1. BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD ESTIMATE The primary function of ait conditioning is 10 maintain conditions that are (1) conducive to human comfort, or (2) required by a product, or process within a space To perform this {unction, equipment of the proper capacity must be installed and controlled throughout the year. The equipment capacity is determined by the actual instantaneous peak load requitements; type of control is deter mined by the conditions to be maintained during peak and partial load. Generally, ie is impossible to measure either the actual peak or the partial load in any given space; these loads must be estimated. It is for this purpose that the data contained in Part Thas been compiled Befoie the load can bé estimated, it is impere- tive that a comprehensive survey be made to assure accurate evaluation of the load components. If the building facilities and the actual instantaneous load within a given mass of the building are catciully studied, an economical equipment selection and sys tem design can result, and smooth, trouble tree per- formance is then possible ‘The heat gain or loss is the amount of heat in- stantaneously coming into or going out of the space The:actual load is defined as that emount of heat which is instantaneously added or removed by the equipment. The instantaneous heat gain and the actual load on the equipment will rarely be equal, because of the thermal inertia or storage effect of the building structures surrounding a conditioned space. Chapters 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 contain the data from which the instantaneous heat gain or loss is esti- mated. Chapter 3 provides the data and procedure for applying storage factors to the appropriate heat gains to result in the actual load Chapter 8 provides the bridge between the load estimate and the equip- ‘ment selection. It furnishes the procedure for estab- lishing the criteria to fulfil the conditions required by a given project. The basis of the data and its use, with examples, are included in each chapter with the tables and charts; also an explanation of how each of the heat gains and the loads manifest themselves BUILDING SURVEY SPACE CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAT LOAD SOURCES ‘An accurate stu vey of the load components of the space to be ait conditioned is a basic requitement for a tealistic estimate of cooling and heating Toads The conipleténess and accuiacy of this survey is the ‘very foundation of the estimate, and its importance can not be overemphasized, Mechanical and archi tectutal xtrawings, complete field sketches and, in some casts, photographs of important aspects ate part of a god stzvey. The following physical aspects must be considered: L. Orientation of building ~ Location of the space t0 be air conditioned, with respect to: 2) Compass points — sun and wind effects ) Nearby. permanent structures — shading effects. si 6) Reflective surfaces ~ water, sand, parking lots, ee 2 Use of space(s) — Office; hospital, department Store, specialty shop, machine shop, factory, assembly plant, ete 3, Physical dimensions of space(s) — Length, width, and height. 4, Geiling height — Floor to foot height, ioor to ceiling, clearance between suspended ceiling and bears 5 Columns and beams — Siée, depth, also knee braces 6. Construction materials ~ Materials and thick- ness of walls, roof, ceiling, floors and patti tions, and their relative position in the struc: ture 7. Surrounding conditions — Exterior color of walls and root, shaded by adjacent building or sunlit. Attic spaces — unvented or vented, gravity or forced ventilation, Surrounding spaces conditioned or unconditioned — tem: perature of non-conditioned adjacent spaces, such as furnace or boiler room, and kitchens Floor on ground, crawl space, basement 8. Windows ~ Size and location, wood or metal9 10 ul 12 1B. 4 sash, single or double hung Type of glass — single or multipane. Type of shading device Dimensions of reveals and overhangs Doors — Location, type, siz, and frequency of Stairways, elevators, and escalators—Location, temperature of space if open to uncondi- tioned area. Horsepower of machinery, ven tilated or not People — Number, duration of occupancy, nature of activity, any special concentration At times, itis requited to estimate the number ‘of people on the basis of square feet per per son, or on average trafic Lighting — Wattage at peak. Type — incan- descent, fluorescent, recessed, exposed. IE the lights are recessed, the type of air flow over the lights, exhaust, return or supply, should be anticipated, At times, itis required 10 esti- mate the wattage on a basis of watts pet sq ft, due to lack of exact information Motors ~ Location, nameplate and brake horsepower, and usage. The latter is of great significance and should be carefully evalu- ated The power input to electric motors is not necessarily equal to the rated horsepower di- vided by the motor efficiency. Frequently these motors may be operating under a continuous overload, or may be operating at less than rated capacity. It is always advisable to meas- ute the power input wherever possible This is especially important in estimates for indus- trial installations where the motor machine load is normally « major portion of the cool ing lord. Appliances, business machines, electronic equipment — Location, rated wattage, steam or gas consumption, hooded or unhooded, ex: hhaust air quantity installed or required, and usage Greater accuracy may be obtained by measur- ing the power or gas input during times of peak loading The regular service meters may often be used for this purpose, provided power or gas consumption not contributing to the room heat gain can be segregated. Avoid pyramiding the heat gains from various appliances and business machines. For exam- pple, 2 toaster or 2 wattle iron may not be used during the evening, or the fry kettle may not be used during morning, or not all business PART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING machines in a given space may be used at the same time Electronic equipment often requires individ ual air conditioning The manufacturer's recommendation for temperature and humid ity variation must be followed, and these re quitements are often quite stringent 15, Ventilation — Clim per person, cfm pet sq ft, scheduled ventilation (agreement with pur- chaser), see Chapter 6 Excessive smoking 0: odors, code requirements Exhaust fans—type, size, speed, cfm delivery 16, Thermal storage — Includes system operating schedule (12, 16 or 24 houts per day) specif cally duting peak outdoor conditions, permis sible temperature swing in space dining a design day, rugs on floor, nature of surface materials enclosing the space (see Chapter 3) 17, Continuous or intermittent operation — Whether system be requited to operate every business day dusing cooling season, or only occasionally, such as churches and ballrooms. If intermittent operation, determine duration of time available for precooling or pulldown LOCATION OF EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES The building survey should also include informa- tion which enables the engineer to select equipment location, and plan the ait and water distribution systems The following is a guide to obtaining this information: 1 Available spaces — Location of all stairwells, elevator shafts, abandoned smokestacks, pipe shafts, dumbwaiter shafts, ete, and spaces for air handling apparatus, refrigeration -ma- chines, cooling towers, pumps, and services (also see Ttem 5) 2 Possible obstructions — Locations of ail elec- taical conduits, piping lines, and other ob- structions or interferences that may be in the ‘way of the duct system. 3. Location of all fire walls and partitions — Requizing fire dampers (also see Item 16). 4 Location of outdo air intakes ~In reference to street, other buildings, wind direction, dirt, and short-circuiting of unwanted contami: 5 Power service — Location, capacity, current limitations, voltage, phases and cycle, $ or + wine; how additional power (if requived) may be brought in and where 6 Water service ~ Location, size of lines, ca:® CHAPTER | BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD FSTIMATE pacity, pressure, maximam temperature 7 Steam service — Location, size, capacity, t@m- perature, pressure, type of return system. 8. Refrigeration, brine or chilled water (if fur- nished by customer)—Type of system, capacity, temperatute, gpm, pressure 9 Architectural characteristics of space ~ For selection of outlets that will blend into the space design 10. Existing air conveying equipment and ducts — For possible reuse, 1. Drains — Location and capacity, sewage dis- posal 12 Contvol facilities — Compressed air source and pressure, electrical 13. Foundation and support ~ Requirements and. facilities, strength of building 14 Sound and vibration control requirements Relation of refrigeration and air handling apparatus location to critical areas, 15, Accessibility for moving equipment to the final location — Elevators, stairways, doors, accessibility from street 16. Codes, local and national—Governing witing, Grainage, water supply, venting of reltigera- tion, construction of refrigeration and. air handling apparatus rooms, duetwork, fire dampers, and ventilation of buildings in gen eral and apparatus rooms in particular AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE ‘The air conditioning load is estimated to provide the basis for selecting the conditioning equipment It must take into account the heat coming into the space from outdoors on a design day, as well as the heat being generated within the space A design day is defined as: 1. A day on which the dry-and wee-bulb tempera tures ave peaking simultaneously (Chapter 2, “Design Conditions”) 2 A day when there is little oF no haze in the air to reduce the solar heat (Chapter 4, “Solar Heat Gain Thru Glass”). 