MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 1

FIELD GUIDE

A Reference Guide to
Mining Machine Applications

Caterpillar Global Mining

Equipment Management

www.CAT.com
© 2004 Caterpillar
Printed in U.S.A.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 3

Scope Contents

This document is primarily intended for use by Basic Application Benchmarks and
Caterpillar and Cat dealer Project Managers as a Operating Techniques
ready reference for the assessment of machine Loading Tools 2
Trucks 8
application and haul road conditions on their
Wheel Dozers 14
project sites. It may also prove useful to other Motor Graders 18
Caterpillar and Cat dealer personnel, in need of a Track-type Tractors 22
concise reference tool. Tractor Scrapers 25
Drill Rigs 26
It contains practical Benchmarking data that is Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance
Design 34
achievable with correct and well-managed machine Maintenance 42
application. It is also intended to provide guidance Miscellaneous
Management Strategies 51
on assessing haul road design and maintenance
Hauling System Application Zones 53
that supports sound industry practices. General Information
Percentage Swell and Load Factors 59
Approximate Loose Weight of Materials 60
Typical Rolling Resistances 62
Approximate Coefficient of Traction Factors 63
Formulas and Rules of Thumb 64
Weights and Measures 66
Miscellaneous Technical Data 70
Machine Specifications
Track-type Tractors 73
Wheel Loaders 75
Wheel Dozers 77
Trucks 79
Wheel Loaders 75
Motor Graders 83
Tractor Scraper 85
Underground Mining Equipment 87
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LOADING TOOLS
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LOADING TOOLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 2

First pass must be a good pass • Maximize GET tip contact and Wheel Loaders
Watch for... (operator has entire truck minimize bowl contact (i.e. • Enter pile straight-on,
exchange to get it full). Ensure boom up and curl bowl with floor of bucket
truck is correctly 'spotted' by through material). Use boom- parallel to floor
loader (with first pass, or the horn). up to minimize bucket heel • Keep frame straight
contact. when digging
Rope Shovels • Never operate a bare edge • Lift bucket before
• 70 - 90 degree maximum crowding
swing Hydraulic Backhoes (ME**) • Fill bucket by the time lift
• Efficient support machine • Maintain tight work zone; arms are horizontal
activity to keep floor clean (ideally dig no more than 45 • Minimize non-productive
• Power cable maintenance degrees either side of center floor contact (clean up)
• Never operate a bare edge line, i.e. work over idlers) and • Maintain proper kick-out
(swing no more than 60 adjustment.
degrees to truck) • Keep time in face below
Hydraulic Front Shovels
• Watch poorly blasted toe 0.2 minutes
• First two passes:
Upper half of face • Maximize GET tip contact & (12 seconds)
minimize bucket contact (i.e. • Wheel turns only from
• 3rd / 4th passes: enter face with tips at the
Load out the center face to truck
correct angle, and curl bucket • Never operate a bare
• Final passes: through material). Use boom-
Clean up floor edge
up to minimize bucket heel
• Keep work area as tight as contact
possible; as for backhoe • Never operate a bare edge
• Avoid excessive prying or
corner loading; don’t swing
into pile
* GET - Ground
Engaging Tools
** ME - Mass
Excavation
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 9

LOADING TOOLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 4

Rope Shovels Hydraulic Front Shovels

Optimum Bench Height Just above boom/
Top of boom sheaves
stick pivot

Cycle Times 28 - 40 seconds 24 - 28seconds

(avg. 35 seconds) (avg. 27 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 100 - 105% 90 - 100%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient 3 - 5 passes 4 - 6 passes

Pass Match

Favorable Site • Working a single face of the • Selective digging: can also efficiently mine
Conditions correct height multiple targets
• Stable/level floor • Tight load area with
• Wide benches tight material
(to facilitate truck maneuverability) • Can work in poor floor conditions
• Well-shot material • Angle tracks slightly
to face
• Define dig pattern,
L to R or R to L, and maintain pattern

Adverse Site • Poor underfoot • Excessive tramming

Conditions Avoid • Low benches
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 11

LOADING TOOLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 6

Hydraulic Backhoes Hydraulic Front Shovels

(Mass Excavation)
Length of stick, or between truck siderail Bucket hinge pin height
Optimum Bench Height at maximum lift
and ducktail

Cycle Times 24 - 28 seconds 32 - 42 seconds

(avg. 25 seconds) (avg. 38 seconds)
Bucket Fill Factor 80 - 110% 90 - 110%
in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient 4 - 6 passes 4 - 6 passes