3 All of the internal loads are notmal (Chapter 7, “Internal and System Heat Gain”) ‘The time of peak load can usually be established by inspection, although, in some cases, estimates must be made for several different times of the day. Actually, the situation of having all of the loads peaking at the same time will very rarely occur. To be realistic, various diversity factors must be applied to some of the load components; refer to Chapter 3, “Heat Storage, Diversity, and Stratification ” The infiltration and ventilation air quamtivies are estimated as described in Chapter 6 Fig 1 illustrates an air conditioning load estimace form arid is designed to permit systematic load eval: uation. This form contains the references identified to the particular chapters of data and tables required to estimate the various load components. ‘OUTDOOR LOADS The loads from outdoors consist of: 1 The sun rays entering windows — Table 15, pages 4449, and Table 16, page 52, provide aia from which the solar heat gain through glass is estimated The solar heat gain is usually reduced by means of shading devices on the inside or out side of the windows; factors are contained in Table 16, In addition to this reduction, all or part of the window may be shaded by reveals, overhangs, and by adjacent buildings. Chart 1, page 57, and Table 18, page 58, provide an easy means OF determining how much the window is shaded at a given time ‘A large portion of the solar heat gain is radiant and will be partially stored as desciibed in Chapter 3. Tables ? thru 11, pages 30:34, pro- vide the storage factors to be applied to solar heat gains in order to arrive at the actual cooling load imposed on the air conditioning equipment. These storage factors are applied to peak solar heat gains obtained from Table 6, page 29, with overall factors from Table 16, page 52 2 The sun rays striking the walls and roof These, in conjunction with the high outdoor air temperature, cause heat to flow into the space. Tables 19 and 20, pages 62 and 63, pro- vide equivalent tempetature differences for sunlit and shaded walls and roofs. Tables 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, and 28, pages 66-72, provide the uansmission coefficients or rates of heat flow for avariety of roof and wall constructions 3. The air temperature outside the conditioned space ~ A higher ambient temperacure causes heat to flow tru the windows, partitions, and floors. Tables 25 and 26, pages 69 and 70, and Tables 29 and 30, pages 73 and 74, provide the transmission coefficients, The temperature differences used to estimate the heat flow thru these structures are contained in the notes alter each rableie PART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING ipaaad TABLE REFERENCES “tr TABLE REFERENCES : Seer ct Tar pace ERE eas | SBE ene ee 3 | amy wor “Soroargyget ag mies) Terotton | 9 eg 2 © | Sf mame) ra Tm nc ae far erry seem ges oi Pale) SOLAR & TRANS. GAIN—WALLS | ‘© ROOF ifiow Stel oy | aman | neat a ema (8 | a ereses freaky S| es an) Cee pee x BEE ay cemattine easter WaLls Skeet ||| —harareor aera ee See nanan errno Tae a ee eS ces | ae Tae WAT ag wae |otZan etn ete te og te ccaaee 3 Se — ia ecee eae — - Tsu BA @ Oe GONOTTONS AF HPARATUS Roo SENSISLE HEAT E LATENT HEAT 08 | at tree inf ® Ca oF scm PT a novss rricrive room waren aia} TT eeresiive eoom TOTAL HEAT RE ‘OUTDOOR AIR MEAT ase, NOTES erm Rone Donae (4 TOP co Fic. 1 — Aim Conprrionie Loa Esuare8 CHAPTER 1 BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD ESTIMAT 4. The air vapor pressure — A higher vapor pressure surrounding conditioned space causes water vapor to flow chru the building mace: tials. This load is significant only in low dew- point applications The data requited to esti mate this load is contained in Table 49, page 54 In comfort applications, this load is neg: lected 5 The wind Ulowing against a side of the bwild- ing—Wind causes the outdoor air that is higher in temperature and moisture content to infil- trate thiw the cracks around the doots and windows, resulting in localized sensible and latent heat gains. All ot part of this infiluation may be offset by air being introduced thru the apparatus for ventilation purposes. Chapter 6 contains the estimating data 6 Outdoor air usally sequived for ventilation purposes ~ Outdoor air is usually necessary co flush out the space and keep the odor level down, This ventilation air imposes a cooling and dehumidifying load on the apparatus be- cause the heat and/or moistare must be removed Most air conditioning equipment permits some outdoor ait to bypass the cooling surface (see Chapter 8). This bypassed outdoor air becomes a load within the conditioned space, similar to infiltration; instead of coming thru a crack around the window, it enters the room thru the supply air duct. The amount ‘of bypassed outdoor air depends on the type cof equipment used as outlined in Chapter & Table #5, page 97, provides the data fiom which the ventilation requirements for most comfort applications can be estimated The foregoing is that portion of the load on the air conditioning equipment that otiginates outside the space and is common to all applications INTERNAL LOADS Chapter 7 contains the data requized to estimate the heat gain from most items thac generate heat jin the coinditioned space. The internal load, ot heat generated within the space, depends on the character of the application Proper diversity and tasage factor should be applied to all internal loads As with the solar heat gain, some of the ternal gains consist of radiant heat which is partially stored {as described in Chepter 3), thus reducing the load to be impressed on the air conditioning equipment Generally, internal heat gains consist of some or all of the following items 1. People — The human body dhru metabolism generates heat within itsell and releases it by Tadiation, convection, and evaporation trom the surlace, and by convection and evaporation in the respiratory gact. The amount of heat generated and released depends on surround- ing temperature and on the activity level of the person, as listed in Table 48, poge 100 Lights — Wuminants convert electrical power into light and heat (cefer to Chapter 7) Some of the heat is radiant and is partially stored (gee Chapter 3) Appliances — Restaurants, hospitals, labora. tories, and some speciaity shops (beauty shops) have electrical, gas, or steam appliances which release heat into the space. Tables 50 thru 32, ‘pages 101-103, list the recommended heat gain values for most appliances when not hooded. IE fa positive exhaust hood is used with the ap- pliances, the hear gain is reduced Electric calculating machines ~ Refer to manu. Facturer’s data to evaluate the heat gain from elecuic calculating machines Normally, not all of the machines would be in use simulta neously, and, therefore, a usage or diversity factor should be applied to the full load heat gain. The machines may also be hooded, ot partially cooled internally, to reduce the load on the ait conditioning system. Electric motors — Electric motors are a signif. ‘ant load in industrial applications and should be thoroughly analyzed with respect to operat: ing time and capacity before estimating the load (see Item 13 under “Space Character: istics and Heat Load Sources”), It is frequently possible to actually measure this load in exist ing applications, and should be so done where possible Table 53, page 105, provides data for estimating the heat gain from electric motors Hot pipes ond tanks — Steam or hot wate: pipes runaing thru the ait conditioned space, fr hot vater tanks in the space, add heat. In many industrial applications, tanks are open to the ait, causing water to evaporate into the space Tables 54 thru 58, pages 107-109 pro- Vide daca for estimating the heat gain om these sources Miscellaneous sources — These may be othe: sources of heat and moisture gain within a Space, such as escaping steam (industrial cleanr ing devices, pressing machines, etc), absorption of water by hygroscopic materials (paper, eex tiles, ete); see Chapter 716 In addition to the heat gains from the indoor and outdoor sources, the ait conditioning equip- ment and duct system gain or lose heat. The fans and pumps required to distribute the air or water thru the system add heat; heat is also added to supply and return air ducts running thru warmer ‘or hot spaces; cold ait may leak out of the supply duct and hot air may leak into the return duct The procedure for estimating the heat gains trom these sources in percentage of room sensible load, room latent load, and grand total heat load is contained in Chart 3, page 110, and Tables 59 and 60, pages MLD HEATING LOAD ESTIMATE ‘The heating load evaluation is the foundation fot selecting the heating equipment. Normally, the heating load is estimated for the winter design temperatures (Chapter 2) usually occurring at night: therelore, no credit is taken for the heat given off by internal sources (people, lights, etc). This esti ‘mate must take into account the heat loss thru the building structure surrounding the spaces and the heat required to offset the outdoor air which may inflate and/or may be requited for ventilation Chapter 5 contains the transmission coefficients and procedures for determining heat loss. Chapter 6 con- tains the data for estimating the infiltration ait quantities. Fig. 2 illustrates a heating estimate form for calculating the heat loss in 2 building structure Another factor that may be considered in the evaluation of the heating load is temperature swing Capacity requirements may be reduced when the temperature within the space is allowed to drop a few degrees during periods of design load. This, of course, applies to continuous operation only. Table 4, page 20, provides recommended inside design conditions tor various applications, and Zable 13, age 37, contains the data for estimating the pos sible capacity eduction when operating in this mannet The practice of drastically lowering the tempera ture to 50 F db ot 55 F db when the building is unoccupied precludes the selection of equipment based on such capacity reduction Although this type of operation may be effective in realizing fucl econ: omy, additional equipment capacity is requited for PART | LOAD ESTIMATING pickup. In fact, it may be desirable to provide the additional capacity, even if continuous operation is contemplated, because of pickup required after forced shutdown, It is, theretore, evident that the use of storage in reducing the heating load for the purpose of equipment selection should be applied with care HIGH ALTITUDE LOAD CALCULATIONS Since air conditioning load calculations ate based fon pounds of air necessary to handle a load, a decrease in density means an increase in cfm re. quired to satisfy the given sensible load. The weight of air requized to meet the latent load is decreased because of the higher latent load capacity of the air at higher altitudes (greater gr per Ib per degree difference in dewpoint temperature), For the same ciybulb and percent relative humidity, the wet bulb temperature decreases (except at saturation) as the elevation above sea level increases The following adjustments are required for high altitude load calculations (see Chapter 8, Table 66, page 148) 1. Design room air moisture content must be adjusted to the required elevation 2 Standard load estimating methods and forms are used for load calculations, except that the factors affecting the calculations of voluine and sensible and latent heat of air must be multiplied by the relative density at the partic: ular elevation 3 Because of the increased moisture content of the air, the effective sensible heat factor must be corrected, EQUIPMENT SELECTION Alter che load is evaluated, the equipment must be selected with capacity sufficient to offset this load The ait supplied to the space must be of the proper conditions to satisly both the sensible and latent loads estimated. Chapter 8, “Applied Prychromet ries,” provides procedures and examples for deter mining the criteria from which the air conditioning equipment is selected (air quantity, apparatus dew: point, etc).@ CHAPTER | BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD ESTIMATE TREATING CONDITIONS| TeAresATURE OF AR ENTER NIP see SRT ais its | teenie an . Taree Tora taneuion toss | woe) Ser] ee eet 7 seus [fam rary engi nee 7 ee ia TOTAL | GRAND TOTAL NEAT LOSS 2 rx $8 cnet ee ne ews} Fic 2~ Hearing Loan Esrimare19 CHAPTER 2. DESIGN CONDITIONS This chapter presenis the data from which the outdoor design conditions are established for various localities and. inside design conditions for various applications. The design conditions established de- termine the heat content of the air, both outdoor and inside They directly affect the load on the ait conditioning equipment by influencing the transmission of heat across the exterior structure and the difference in heat content between the out: door and inside air. Fot further details, refer to Chapters 5 and 6 OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS — SUMMER AND WINTER. The outdoot design conditions listed in Table 1 are the industry accepted design conditions as pub- lished in ARI Std. 58056 and the 1958 ASHAE Guide. The conditions, as listed, permit a choice of outdoor diy-bulb and wet-Bulb temperatures for dif event types of applications as outlined below. NORMAL DESIGN CONDITIONS — SUMMER Normal design conditions are recommended for use with comfort and industrial cooling applications where it i8 occasionally permissible to exceed the design 100m conditions, ‘These outdoor design con: ditions ate the simultaneously occurring dry-bulb and wetbulb temperatures and moisture content, which can be expected to be exceeded a few times 1 year for short periods The dry-bulb is exceeded more frequently than the wet-bulb temperature, and usually when the wet-bulb is lower than design When cooling and dehiimidification (dehiydra- tion) axe performed separately with these types of applications, use the normal design dry-bulb tem. perature for seleeting the senstble cooling appara. tus; use a moisture content corresponding to the normal design Wetbulb temperature and 80%, th for selecting the dehiamidifiei (dehydrator. Daily range is the average difference between the high and low iy-bulb, temperatures for a. 2t-hr period on a design day’ ‘This range vaties with Tocal climate conditions MAXIMUM DESIGN CONDITIONS = SUMMER Maximum. summer design conditions are recom: mendled for labarateriés and industrial applications where exceeding the room désign conditions: for even short periods of time can'be detrimental toa prodiiét ot piocéss pasate” The itaximum:design diy-bulb and wer-bulb temiperatuies are simultaneous peaks (not individual peaks). The moisture content is an individual peak, and is tied only for use in the selection of sep- acate cooling and dehuimidifying systems for closely controlled spaces. Each of these conditions can be expected to be exceeded no more than $ hours in normal summer NORMAL DESIGN. CONDITIONS — WINTER Normal winter design conditions are recommended for use with all comfort and industrial heating ap- plications. The outdoor dry-bulb temperature can be expected to go below the listed temperatures a few times a year, normally during the early morn- ing houss, The annual degree days listed are the sum of all the days in the year on which the daily mean temperature falls below 65 F db, times the number of degrees between 65 F db and the daily ‘mean temperaturePART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING 1 TABLE 1—OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS—SUMMER AND WINTER Noamat oesien ] ave, | Maxim ctnGn] Nonmar cono“summer | daice | "Cone tummies loedon'eSho ee Stireraoom |aawce| “Surarsanen” | nue: | we oata ane ota ry Te Vaosy wna cnr war |eeten| ory Content Annet] Hrceing Bitcton 80% | Sut fer] auto ‘st eon cs ee Se Daye | Summer | Winer Tiasama T ‘semen wl nls] a» | ms | za | angen ByR{iwsi oe |e] | | Bit [sos | som | ta] de eae elaey aie] ie | Fe) on] ase | ity idee | Sodw| gon | tM Neviponery a5 [fel tins | te ial 13] a | H3nw | an | dt ‘ARIZONA | r T | Toga wfast a | as | ao =» ne r30 x rt ws |] $4 |e ral rey [ul | cow | TE $ Teen ior | Fa A Sow | ganwl aan | 38 Vinee wo | el % ait tas | 3 tone tia | | om | oo 20 [1038 arn | te | AKAMA tonsa as! 76! ross va wo] os roe | ae | aa] as tie et 3 | a ts 103 [eo } uss | "S| Seay | Zenw] asnw] te | 3 cAuronna Tat T Bokersfield ws | 70] $6 2s 25 499 as teams Ne) | de | 3) 8 ie ro] asl x] vs} rox |r | aa] 2 es ws | | [ss | mo | xs] ose | ds) tar | aonw) Renw] ae | oF ‘Gone bah 7 | we] 7) ioe we] isrhes wll nm |t bd Leraeptes ei ml my Ww | as] vam | sosw] cane | ae | 3 ous 1G) & fo | Ft] | os | | 6 ‘entopee 7 To aad | 2 Pocesine ws) 2| 7 | z feet w|i] & eee j wes | ft Shane 1 | | 8 | vo] ro | | rae | | tas | 2 | 1 T ieee |) os | 1 | we] ) ree | as] ise | row | comwl one] 8 S13) 8 | 35 ite bow | ran" | | 8 ie PSE se | 7) 765 ae] am veo} a7 we {vol we] ra pad eotorave aoe gi ce | go | 28 | | | ass | tol seo | ros | 25s © Bronte #8] $8 3% Fort Cen 30 ar (Sed en ef ae) ae fae [oe] ae) ese [15] sata | ose | sen! agar | $ rae eB) 8) 8 |e 3] 88 rater | te | 3b Tonvecricur t tspon asl os] ° ar fonore BL BL a wl a 1S! aus ros fj erew) | een |S 8 jog] oe | 78 | sae) a) 8 Warsrbery -8 a DHAWanE T Sv a5 | 7 | is | as I o wosw| ww |r| wo Bsr. oF cowwmain ] Wahgse wlm[iws| we [|] ise | of sn | sos | raw] om | a Flomoa | T feeereet| Spat os | sus | i as| uss | sosw) se | x octane 5 7 | 9 | a2} isos | as] ites | aosw| some | ts) 30 fy wen z 61 "Ss | soa jaene | 3 | 38 i = we | fo | os | 3] as | tose fiere’ | |B Femerio 2 7 oon | ae | i Temps 5 Hof os 30/ 'a1 | sone |'tane | “SS | “Cevsespends vo drybulo ond werbulo temperatures lad, and i covecod for olvode of iy ‘cerrespods to peak dewpointtenperohes, coraced for ele soooCHAPTER &. DESIGN CONDITIONS ill TABLE 1—OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS—SUMMER AND WINTER (Contd) im NORMAL DESIGN | AVG. | MAXIMUM DESIGN | NORMAL o SORE RIG | ake | “SRO tRAae peleN" She i SSP |e] “Sra Sss™™ PERSE | me oara_| ne ‘te sa frames as Yatra ee Se Yo | we ore | a | nas | oe | annua roe ats] AES a. gc) elegy Soe | Sas | gael | as | apt ee [sk ve ary st) Sah | Aah P| 7 fa crema an + ay gs] | sors | is | ior | ex | sos | of ases | zonw lrrzaw] ors | au ne glglige| a | ey) se zane] BE | 3 =. B1 RLS. | | x ‘Cline wet 76} 00 T j 1 = ‘Macon 9s| 7e/ ui7s 1 1s | 298 | sos | szNw aoa} 33 fe BURL we Le [8] ras | ass. deter] ae 8 Bolse gs | 6s | sas a woe fn | oe soa | sonw | vise | 2705 | 44 oe gle] alu Fr ie | ay] a Bl 8) Safe] | 7 ise 4 C 1 nlm] us | | a ait ceaieigs ale 7 mL e128 ae a z apa ae i att fete a rae TB] ew l eos [vss | Ba ie % z =| ee Bia] | 8 imate nas te[ mf ozs | fom | nf wes || ae | aay | ove " te glalus| 2 [3] mg] ME] Re Tk ae fee poe] BLL LR LS iB | GRE | dase [tee || fom tes | ts wots iiss s| [om face ESeeaE a8 2 ne ls setae ss| ef as] [at] on seam] oa | a2 sone BURL myn Lae TIE] BE | sosw [ISEB] 8 sue BLL Bs | aultae earn tert Room as} 70) v7s | Hie | sso sisw| as | BAPE ZB] BS Jioos 498] AT |S Tae + a: wl ala |» mul as] [as |un[ » xe, Sai tae etl aetilengs =a] se Gre) uae) { = Aa it =f fy LB ‘ Topeka oo | 78 |” 1075 w 10 | sors [to0s 92S on | ae wot WLR ELT [oe lie [ER BEDE [eee Te Tawa? me oleae wel we tos | n| sla [ol | 31 8 | oom [REY] oe ns 2 x] wl a foment sla} in | fetal mz | Bf im | cose |oet | F/B nos Slew) B Lele | Bl ampere | els oom etal» |e sa | Fra shal gids 7 na ees aa 7 — fa elena wi | roe luaw | ow] a jive Pesnue ie T wa Tw a iso wale fu |x ws | 2 [ros la] «| ee | a fate lee ee {Coriponds te peak dewpct lenperotir, corrected Forside EDD 11 comttening Corny aE ERR eR TemePART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING 112 TABLE 1—QUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS—SUMMER AND WINTER (CONT.) 6 7 WoRMAL oeson | ave. [MAXIMUM DEON | NORMAL | Cono—sumer | catty |"Cono~sumeeee jossion conn es Sayarazo'™m janes | “suyaracore | when | wp para cry | war-|Contens®| ory. | Dry- | war- Centon] | Ory- | annua | Proving Dos Bate | Bute fervor Bute | Sue | Bulb fart at | Bub | Degree is | Mi[seyesa | St |r | im) arya | | ‘pave’ | simmer | war | th) tear ws |r| ss | uw | oe || usr | sosw}azmw! | ae Conroe | $ hw 2 Ginberane ssl sj | ow fee] i 2 Tredeek 7 =F ww co Foaoere | 3 wi 2 Scuere | 8 tw! rH MAssAcHUsErTS j i j ‘bert | nw 2 ice mfr] i | a | | me se sas} sosw lew | ou] i fetter i a Bs al wap Ww a __ Non los] oo | us wii New beste | a Pomoc | i w a a als) we | ow : sosw oo | 2 |B) ie |e I as | a ‘MicHGAN i ‘ipeee ss] 75] 59 | =o] a nosw} ais | as ee tenia i = Rw 8 Dats as [asl om | ow |i |r| sss | 10 | sso |reosw |rzosw | ain | Brenabe =is|_ oy aN a ae Bs, eS 1 Te ww ee Grand Rapids Bs] & | | =10} wor | eaw fainw] ae | as Ksiomerso as " a ieesng | 75 | 14 | 20 (eee ede) sadw| on | 8 ‘eng T sie | 7a Tew aH Moravere nj nl} 2 |» | 9% Tol bas toltw! aa | Seger Bl BL oe j | ety a Sct Se are | -n| 90 esse | au] Tminwesora i ‘lenovo I os nw nom al a| se |e 228) gas [rsa gw fraud | aaa | a Minsooots $4751 1 | | oe io fas [1008" [idiew| “ae | S Cloud = i Si Paut os | 7s| 99 fw | roa | mo] ania | 29] ros | cose | osm] rie | ts ‘MissSsiPI 1 T octson a ros | | ase | as sosw | 77sec] a6) 22 Meron asl 7 a | 0 | amo | tssw | Zn | ito] 32 whos Bm a fowl 8 | tase | osm | aa" | ae | 3 wMissouRl Gatnt oc | 78 | 105s | =19 | 270 aosw| 79 | Eom Cry 400 | 36 | toss | i J aoe | ze | vase | T1b | a2 | vos frosew| Zar | oe Nose ie [tos | a2 | 0s bw jor | Tio LTE es [we Paae | ar | as ae | aos fas | ass fe Steph =13 | Spe sanw| ai | a3 Sea ta_| oe | 7 | vase [510] i869 | aos frase’ | saan | MONTANA i ‘Shing js} rm | 2 |r| | =a | mo naw | ane | as ane =n Rw] sie) =p Sw | aaa | de os |r| | w | =| aus | zoe | oaSw| tam | spa] a | we Fe] Wa | te | Tao | TSW Ta Sw | 4099 | 7 a [as | 3s =m | wee bao | Sane | 43 | a5 | i Sbs | 2am | wsiw| o |» | Zio | oe esas | ¢ Corresponds fo dybule and wat bulb femperaarer Heoresponds 12 jrand is oreced for cite ot hy imparour, corrected For at + seaeeraeenesnegCHAPTER 2 DESIGN CONDITIONS Lis @ TABLE 1—OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS SUMMER AND WINTER (CONT. NORMAL DEIN | AVG, | MAXIMUM bEsiON | NORMAL cono—summer | daity | ‘ConD—suMMeR | DESIGN COND. ae Sy 300 ¢M” |RANGE) “ly oF 300 ‘WiNTeR Wino DATA | Eleve ‘AN [oie Miah ‘Ave, Velocy and | Above cnr Dey- | Wor-[Gonten!®|Dey~ | Dey | wt-[Contantf| Dey Prevailing Direction ton Bole | Beit Ggr/e st} Bute Bale | Bute Bale tevet | fod a yon) i |e [ei a sommor | Winter | ‘tht | fog) NEBRASKA 1 ‘Grend and x nase | at cot os] 78] im | 2 | 106 | 70 | ws |] ue i {ot L i owas r | fl Font ition culine a foe | ol ae Howton | aj so | so | 3 Kaposia =20 | 1750 wo | 72) @ fags: Si rio ros | we] as ( Kier =r p70] i004 london = ne | el Nort Sey —0 as jua [rate | as Grows sol 7s | Tis | caso | te [ns | ae | as ersersat att t air | ae ‘solace! ay as jaar | 3° ‘eatery oy | 7 Tain = | 1300 | 48 eee we |e Spams pat tar 8 wesiet 3 | ns | a) 2 9 ‘Sout Ste ato va | 7s | to as| 7 ‘Prince EDWARD \ SAND ‘Carotene | <3 | amo | ar fav ml ‘auenee : ‘sige =19 | 1040 er | 3s ra take “10 vias | ss en Joh an waa__| ie | erivest we 7 Sapa fase Po Hein = a a ( JS uae ci | rs | we Zia | swe | oo |_| ave | eer bent = 90) 3 Sherboste =i | aso a2 | ao] as Wee Ret [en 0 | 48 : 1 1 T SASKATCHEWAN. ince Ast nes ae trae] Fesino in| as form fixe funn | sane | 50 Seaton we) 70] 8 oro |ior | a7 f tas | st Sait rent 480 ve | aw7 | I ‘Wicon TeARITORY Sevan 190 yas | 84 ‘wee ey | ane | at Teomesponds fo dry bub ond wet tmperatices Usted a frouemonde peck devpeittempsterecorected fr eladsaes ea 1.18 CORRECTIONS TO OUTDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS FOR TIME OF DAY AND TIME OF YEAR The normal design conditions tor summet, listed in Table 1, ate applicable co the month of july at about $:00 PM Frequently, the design conditions at other times of the day and other months of the year must be known Table 2 lists the approximate corrections on the dry-butb and wer-bulb temperatures ftom 8 am. to 12 pm based on the average daily range The diy. bulb corrections aie based on analysis of weather data, and the wetbulb comections assume a rela. tively constant dewpoint throughout the 24by period Table 3 lists the approximate corrections o€ the dty-balb and wetbulb temperatures from March to November, based on the yeatly range in dry-bulb temperature (summer normal design dry-bulb minus winter normal design dry-bulb temperature). These cotrections are based on analysis of weather data and are applicable only to the cooling load estimate Example I ~ Corrections to Design Conditions Given A comfort application in New Youk Giey Find: The approximate dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures at 12:00 nooa in October PART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING Solution: Normal design conditions for New York in July at $:00 Pm are 95 F b.75 F wh (Table fy Daily range in New York City is 1 Fab ‘Yearly range in New York Gity = 95 —0 = 95 ¥ ab Correction for time of day (12 noon) from Table 2 Dry-bulb =~5 F Wee dul = 15 Corcection for tine of year (October) from Table 3: Drysbut ‘Wee but Design onditiont at 12 noon in October (approximate) Dry-bulb =95~5-— 1 Weebl INSIDE COMFORT DESIGN CONDITIONS — SUMMER The inside design conditions listed in Table 4 ae recommended for ype of application net Thos conditions ae based on experience gaiheed (oo many applications ubsantiated by AGHA vee The optimum or deluxe conditions are chosen where conte ate not of prime porns acd a comfort applications in localities having seam : outdoor design dry bulb temperance ot Fae Since al of the leads (vn, lights people, eden a,c) do mo pak imttannidy ft any ros longed pevios it may be unceonoial to deena for the optinva conden TABLE 2—CORRECTIONS IN OUTDOOR DESIGN TEMPERATURES FOR TIME OF DAY (For Cooling Load Estimates) Foamy RANGE OF Teupera- STORE" cl 2 0 3 Soe SSE Toad Pie a was | 5 a oot 30 l"rybue | 14 =p ° £ I aa a ° co xis =r 0 2 Wau | ='t = ° o 30 rae | ie =e e worse | o's me 8 eye far 7 | Wasa | —"s 8 | Porm} 34 ° iq wee | — 7 8 | SP Debate SE a é be T for he velvet day range foro Extn Outdoee design tempera 'smpeiavr te dference between he highest ond Towel ular chiia iia as isi CHAPTER 2 DESIGN CONDITIONS TABLE 3—CORRECTIONS IN OUTDOOR Lis DESIGN CONDITIONS FOR TIME OF YEAR (For Cooling Loed Estimates) Veanty : RANGE OF Time OF YEAR Tenrena eee ‘Moy [dene | auly | Avon 1 7s ‘ Q i ¢ 7 ° ° 6 ° > 8 6 Te 3 7 3 6 ve ° 7 3 2 % Brybip ¢ ° Wess co] 6 ca any ¢ ° of oo o]— e | oo @ a z 3 @ 2 3 8 i + 2 oy 7 2 9 9 4 7 ° 7 i 3 ‘ a 3 z ° ° 5 2 3 8 2 7 o 3 7 2[ af 6 3 2 rT 7 z tie] 8 Q 23 3 “Yeon range of emperor ise diferance behwcen the Gmaer and The commercial inside design conditions are ree ommended for general comfort ait conditioning ap Plications, Since a majority of people are comfort able at 75 F or 76 F db and mound 459% to 50% rh, the thermostat is set to these temperatures, and these conditions are maintained under partial loads. As the peak loading occurs (outdoor peak dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures, 100%, sun, all people and lights, etc), the temperature in the space rises to the design point, usually 78 F db Hf the temperature in the conditioned space is forced to rise, heat will be stored in the building mass Refer to Chapter 2, “Heat Storage, Diversity and Stratification,” tor a more complete discussion of heat storage With summer cooling, the tempera- ture swing used in the calculation of storage is the difference between the design temperature and the normal thermostat setting The range of summer inside design conditions is provided to allow for the most economical selection ‘of equipment. Applications of inherently high sen- Winer sormclduign drpbul fomperares Mable 1) "= Outdoor design temperate from Tobe 1+ Coreen trom above tetle sible heat factor (relatively small latent load) usually result in the most economical equipment selection if the higher dry-bulb temperatures and lower relative humidities are used. Applications with low sensible heat factors (high latent load) usually result in more economical equipment selection if the lower dry. bulb temperatures and higher relative humidities are used INSIDE COMFORT DESIGN CONDITIONS — WINTER For winter season operation, the inside design conditions listed in Table # are recommended for general heating applications. Wich heating, the temperature swing (variation) is below the corafort condition at the time of peak heating load (no people, lights, or solar gain, and with the minimum outdoor temperature) Heat stored in the building structure during partial load (day) operation reduces the required equipment capacity for peak load oper. ation in the same manner as it does with coolingPART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING \ iste sea @ TABLE 4—RECOMMENDED INSIDE DESIGN CONDITIONS*—SUMMER AND WINTER Tanne ware ae Delors Commercial Proce Wik Honiaicaton act APrticaTion Be [Bae Be] team |e |e | Ta Teoh, Sue tm | tam | tam | Sete | Bat | tae | Sec) Seoot | | ah dts | SIAR | oe | eh | ot ii Sevear comron? j 3 Spec nowuy Hoty Oren | 7474 | So4s | 7779) sous] ved | rare | asa | mn| =a “Reisen Soeel te eee von | sous | reso) sous] area | rare ascot ns| =a a | rom | samo | mae) oso) ren | 7274 | sas vars) 4 tenowran Kien | | Ht smeroRY COMFORT 1 1 ee t “Sty Aeon ran | ssus| sous] woo) ame | aur jasc | ct,) am) -6 es eco te { ‘ejocon, to compere fr he elease bck windows fot nzraner,el n w the ground love are cld pores during emperatrs swing it ebove te themes! Hemperalre swing ic balow tte tarmosot slg at chars should be rednd