Pass Match

Favorable Site • Correct bench height (worth 10-15% • Level, dry, smooth, firm floors
Conditions more production than too high) • Sufficient crossfall and drainage in high
• Truck below HEX rainfall areas to minimize tire damage
(worth 15-20% over same-level loading) • Well fragmented materials that minimize
• Tight load area, with tight material crowding time, particularly in the toe-area of
• Short swing — 60° (worth 5% over the cut
90° swing) • Lower face profile
• Well shot material • Multi-face loading
• Remove farthest pass during
truck exchange
• Maintain key-cut

Adverse Site • High benches • Poor/wet underfoot

Conditions Avoid • Excessive tramming • Tight load areas
• Unstable benches • Tire damage due to
• Low angle of repose material poor clean-up
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TRUCKS
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TRUCKS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 10

Exchange Time Good

(target) 0.7 minutes
(42 seconds)
Acceptable 0.9 minutes Correct Loading Correct Loading
(54 seconds) Incorrect Loading Incorrect Loading
The elapsed time from
when the loaded truck
receives its last load
until the next truck
receives its first
loading pass.

Load Placement Lateral Center load above

hoist cylinders or
load arrow.
Longitudinal Centered about Payload
centerline of body. Accuracy VIMS/TPMS Payload
General No substantial amount system will read
of material on “heavy” if the load is
headboard. placed rearward and
“light” when the load is
Enough freeboard
placed forward of the
to minimize spillage
correct point. Payload
from sides through
accuracy can vary
corners and from the
3 – 5% for each 600 mm
rear on grades.
(2 feet) the load is out
Target 66%/33% of position laterally.
load split on front/
rear axles.
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TRUCKS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 12

Watch for... • Truck Position - Spotted in

correct position by loader
operator, rather than where truck
operator decides to stop.
Can be spotted by horn, or by
first pass.Positioned to help
facilitate faster cycles:
• At 45° for wheel loaders
• Depending on loading technique
for shovels and backhoes
Not parked with rear tires up on
toe of pile.
No excessive queuing or waiting
for loading tool.
• Safety - Truck parked with
Parking Brake ON, Trans. in ‘N’
(Retarder may be applied in
addition to Parking Brake, but
wear is typically even across the Visit tire “graveyard” looking
Parking Brake must be applied
rear 1/3 of the floor. Also, ensure for scrapped tires with
whenever truck is stopped more
correct alignment of body pads. significant tread remaining.
than momentarily).
• Tires Tires offer a valuable insight Identify causes and work
• Body - Watch for wear-through of to improve life and
into road and pit conditions.
liner plates: Dual Slope bodies tread utilization.
Look for sidewall cutting, impact
typically wear the front 'triangle'
and cutting in the tread face,
of the rear slope, and rear
erosion and cracking in the
corners. On Flat Floor bodies,
bead/flange area, etc.
Check TKPH (TMPH)* for all
chosen haul profiles.
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WHEEL DOZERS
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WHEEL DOZERS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 16

Watch for... • General Keep loads small • Truck / WD Match

and “roll”, don’t carry, the The following WTD model
load. sizes are recommended for
Avoid excessive down- pushing dumped material
pressure that unloads front from these truck models.
tires and leads to wheel
spin... ballast of front tires is
834 – 773 / 777
not recommended. Push
load with machine as 844 – 777 / 785
straight as possible
854 – 785 / 789 / 793
Minimize heel-plate contact.
Maintain full blade contact
with the floor.
• Blade Angle Keep heel-
plate parallel with floor and
the back of the blade
vertical.
A blade rolled too far
forward will wear end-bits
and moldboard prematurely
and decrease productivity.
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MOTOR GRADERS
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MOTOR GRADERS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 20

General Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear Blade Position

Watch for... (6–11 km/h / 4-7 mph). Tip Angle Top of moldboard should
Grading in 4th gear greatly typically be ahead of the
accelerates circle drive cutting edge by; 16 and 24
pinion and cutting edge MG - 50mm - 100mm
wear. (2”- 4”), for optimal
Speed is excessive if grading.
cutting edge shows signs Maintaining a constant tip
of excessive heat angle in operation
(tempering back/bluing) minimizes cutting
and flaking. edge wear.
Maintain 1st gear for all
Blade
ripping, manually operate
Angle Use widest possible
throttle.
pass width, but
Ensure cutting edges increase angle if
maintain protection for material flows around
moldboard; change ahead leading edge. When
of moldboard damage using the Graderbit
(recommend when 10 mm system or a serrated
[1/2 inch] remaining). edge, use a blade angle of
Keep edges sharp for 10 degrees maximum.
improved penetration. Maintain full width cutting
edge contact with road
Use scarifiers to break up hard- surface.
packed top surface for material Work edge, penetration will be
redistribution if blade is unable to Envelope If the motor grader cannot poor. These situations are
penetrate effectively. A number of maintain full blade contact more likely better suited
passes may be required to achieve with the floor, with to a Track-type Tractor or
this effect. consequent high point Wheel Dozer.
loading on the cutting
For further information, consult H-series Motor Grader Application Guide AEGQ0945.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 27

TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS/
SCRAPERS
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TRACK-TYPE
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 24
TRACTORS

Watch for... General Pin breakage in shank Minimize corner

Operation Excessive tramming protectors or ripper tips is loading, prying and
between jobs. (<5% of also a good indication of impact; maintain a
time). incorrect operation steady dozing
Loose or missing track Dozing pressure.
hardware. General “Big loads slow” rather Blade
Ripping than “small loads fast”. Position On Dual Tilt machines,
General Rip downhill wherever Doze in 1st gear. begin cut with blade
possible. Steer machine with Blade tilted forward for better
When ripping for Tilt cylinders rather than penetration, then begin
scrapers, rip in the same steering clutches when to lay blade back when
direction, as the scrapers blade is loaded; track slap about full. Continue to
will load. in the middle of a cut is a fill blade while lying
good indication that back, until blade is full
Generally, speeds of 1.5-
Truck / Dozer steering clutches are and racked fully back.
2.5 km/hr (1-1.5 mph) at 2/3
Dump Match throttle will give the most being used. GET Penetration ripper tip
The following TTT economical production, reinforcing ribs must
model sizes are Use slot dozing wherever face upward;
with reduced speeds in
recommended for possible, as it can be worth they ship on the shank
shock/impact conditions.
pushing dumped up to 20% extra production with the rib down.
material from Ripper and assure the tractor is Ensure GET pins,
Position Begin pass with ripper tip pushing all it can push. retainers and bolts are
these truck
rearward, then pull tip Start to doze from the front installed correctly and
models: forward/under the tractor
D9 777 of the cut. Work to the rear, are not missing.
after tip penetrates moving back 1 to 2 machine
D10 777 / 785 / 789 ground. Never operate a bare
lengths each additional shank.
D11 789 / 793 / 797 Excessive track slippage pass. Keep slot depth to be
and blunt tips are good a maximum of 2/3 blade
For further information, indicators that ripper height.
consult The Handbook of position is not correct.
Ripping AEDK0752.
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SCRAPERS
Basic Application
Benchmarks and
DRILLS
Operating Techniques 23

Watch for... Loading

Time Good: 0.4-0.5 minutes
(24-30 seconds)*
Average 0.6-0.7 minutes
(36-43 seconds)*
* Open bowl/push-loaded
Wheel-Tractor Scraper
(shorter time for tandem,
longer time for single-
Scraper/Tractor powered)
The following TTT Consult publications for
model sizes are self-loading (elevating/
recommended for auger) and push-pull
machines.
push loading the
following scraper
models.

621 – D8
631 – D9 / D10
651 – D10 / D11

For further
information, consult
Making the Most of
Scraper Potential
AEGQ2380 and
Optimum Scraper
Load Time AEGC0195.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 33

DRILLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 28

Table notes:
* Penetration rates in coal can A correctly leveled drill, and
vary significantly depending Excessive rotation speeds can a flat floor are vital to ensure
upon rotation speed, drill bit cause premature wear all holes are drilled parallel,
used, pulldown pressure of the drill bit from overheating. and collar elevations are
applied and intact rock maintained. Every one
strength. Penetration rates in Bailing velocity is often degree of tilt/roll moves the
coal are more affected by incorrect; should be set at toe of the hole by 1 m per 10
operator skill level than down- 1500–2500 m/min (5000-8250 m (3 ft per 30 ft) drilled; over
hole conditions or rock type. ft/min). a 50 m (150 ft) hole, the toe
Low bailing velocity causes can be out by up to 5 m (15
+ Penetration rates in hard rock cuttings to fall back, blocking ft). This has a huge effect on
are almost directly proportional drill bits, and collapsing holes fragmentation when blasted,
to intact rock strength. Rule of behind the drill bit. Chips don't particularly in the toe area,
thumb: the harder the rock, the eject far enough from the hole which can seriously affect
lower the penetration rate. collar. ease of digging, GET wear
and machine productivity.
# Excessive vibration: the drill bit High bailing velocity causes
is bouncing off the bottom of excessive wear of the drill bit,
the hole, which may knock out drill steels, and the under side
the carbide tips on the cones of the drill deck, and wastes
and cause excessive wear. energy that is not required to
adequately do the job.
Drill “plunging” occurs when
the pulldown hydraulics enter Chip/Cutting size gives the best
into an oscillation, and can be indication of drilling function.
eliminated by better control of Cuttings may vary from pea to
pulldown pressure. golf ball size, depending on drill
size and rock type. Fine powder
Excessive pulldown causes indicates grinding rather than
damage to the drill bit by cutting.
overloading, and wears items
such as pulldown
chains/ropes/cylinders/motors,
the mast structure, and rotation
motors.
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DRILLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 30