when hak vadlant pena ava edjacen fo fm ocapant ond leased when cid paras are ‘decreara i rodiom hoot exchange from the body 4 Nl ot ced pone! may be uneded glo gle ‘Gnd hin pastors win ht or cold yoacosaulacrt. An wbested db far a the ground of walt balw fer and eqroniy suing te ssnmor aso Hot tank, ences ot meciet ove fot pone ting ot peek nar load condos. ae ASIDE INDUSTRIAL DESIGN CONDITIONS 1 A constant temperature level is required for Table 5 lists typical temperatures and relative close tolerance measuring, gaging, machin umidities used in preparing, processing, and manu- ing, or grinding operations, to prevent expan- ietuting various products, and for storing both Taw sion and contraction of the machine parts, nd finished goods ‘These conditions are only typical machined products and measuring devices {what has-been used, and may vary with appli Normally, a constant temperature is more im tio They may also vary 2s changes occur in portant than the temperature level A constant tod... products, and knowledge of the eect of Telative humidity is secondary in nature but Smperature and humidity In all cases, the tem should not go over 45% to minimize formation ature and humidity conditions and the permis- of heavier surface moisture film ble limits of variations on these conditions should Non-hygroscopic materials such as metas, gas, established by common agreement with the cus plastics, etc, have a property of capturing seas water molectles within the microscopic surtace Some of the conditions listed have no effect on the crevices, forming an invisible, non-continuows oduct or process other than to increase the eff- surface film, The density of this film increases iency of the employee by maintaining comfort when relative humidity increases. Hence, this inditions. This normally improves workmanship film must, in many instances, be held below nd uniformity, thus reducing rejects and produc: critical point at which metals may etch, or the ton cost. In some cases, it may be advisable to electric resistance of insulating materials is sig smpromise between the requived conditions and nificantly decreased infor conditions to maineain high quality com- 2 Where highly polished surfaces ate manufac. ensurate with low production cost tured or stored, a constant relative humidity Generally, specific inside design conditions are and temperature is maintained, to minimize quired in industrial applications for one or more increase in surface moisture flim. The tem- the following reasons: perature and humidity should be at, ot a littleCHAPTER 2 DESIGN CONDITIONS below, the comfort conditions, to minimize perspiration of the operator, Constant tem- perature and humidity may also be required in machine rooms to prevent etching ot cor rosion of the parts of che machines. With applications of this type. it the conditions are not maintained 24 hours @ day, the starting of air conditioning after any prolonged shutdown should be done carefully: (1) During the sum- mer, the moisture accumulation in the space should be reduced before the temperature is reduced; (2) During che winter, the moisture should not be introduced belore the materials hhave a chance to warm up if they are cooled during shutdown periods 4. Control of relative humidity is required to maintain the strength, liability, and regain of hhydioscopic materials, such as textiles and paper The humidity must also be contolled in some applications to reduce the effect of static electricity. Development of static elect chaiges is minimized at relative humidities of 55% or higher 4. The temperature and relative humidity con. trol ate required to regulate the rate of chemi- cal o1 biochemical reactions, such as drying of 131 varnishes ot sugar coatings, preparation of synthetic fibers o1 chemical compounds, fer: mentation of yeast, ete Generally, high tem peratures with low humidities increase drying ates; high temperatures increase the rate of chemical reaction, and high temperatures and relative humidities increase such processes as yeast fermentations 5. Laboratories require precise control of both temperature and relative humidity ot cither Both testing and quality control laboratories are frequently designed to maintain the ASTM Standard Conditions* of 784 F db and 50% mh 6. With some industrial applications where the load is excessive and the machines or materials do not benefit fiom controlled conditions, it may be advisable to apply spot cooling for the reliet of the workers Generally, the conditions to be maintained by this means will be above normal comfort ‘Published in ASTM pamphlet dated 929-48 Thete condi tions have also been approved by the Techical Committee fon Standard Temperature and Relative Humidity Conditions of the FSB (Federal Specifcations Noard) with one vatia ton: FSB permits *4¥,, wheress ASTM requires 22% per rissable Bumidity tolerancePART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING 1-22 TABLE S—TYPICAL INSIDE DESIGN CONDITIONS—INDUSTRIAL (Aisted conditions are only typical; final design conditions are established by customer requirements) T ay a >a sue | ay au | aw nousrey Process er | ouster Process |) “ABRASIVE | Nonslecwe 750 | 155 GiRAMies | Betretory Treas | 090 Mating be so. | cove aaKe Devan nicer Fam [so r Sores ean _| $305. Femnetog yea | to7s Seca! & Bocrating_ [7580 | asso Foot ton fas | toas Stead Cooter 7080 | e095 CEREAL Fockasing 7530 _|_ 45.50 al Roo ws | OS, OSMETICS o es alee Bn yaaa | 4570 E co S70 Ce Ning getos | DISTILUNG | Sere i Goce tae | sous) | 3 Ga xe ice BE | dts Eo oT Senge ligis Yoo oa = — i iors 8 Died haved 7 | sees Mig ee Frosh hared yous | as BUECTAICAL | Eearanc & Xray : ne poze [es proouers cae io ce ee Shorea wer [3500 Tube aro, a | 4 pa eral i Seger wf 3s Tig tab 7 | sos + Tamas Aan. Weer mas | a 7 | S085 vas ae oasortlcrano: Aidiot Asem, aE : Tea 7 | soss ane aa Clone Tat Aver A | ious nent be Sater anem Tor | 7476 | 4083 ions EE Seudgear oy i Fie & GROW a ron ‘acm n_| tis Yeas mat 73 a ma | 2 toner was [75 Paper 5 Ae ae ious 75 condor Wrapping [75 | 4570 eo EY img arose | 3 | 2040 Ferment Cater ff ec rt ier es | ‘Sem & Te 7 | 3040 is [7s oe z king Calor mas | 73 ee eco cor cane sar | as Fister 7 _| seo canoy— nay Conor a ry Ehocotare | foneDippina em | anes | so.ss Fone Oring Te Exobing fe 7300 | 3580 Shed rectmesd | 1b29 | eeu Storage sess | 56s ( Toading aia Gan Caton Sip fon. s is TETHER Ore Yeo. Tomed 7 Grome Toma [175 fen Soadsty Fa stores wos | ro ig Centon ‘canby—Hano | Me yea | a0a0 orricat Srining wo tag & cooing | 7580 | 03 Mean Se | orcas MATCHES faa mm | Pacing aizs | toad Pring yrs | 40 Soroge 6875 | i530 sioroge on | 9 DrzingSelten Gum | 120150 | 15 Tauwions [etal Person Menioctow | 7549 | 4550 crewne cum | Wie 7 |B Iellag & | a Eriotng nls treating no) oe Siroonia nA |SCHAPTER 2, DESIGN é TABLE 5—TYPICAL INSIDE CONDITIONS—INDUSTRIAL (Contd) [listed conditions are only typical; final design conditions are established by customer requirements) oe oe sus | aw suis | aw woustay Process | oustey Process Ca) FHARMACEI. | Pooder trou TUES teams) | Coto ae ey Before Mfg. 70-80 30.38 Ring Spinning Aer ie Fea | 538 Gonvoniencl | “Sas _[ e070 Inge @ [a Gog Gran] 8085 Tetint Conprening | 7080 | 40 frame pining | 8605 -| 5550 — eth ents wo | a Spesing, Woneia| 7a80__| 20-65 Cds yo | 3050 Combing [5545 Eough Symp wo | ae Comer Slomniarfea | reso} $10 ard, Sieg pte le | 3s ae ‘Sata Copia nm | wos i : Cipntecieage | 75 | 3840 ea Wiecenalye Contor Fier ( Binge a 20 Tas Eerang ver Broa 7820 | 2040 ss Sera Conia — nal Re Scaler Brenna move ny mas] 80 = Uictenat — | ety a reang | dsz3"| toro a i Streoe= Hecwy Fim Bese, Flies ep Paper, Cocted oa Popes. tiad te Carding, Combing, | ‘Sofety Flee 0-00 15.56 & Gilling " 40-70 4 Noe a 1650] 00 Heese T580 mast cr Brewing 5070 argo Sang ap Sng 5055 onporss | t0 | 2530 Seen, Wing $580 Gaieptene a ‘Weevig so0 ‘PLYWOOD, Hot Press—Resin 0 Finishing | 60 sid Fe * sik 7 PRECISION ‘Spectrographic Ana! ‘Comfort ae e BRE oe Macane | Sror Metding & Tie 7500 | ssu0 wo | 6570 storego— [so Gent wee says Gena Ge] 8 [8 Spee wx ( adivngs Theva a] ss ( Soe haven fear Bene Aina Peccn Regenecied | oo] Fonieg 75-80 Eu a £0) a Spm tayo [eo FaNTNE Tater Ome a Fee Frenron wea meee ss Sede TS Seale soso | soso i shea & Wed Pt Coast oie 7 Songe Feldngrele} Conte os | TERGERATION | Vee ig | 6 Eroramnenion | cos | 6s | Eguiment | Conprenar Aven | 7074 | 2048 Sythe Fiber | feflowrrer Aer ‘conto Flom Weeniog Testing oan [a Visor we | | EUGBER DIPID le 7] Salone | 00-70, | sons Cotening fe | 230 _ a ‘Surgical Articles 7590 25.90 bak in Storage Before Mfg. | 40.75 | 40.50 Toeacco “Giger & Giger I ieBemwser | Se |“! sare aera er 4 Tes Coto setetng oo, | 8588 ‘Opening E Flog | 70-75 [ 3570 Seoming& Sepnne] 7585 | 73 Conds war | _ a8 ondloning 3 | 3 Drawing E Reva | 20 | S500 wine @ hoping | 75 | _69 ED se continng nmoser + ee Ta rE Ie IpeRNEI ENTER ROTICHAPTER 3. HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY AND STRATIFICATION The normal load estimating procedure has been to evaluate the instantaneous heat gain to a space and to assume that the equipment will remove the hheat at this rate Generaily, it was found that the ‘equipment setected on this basis was oversized and therelore capable of maintaining much lower room conditions than the original design. Extensive analy- sis, 1eseazch and testing have shown that the reasons for this are: 1 Storage of heat in the building structure 2 Nonsimuleancous occurrence of the peak of the individual loads (diversity) 3 Stratification of heat, in some cases This chapter contains the data and procedures for determining the load the equipment is actually picking up at any one time (actual cooling load), taking into account the above factors. Application of these data to the appropriate individual heat gains results in the actual cooling load The actual cooling load 1s generally consider ably below the peak total instantaneous heat gain, thus requiting smaller equipment to perform a specific job. In addition, the air quantities and/or water quantities aie reduced, resulting in a smaller overall system Also as brought out in the tables, if the equipment is operated somewhat longer dur- ing the peak load periods, and/or the temperature jin the space is allowed to rise a few degrees at the peak periods during cooling operation, a further reduction in requited capacity results The smaller system operating for longer periods at times of peak oad will produce a lower first cost to the customer wich commensurate lower demand charges and lower operating costs. It is a wellknown fact that equipment sized to more nearly meet the require ments results in a more efficient, better operating system Also, if smaller system is selected, and is based on extended periods of operation at the peak load, it results in a more economical and efficient system at 3 partially loaded condition Since, in most cases, the equipment installed to perform a specific function is smaller, there is less margin for error. This requires more exacting en gineering including ait distribution design and system balancing With multistory, multi-room application, it is usually desirable to provide some flexibility in the air side o1 100m load to allow for individual room control, Ioad pickup, ete Generally, it is recom- mended thar the fuil reduction from storage and diversity be taken on the overall refrigeration ot building load, with some degree of conservatism on the air side ot room loads ‘This degree should be determined by the engineer from project requite ments and customer desires A system so designed, full reduction on relrigeration load and less than full reduction on air side or 100m load, meets all of the flexibility requirements, except at time of peak load. In addition, such a system has a low ‘owning and operating cost STORAGE OF HEAT IN BUILDING STRUCTURES The instantaneous heat gain in a typical comfort application consists of sun, lights, people, tans mission thru walls, roof and glass, infiltration and ventilation ait and, in some cases, machinery, appli- ances, electric calculating machines, etc A large portion of this instantancous heat gain is radiant hheat which does not become an instantaneous load on the equipment, because it must strike a soi surface and be absorbed by this surface, before be: coming a load on the equipment. The breakdown on the various instantaneous heat gains into radiant heat and convected heat is approximately as follows: ‘The remaining 409, is dissipated as latent load. + Transmision load is considered 10 be 100% convective foxd This loal is notmaly a relacively smal part of the total load, and for simplicity i considered to be Uhe fostantancous Toad fon the equipment The load from machinery or appliances varies. depending upon the temperate of che surlace The higher the surface temperature the greater the radiant heat loadASTANT SPACE TEMPERATURE AND EQUIPMENT RATING PERIODS 5 the radiant heat from sources shown in the ve table strikes a solid surface (walls, floor, ceil etc), it is absorbed, raising the temperature at surface of the material above that inside the cial and the air adjacent to the surface This perature difference causes heat flow into the cial by conduction and into the ait by convec- The heat conducted away from the surface is ed, and the heat convected from the surface omes an instantaneous cooling load ‘The portion adiant heat being stored depends on the ratio. Xe resistance to heat flow into the material and resistance t© heat flow into the ait film With € construction materials, the resistance to heat inthe material is much lower than the air vane; therefore, most of the radiant heat will stored However, as this process of absorbing tant heat continues, the material becomes warmer less capable of storing more heat he highly varying and relatively sharp peak of instantancous solar heat gain results in 2 large of it being stored at the time of peak solar heat », as iMlustrated in Fig 3 hhe upper curve in Fig “gain lor a west exposure, and the lower curve typical of the solar 3 — Acruat Coornc Loxp, Soak Hear GAIN, ‘West Exrosure, AVERAGE CONSTRUCTION ey Actuat Cootinc Loan FRoM FLuoREScENT Ligitts, AvERaGE CONSTRUCTION PART | LOAD ESTIMATING is the actual cooling load that results in an average construction application with the space tempera: ture held constant The reduction in the peak heat gain is approximately 40% and the peak load lags the peak heat gain by approximately 1 hour The crosshatched areas (Figg 3) represent the Heat Stored and the Stored Heat Removed fom the construction. Since all of the heat coming into a space must be removed, these two areas are equal ‘The relatively constant light toad results in a large portion being stored just after the lights are turned on, with a decreasing amount being stored the longer the lights are on, as illustrated in Fig 4 ‘The upper and lower curves represent the instan- taneous heat gain and actual cooling load trom fluorescent lights with a constant space temperature ‘The croshatched areas are the Heat Stored and the Stored Heat Removed from the conswuction, The dotted line indicates the actual cooling load for the first day if the lights are on longer than the period shown ‘Figs. 3 and 4 illustiate the relationship between the instantaneous heat gain and dhe actual cooling load in average construction spaces. With light con struction, less heat is stored ac the peak (less storage capacity available), and with heavy construction, more heat is stored at the peak (more storage capac ity available), as shown in Fig. 5 ‘This aspect affects the extent of zoning requited in the design of a system for a given building; the lighter the building construction, the more attention should be given to zoning The upper curve of Fig 5 is the instantaneous solar heat gain while the three lower curves are the actual cooling load for light, medium and heavy construction respectively, with a constant tempera ture in the space. One more item that significandy affects the storage of heat is the operating period of the air conditioning equipment All of the curves shown in Fic 5 — Actuat Coote Loan, Socar Hear Gain, Licitr, Mepium aNo Heavy Cossraucrion SesCHAPTER § HEAT STORAGE DIVERSITY AND STR ATEFIG\TION Figs. 3, 4, ond 5 illuscrate che actual cooling load for 2¢hour operation If the equipment is shut down alter 16 hours of operation, some of the stored heat remains in the building construction This heat must be removed (heat in miust equal heat out) and will appeat asa pulldown load when the ‘equipment is tuned on the next day, as justrated in Fig 6 ‘Adding the pulldown load to the cooling load tor that day results in the actual cooling load tor 16-hour operation, as illustrated in Tig 7 The upper curve represents the instantaneous heat gain and the lower curve the actual cooling load for that day with a constant temperature maintained within the space during the operating period of he equipment. The dotied line represents the ad- nal cooling load {rom the heat left in the build ing construction The temperature in the space rises during the shutdown period trom the night- time transmission load and the stored heat, and is brought back to the contol point during the pull- down period Shorter periods of operation increase the pull- down load because more stored heat is lefe in the building construction when che equipment is shut off, Fig @ illustrates the pulldown load for 12-hour operation ‘Adding this pulldown load to the cooling load tor that day results in the actual cooling lod tor I2howr operation, as illustrated in Fig The upper and lower solid curves are the in stantaneous heat gain and the actual cooling load in average construction space with a constant tem verature maintained during the operating period The crosshatched aveas again represent the Feat (red and the Stored Heat Removed from the construction The light load (fluorescent) is shown in Fig 10 tor 12. and 16-how operation with a constant space temperature (assuming 10-hour operation of lights). Fie, 6 — Pottnown Loan, Soar Heat Gan West Exrosuxe, 16-80u8 OPERATION EBD 1 contisoning Compaer sereRNSeeR RES TNE TENT Lar sysname Hear — Acruat Cootixe Loan, Solar Hear GAIN, West Exposure, 10-HOUR OPERATION Fic Fie 8 — Purtooww Loan, Soar Hat Gain, ‘West Exposure, 1240uR OPERATION Fic. 9—Aeruar Coorinc Loo, Sotax Heat Gam, ‘West Exposure, 12-40UR OPERATION sarc Ha | LZ. Fig. 10 — Actuat Coote Loan rom Frvonescent Licitts, 12. ano 16-110UR OPERATIONLas Jasis of Teblos 7 thru 12 Storage load Factors, Solar and Light Heat Gain 12, 16. and 24bour Oper Constont SpoteTemporature These tables are calculaed, using « procedure leveloped trom a series of tests in actual buildings These tests were conducted in office buildings, sw sermarkets, and residences duoughout this country The magnitude at the storage effect is determined argely by the thermal capacity or heat holding: aapacity of che materials sur1ounding the space, The ermal capacity of 2 material is the weight times hhe specific heat of the material Since the specific reat of most construction material is approximately 320 Buu/ (Ib) (E), the thermal capacity is directly proportional to the weight of the material. There: lor{ ve daca in the tables is based on weight ol the naterials surrounding the space, per square foot of oor arca 4Jse of Tables 7 they 12 Storage Load Factors, Solar and Light Heat Gain 12, 16, and 2¢hour Operation, Consent Space Temperature Tables 7 thaw 11 are used co determine the actual coling load from the solar heat gain with a con- stant temperature maintained within the space for different types of construction and periods of oper~ ution With both the 12- and 16-hou: factors, the starting time is assumed to be 6 am suntime (7 am Saving Time). The weight per sq ft of types of construction ave listed in Tables 21 thru 33, pages 66-76. The actual cooling load is determined by mul- tiplying the storage load factor from these tables fo vy or all times by the peak solar heat gain for the particular exposure, month and lativude desired Table 6 is a compilation of the peak solar heat gains for each exposure, month and latitude These values are extracted from Table 15, page #4. The peak solar heat gain is also to be multiplied by either or both the applicable over-all factor for shading devices (Table 16, page 52) and the cor rections listed under Table 6 Reduction in solar heat gain from the shading of the window by reveals and/or overhang should also be utilized Example 1 — Actual Cooling Loed, Solar Heat Gain ‘A 20 X20 fx fe onside offce room with O-inch sand fugregate concrete Boor, with Aor tle finish, 2y-inch solid sand plaster partitions, no suspended ceiling. and a inch common brick outside wall with 94-inch sand aggre gate plaster finish on inside surface A 16 ft 5 fe stel sash tindow wich a white venetisn blinel is in the outside wall and che wall faces west PART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING Find ‘The actual cooling load from the solar heat gain ia July at pm. 40° North latitude with the air conditioning Coquipment operating 24 hours during the peak load periods and a constant temperatore maintxined within the voor 1B The cooling load at 8 pm for the same conditions Solution: ‘The weighe per «4 fof faor area of this room (values ob: tained from Chapter 8) 0X8) — 6X5) Outside watt = = ses yate (rato 8) = 252 th/sq ft floor area Loa Dxexs raceme =14x BEERS ca tg irate 26 pe) iat mieten so ag BE so mg (renee 7” =2965 Ib/sq ft Roor area 7 x2 cating ag BEB esting (habe page) = 295 Ib/sq ft floor area idea NOTE: One ha fh ation feo and eng hid ‘Toual weight per sq ft of floor area P+ 182-4295 4295 =97 4 hjsg fe “The overall factor for the window with the white venetian bind is 056 (Table 16, page #2) and the correction for steel sash = 1/ 35 A. Stouage factor, f pan = 065 (Table 7) The peak solar hest gain for a west exposure in July at 40" North latitude = 164 Bua/(hny(q f), (Table 6) Actual cooling load \ (sx:18x 68x 8-5) xen = 10 fe W soage acon pm = 2(74H7) cual ling tn el = = (sx iss iti sox.) 20110 mee Table 12 is used to determine the actual cooling load from the heat gain from lights These data may also be used to determine the actual cooling load Krom: 1, People — except in densely populated areas such as auditoriums, theaters, etc The radiant heat exchange from the body is reduced in situations like this because there is relatively less surface available for the body to radiate to 2 Some appliances and machines that operate periodically, with hot exterior surfaces such as ovens, diyers, hot tanks, etc NOTE: For Items | and 2 above, use values listed for fluorescent exposed lightsCHAPTER 3 HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND STRATIFICATION 129 Example 2 — Actual Cooling Load, Lights end People Solution: The time elapsed after the lights are wumed on is 8 hours Giver: ‘The same room as in Bsample J with a Hight heat gain of AM 4 pm) 4 watts pets ft of floor atest including ballast. exposed storage oad factor © 87 (Table 12) ‘Auorescent lights and 4 people The room temperature to be utintained at 78 F db with 2b-howr operation ducing the peak Joad periods Sensible heat gain from people=215 Bnuyhe (Table #8 page 100) Find i ‘The actual cooling tal at 4 pm, (withthe lights turned on {x34 1 25 X 20380) + (4215) ]x 87 x 2 the people arive at 8am) =5190 tuft al TABLE 6—PEAK SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS* Bru/thr}sg ft) | i Thess ‘RPOsURE NORTH LATITUDE we [8 hose [955] ie iv] 2a |u| @ |i | is ia | is | 7 | te ea | iat Me} as | ate | v4 ie | tte 8 yar | 13 | 79 2 ia | & i | a We | tw | 2 iss 3 | as | 159 a a) ise | tas 0 vi 1s | 139 tos wy | tt | toa % 1% | A 155 | "68 2 iar | 108 13 | 3 a tea | 120 ty | 2% 15 mm) | |i 138 os | a | a3 | tes ne nia | 2s | na | gs 7 lis | uo | és | ue | is St | tar | tea fant | 60 | tay a ize | tse fan | tee | tae io [vat fte fae ft fat wae | 1s |v] a | 90 | oo 31 | te | 190 | 30 | 100 | ise tos | 155 | a9 | 3a | tay | tas vo | ise | tsz [ros | sz | se ge lis | fis [1 | as m4 | ne | te fase | tea | ne 12 | tos | tee | tas | tse | tos | mm fra pa | pa |e ta | ist | as | a | tas | ie oo | 6a | de | 10 |e | tea oj ‘se | tas | 6a Jaco | tee | tas 7 | 35] ta | tsa | tee | tes | ta S| ia | to | ts fas | ise | 100 sj m0 | ‘te | ae [nas [ae | ‘oe | Avg & Apel Sept & March Bera rab Nov Ben ve [a6 | tae | as Ts | hy | tas | v3 13 | / [Aen & Apr a | isa | 97 wy he SL oNagt ae mer ia] ise | 13 1a “Saas ae | ios | 57 1s | Now & San 3 |e | ae 7 | Me = [le weap paw ‘Exrosune SOUTH (ATITUBE eee] 2 | 7 | | ne 3 wast | | oeshe | *nbstoced trom Tobe 15, page 42 asin on Noch axponsre in No latitede or on South expense le South lider) conte primary of sire ration wh bs enon oluas for tin experra ore the overage forthe T2 br parod (8am lo 8 pan] The soroge ‘onthe Nort [or Souh} sxpoure i eoutarh Solar he aby coant throughout the day. The fectrs Tablas? th 11 one thet te oar ba30 TABLE 7—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WT INTERNAL SHADE* 24 Hour Oparation, Constant Space Temperaturet PAR | LOAD ESTIMATING roams | tte a ei eae ite Beaten Pra azpe[elelnfafi]z[el [stelle]? False] a] ae] | P| a on oreo ‘ae tl30| 2001) | tI] 2] 12/4 rl feunoon 5] 964 af Sf Sau ttar | a oe | ° a] [al al ot a orton eat 2) | a) sess | ajo] tow 20 |ae| a a ele oss wa ator: Costing Load, Safe = [Window area, raf 2 [Shade fast Have fazer, ee, (Chapter 4) % [Storage foster, (ohove Teble gt desired Hime tral sheding dovice is eny type of shade feat on the inside ofthe alos. hese factors opply whee meinfiaing © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space duting the operating period Where the Towed to mvinge tfionel storage nil rolt dotog peck leod parieds. Refer to Table 13 for applicable storege fat ad spar ag ft of loot igh of tide Wat) 1 De ee eee 14 (Wg of Potions, Flor and Caling 1b) oor Are io Room, 29 Room in Bldg eror (No cutide wells) Wight of Outide Wels) (Weight of Floor, bl + Ye (Weloh of Parton and Ce Alsement Room (Fearon ground) = Tee hose a Weigtt of Outside Wl Pasion, oor, Cellngs, Stuteel Members and Suppers) Entre Budng or Zene = Tir Conditioned Floor Area, 5411 “With 1g on aoe Weight of floor should be muipted By 0 30 te compensate for nating effet oF 9 {Werghs pera fof eammon types ofsmtaction ae catained In Tobias ZT thee 32, poses 65 thru 76 mmpsratare 1 of Prion, Foor and Cling bl i) | | | |CHAPTER $ HEAT STORAGE DIVERSITY UND STRALIIGAIION 131 TABLE @—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH BARE GLASS OR WITH EXTERNAL SHADEL 24 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet messy | Sa itm earth Monteos a8 3a] ae 94) 27) 24 aif fasfad a pa ele) a/afslslas sons ( Tao avn fur] e|e} vo] to fve [ar] ar sane | SS" fale a] elec a ee ; [Peak solar hast gain, t/t) (sg oble % [Window erea, rf) 2 [Shede fettr ozs fair ete, (Chopter Al] Z {Store foros, above Fable ot dased sel) Equation: Coctng ad, {hare glen — Any window with no inside shasing deve Windows with shang device onthe outide ar shaded by eteraal projections ore conaidered be ‘These fovtoee epply when sinteiging © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the apece during the operat allowed i» ing, aeiianal storage will resi during sd perinds Rear te Toble 13 for opal tied. Whee erage firs the temperature is (weight per sa tof fleor— (ob 44 [Weight of Puttons low Hoor Area ie Reon 36 ft eh nd Calling) oem on Big Estero [One or mere cumide wal) = tom int ntesir (No cuside wats) = Zeit of Porton Reeser Cees (row on guna = OES SL Oose Weta IL Wat a Re * Fico: Area in Boom, teen ote = tafe al ‘itn cvg on foor—Welght of Hooréld be mulpied by 0.5016 companice for inloting affect of 09 VWatahn garea of tammon types of constrcon ove contained ie Tabs 27 thw 32. pager S fru 76PART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 9—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS Witt INTERNAL SHADING DEVICE 16 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet i SE Eee eee women | me T RESTRT SESE R ERT STEEL i arf oto) ) season wr | SESS SLRLR LRG Le Ls fain |e [ots be tober | | aa | as] Para) 7 is fat] | o | ow ete 2 a1R me [ >| 3 | te | as [ae ~ pialulale|w|efsle|s a [at fat a to | a7 | 3° 1 sae [oa] fm | as | oa as ar Le ar [a [ao | an | as | oa | se | os fo [oe uation: Costing toad Bre = [Peak slcr Neat gain w/e) (ag MH}, UTeble 6) X | Wincow oreo, 10 Xe JShode Faso, Move fader, et, (Chepter dll X [Storage factor, above Table et dosed sel] stneenal shading devie is ony typeof shade fcoted onthe nid ofthe lass, “Theme foci epply when maintaining o CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating pared Wihare the tampercture jt wed te eee ndaitenst storage wil fest diag povk loed perlads Ralr to Table 12 for applicable storage Factors fogicns pe i ons, lor ond Cena, to 1 of Outside Wale, bl + Yk (Waight of P Floor Ares i Roem, 29 14 (Vfsigt of Portions, Flor end Cain, ‘oot Aree in Boom, 3417 (Wight of Ounide Wail Ib] + (Wight of Boze 1b) + 16 [Welolt of Pact end Cen, Ie) ‘con in Bl letrie No oud fosement fom (Foor on gro = nope ee Sve Being or Zone = ‘i Conivoned Fle Arse With 109 on floor Weight of Hor sovtd be mulled by 040 fe compentte for Inatng effect of roa Weighs por iq fof common types of eotrcion ate cetalned la Tables 2 ty 33.pager 86th 76CHAPTER § HEAT STORAGE DIVLRSILY AND STR EIOIE\ TON. 1.33 TABLE 10—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH OARE GLASS OR WITH EXTERNAL SHADET 16 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet wot — rasune sh ae vm Tee ee a weaew [ula os] of o[ a) a] o fae] os [ae] a» [ae] a) a [ie i Southeast tel af an| a {se} ar} | sa | a ae a [ a | en ae) es a0 f at [ eo | 73] a7 [2 | ao [ae | a | aa | ae |e | oo | o | 8 wlals[slale|s wfalala a] a| x |x i: sou p| ulm) a} a} 0 | s Gla] a | is) a] a] |] won ie ae} 4} 13 | at f ae | as | 25 ay jas | a1 |e | 8 | a | wa | on ' ( ul | m] wlx| «| ol vfale| | o[ || x] x a were |x| ef oe] || asf aa] as fo [ar [a6] az [ae fe] fa Veawe [s] =} [mofo] alo [uly [ar we | | [ae ‘ 8 bl aelalol nal nl a} mint ela ule = es) stese » au or | ss | 20 | of as | ao | on fon | 9s | ov | se | oe | oe shots Equation Coating Load, Bruftr = [Peak solar hast gan, Biu/te (og Mh. (oble 6} : x [Window oreo, 24 % [Shade focor Haze fear, cle (Chopler dil X [Storage focor, (above Table ot desired iva). la Any window with no ise shading device Windows with shading devises on the oui or shaded by estrnol projections ore hore comidered bere got! ‘These fctore ply when a sllowed so swing, wine! ing © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space dering the operating period Where the Yemparature fs oe nal rnett during peck load periods Roler fo Teble 13 for apalceble sorage fests a oom on Bldg Esteror (One of more ouside walls) = 1A (sigh of Pettors, Fase and oom in Bd ir (Wo ooide wots) = ot Peon, os nt (sig of Quis Wal] + (Weight of Flos In Ys (Wei of Frttions end Cetin, tb orem Ram (oor on arin = Ne keen toon (Waigh of Oude Wet, Feri flaon, Coins, Srl Mentor ed Supper) ee eee “Air Conditioned Flose Area sq fl ‘compensa for ilating efee of ng In Toler 27 thy 38. pages 66 thea 73 ite rg en floor Weight of Boor shuld be moltiid by 0:0 Weights per se fof conan types of cortatien ore cont seein sooo NRT ATE cempecemgyaPART | LOAD ESTIMATING L3¢ TABLE 11—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS 12 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet wo verosuet | impr vet ~ J} nrosune isenetay | treo mm a ra ‘Be vfalal«fel eye] s]e] alates 251382520 [fal [aac dalaaltalaa (Peak solar heot goin S/he (og MH, (able 6 x [Window are, 9) % [Shade fat, Haze fect, oe, (Cheplr 4] % [Storage fot, above Table ot dared ime ‘vernal shasing device ony type of shade located on the inde ofthe gloss for shaded by enarnal pejacions ore ‘ore gk — Any window with no ide shosing device, Windows with shading davies on the oui ‘considered bore gles. {These focor epply when mincing « CONSTANT TENPERATURE In the space doting the opeeting period Where the Temperate is ("Sed te swings adcionct soroge wll resol dering peak lo perieds Reler to Table 13 for applicable orege faces SWeioht per aq ff fowe— yyw (WelQH of Oude Wall, bl Y& [Weight of Fat, Fer oom on Bldg Exterior (One or ere ouside wath) = Tee ie Weight of Pattons, Fleer end Cella, fcom in interior No eos wats) = tsa of Fetons Foor snd Clg {elo of Oude Wail, 1b) + (Weight of Flee Ib) + 1 (WetgM of Potions end Celing, ) BexemantReor [Foor ox ground) = at of se eh +H (Wala of Peony om teh (Weloh of Ouside Wall Petilony Foon, Caingy, Stvcueat Members and Suppers, Ih Foire Baling or Zone = ‘ir Condiioned Flor Aveo, 94 ‘With ru en foos=Welght of soo should be mulped by 050 4 compensate for inulaing effect ofr ‘Weights por sa fh of common types of contruction are cntelned In Toble 21 tra 9, pages 86 thre 74CHAPTER §. HEAT STORAGE DIVERSITY AND STRATIFICATION 1.35 a TABLE 12—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, HEAT GAIN—-LIGHTS* Lights On 10 Hourst with Equipment Operating 12, 16 and 24 Hours, Constant Space Temperature cour. T Sree: | wenn NUMBER OF HOURS AFTER UGHEE ARE TURNED ON anon TPP byl eles ele ]e)elw elo [s]a fa ]a ; ‘wo a woes [37 a7] 71/74] 4] 79] i] 2 | v4] er] 20] 26] 29] 20] 19] 7] 1a] va a] 1] 10 908 24 yoo 31 | 67 |72] 76] 79/ a) | #3] 85} 7] ea! 90) 30) 26 | 22|.19].16/ 15].19] 12) 10} 09! 08 | 07 | 08 i |e [25,7005] e8| on] nel] |e] oe 2) 17 | 12|08{08|06|09|00|a¢|or|.or [0 | 0 Bf 16 | reo | ref ac! cal | uy atl a | oo] 90/30] 26) 29| 10] 1s g | 12 too” | 57 se| a1; 92) 4) 44) 95| 95] 95) 96) 9738 71 74] 77| 79] ai] 02] 39] a5 ar] 26| 25] 25] 20] 19] 16) 15/4 fi2] m7 175| 78| a9] a2| 24| a6/ 40] 34 29/ 25| 20| 10) 17] 13} 14] 12] 1008 06 s72| 94) 98] 97| 98} 98| 38] 23],16|.11| 07] 05} 04[ 03] 02|01| 01/0 | 0 11] 82] 93] 64] ce! o7] 99] a5] 31/20! a5] 42| 23] a4) as} o7] 20 40] 429) 25) 20, #3] 94| 95] 97] 26] s0|.25|.23 |16|.12| 07 Lights Receseed in Susp. 21] ea o9/ 94] os] 45) 50 i 92] #3] 94, 94] 94) 95] 48 96|.97| 97| 98] 99] 99] 35 41) | 52] 37) ot] 64! gal ral v4] 59) 52| 45] az! ar] a4! anf 7] 5/25/20 va] va ‘ af | a fa: | 24 44, 32] 86) 61] 44] 49, 74! 77) 79] 60] st | aaj 37. 32| 30) 27] 3 20/18) ve| 14 12 | a32 ‘6| 74] 92] 07] 91] 93) 95) 7] 98] 82] 24] 24[ 14] 111 07|.05| 04 02|.02) 01] 0 | 0 i 323, 130 d over 8) 72] 73] 23] ral 24] 75] 76} 70] 39] 52 | 40] a2] a I Fide] 16 too {| 12] 74] 22| zal 79} a0| at] 62/40 st | 44} 37] a0 Bee8| c. [-tso ove 43] 14] 26) eal as] 9] 91| 93] 93] 75 i 32.) 12 tee | 24| as] ea ss] as| 92) sa| 20) 72 3 » 2) a7|a9|.92 95 95|.97| 99] 0] 52 i Tihese Focrs apply when paintining o CONSTANT TEMPEEATURE nthe space during fe operating pared Whare ine Femperaiue alow sing, oddone teroge wil ont during pack load periods Refer to Teble 12 or appteable sorege fxr, ‘Mihte On for Shorter ar Longer Peri than 10 Hours 3 Exupment oparotag for 12 hur: ( CCccasinaly adjustments may be reqiced to tke occount of lights Fallow procedure in Step 2 pecatng lator more then the 10 hour on whith th tla based 1am hour fo that deignted 0, 13h hou oe Tt how, Te fllowing i the procedure to adj he lod fatrn A-WITH UGHTS IN OFERATION FOR SHORTER PERIOD THAN 10 AWK UGHTS IM OPERATION FOR LONGER FEROD THAN 10 HOURS and the equipment operating 12,16 or 24 hous of the hee HOURS ond the equipment operating 12.18 or 24 hour ot he te oF fie overall prak lead, extrapolate ld faces ay foams cap n Sep 20 add values oF of the everall peak ood, axrapolete loos fetes at alos 1 Eauipmenteperetiog far 24 hourn 1 Exelpment operoting for 24 howe {© Use the storage loed fadors ot ated up foe he te gt 2 Ure the load factors ox ated hough 1th hove and extrapolate fre bread off beyond te 10h bor of fe rte ef the leat hoor 1, Shh te load foctrs Beyond the 10K hour fon the sab of 1b Follow fe seme provedare ot ia Sing Th of A ancet ft hecvy Bre) to Me lel 10 the hour Pe Kghs are trned off Iaed Yoctors beyond 10 hove cow fete gh, dropping off Thi leaves leat few hovrs of easpment aperafon ies ‘¢ Exvapette the loi fow owes a the some i asec 2 Equipment opntating for 18 Rout or 12 houre © Une the lood Factors In hour equipmet operon table at ie Toned iheovgh 10th hour and extapalate beyond he 1 spreadsheet ow atthe tote of he lost & oer 1 Flow ihe procera in Stp Iy wing he storage load fotr ‘olor n 24 hour equipment operoe be Follow the procedure Slap Tb of A_axcept sh the ood 1, Naw conte! @ new tt of Ind feces by adding the nee fosters Beyond IOI hoor now 1 he eight ‘eles forthe 16th hve 10 thot denoted 0. th hve to te Far UStour equipment operation, follow the prozedue In ‘he bed foo fee the hour seceding the ating ofthe 4 For 12hour equlamat operation, fellow the procdare in gis are ore Stops Te ond Te Sup Jef ED oe cmstoning tops eT NTP ene erent(38 ‘Ast voles for 24shour aguigment operation ond derive cew wales for 18 tour oquipmen!eperaton for Buorecent how and on emlawe of 150 Tafa I OF Rose PART 1 LOAD ESTIMATING col unin oF wound APTI UonTs ARE TURD ON ear er peletels lel |e] ila] sa] | 5] ve] [re foo [20m [22] za] wore oom] fel elev wal ol wr] w]e] el ap] ae] aol oefir ashe nl 24 150 76 79| s1| 83] 4} 29| 26) .23| 20] 19/17} s5].14).12| 11 ]10|.09}08 Jor} os) 6 afele|r n)feslel ele | ry 6 | ws {fee on | 2] 2523201] | wee felon leat | A Welght per ag fof Hloor— Room on Big Exttioe (Ona or mare oud wet) = oa 14 tdg Insie (No oublde wells) dent Room [Fcor on ground) = SPACE TEMPERATURE SWING In addition to the storage of radiant heat with a ‘onstant room témperature, heat is stored in the uilding structure when the space temperature is orced to swing. It the cooling capacity supplied to he space matches the cooling load, the temperature nthe space temains constant throughout the operating period. On the other hand, if the cooling apacity supplied to the space is lower than the \cttial cooling load at any point, the temperature nn the space will sie As the space temperature nel ies, less heat is convected from the surtace ind more radiant heat is stored in the seructare This process of storing addicional heat is illustrated n ig. I. Fie. 11 — Actuat Cootine Loan Wil Varvine Roo TeMPERa TURE (Weight of Ouride Wai th) (Weigle of Ounide Wat) Weight of oor) + Ve (Weight of Tir Condataned Foor Are (sie of Poniions, Hoe a ors, Hose aud Coit, 1) ions ond Ceitng, 3 hn af estual Membre ond Suppers I) sat 2 Tne 83, poe 8 the 75 The solid ewve is the actual cooling load from the solar heat gain on a west exposure with a con- stant space temperature, 24-hour operation. Assume that the maximum cooling capacity available is vep resented by A, aad ehat the capacity is controlied to maintain 2 constant temperatare at partial load When the actual cooling load exceeds the available cooling capacity, the temperature will swing as shown in the lower curve. The actual cooling load with temperature swing is shown by the dotted line This operates ina similar manner with different petiods of operation and with different types of construction. NOTE: When « site is designed for a temperature sving the maximum eving eccis only atthe peakon desig daye which ae defined a thote days when al loads Simultaneously peak Under normal operating cond tions, the temperature remaiza constant of elo 10 Boss of Table 13 — Storage Factors, Space Temperature Swing The storage factors in Table 13 were computed using essentially the same procedure as Tables 7 thrw 12 with the exception chat the equipment capacity available was limited and the swing in room kemperature computed. ‘The magnitude of the storage effect is determined largely by the thérmal capacity or heat holding “soa gpanmcnermertarene | | i