Typical (25000-40000 lb) (40000–60000 lb)

Size Classes 110 – 180 kN 180 – 270 kN
Pulldown Pulldown
Typical Machines Driltech DK55, DK40 Driltech DK55
in this Class Ingersol IR60, IR45 Ingersol IR60
Reedrill SK50, SK45 Reedrill SK50
Depths Up to 40 m (130 feet) multi-pass Up to 60 m (200 feet) multi-pass
10-12m (30-40 feet) single pass 12-20m (40-66 feet) single pass
Hole Sizes 100 – 200 mm 150 – 250 mm
(Generic) (4–8 inches) (6–10 inches)

Rotation Speeds:
Coal 120 – 150 rpm 100 – 130 rpm

Rotation Speeds: 100 – 120 rpm

Hard Rock 80 – 110 rpm
(up to 40 rpm hammer)

Penetration: 40 – 60 m/hr 40 – 80 m/hr

Coal* (130–260 ft/hr)
(130–200 ft/hr)

Penetration: 10 – 30 m/hr 10 – 40 m/hr

Hard Rock + (30–100 ft/hr) (30–130 ft/hr)

Watch for... Drill “plunging” Correctly leveled machine, and level floors
# Bailing velocity Excessive pulldown pressures
Chip/cutting size Excessive rotation speeds
Excessive vibration (except for hammer drills)
Favorable Site Level floor Adequate maneuvering space
Conditions Regular pattern spacing Minimal water ingress
Limited tramming Minimal fracturation of ground
Unbroken ground from rework or back break
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DRILLS
Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 32

Typical (60000–125000 lb)

Size Classes 270 – 570 kN Track Drills
Pulldown
Typical Machines Driltech DK75, DK90 Driltech Gator
in this Class Ingersol DM-P, DM-M3, DM-H Ingersol Tamrock (most models)
Pit Viper 351 P&H 100XP, 250XP, 120A LNEAC 500, 600
Depths Up to 100 m (330 feet) multi-pass Up to 50 m (165 feet) multi-pass
14-20 m (15-22 yd) single pass 8-10 m (26-35 feet) single pass
Hole sizes 200 – 350 mm Up to 150 mm
(Generic) (8–14 inches) (Up to 6 inches)

Rotation Speeds:
Coal 80 – 110 rpm 80 – 120 rpm

Rotation Speeds:
Hard Rock 70 – 90 rpm Up to 40 rpm hammer

Penetration: 40 – 100 m/hr 30 – 50 m/hr

Coal* (100–165 ft/hr)
(130–330 ft/hr)

Penetration: 10 – 50 m/hr 10 – 30 m/hr

Hard Rock + (30–165 ft/hr) (30–100 ft/hr)

Watch for... Drill “plunging” Correctly leveled machine, and level floors
# Bailing velocity Excessive pulldown pressures
Chip/cutting size Excessive rotation speeds
Excessive vibration (except for hammer drills)
Favorable Site Level floor Adequate maneuvering space
Conditions Regular pattern spacing Minimal water ingress
Limited tramming Minimal fracturation of ground
Unbroken ground from rework or back break
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BASIC HAUL ROAD DESIGN

AND MAINTENANCE
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Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 36

Horizontal and To maximize safe working,

General Vertical
Alignment corners and crests must
be designed such that machine
operators are capable of
seeing and avoiding hazards
when travelling at normal
operating speeds. These 1
calculations must be
completed using worst case
10
scenarios (i.e. smallest
obstacle, longest stopping
distance, highest expected
speeds, wet roads, etc).

Cross-slopes On Flats On Grades

Apply the minimum slope to Minimal cross-slope required
maintain drainage for expected unless rainfall is very heavy,
rainfall conditions on site. as drainage is provided by
downgrade.
If conditions permit, consider a
2% constant crossfall, with
loaded trucks running on the
'uphill' side of the road. This
2° constant crossfall
can help optimize tire load
sharing across the rear of the
truck. Otherwise, a crown with
minimum slope angle.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 43

Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 38

Grade General
Smooth, and of constant grade to
minimize transmission shifts, and
maintain higher average grade
speed. This also allows more
constant braking effort on return
journey. Correct Incorrect
Corners Radius
Use maximum practical radius.
Keep as constant and smooth as
possible.
Super-elevation
Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h
(10 mph) per Performance
Handbook (PHB) recommendations
(Tables section). Super-elevation
greater than 10% should be used
with caution due to the danger of
sideways slippage in wet
conditions.
Road Width 1 way Straights/Corners A
minimum 2 - 2.5 widths is
recommended.
2 way - In Straights A minimum of
3 - 3.5 truck widths.
One-way (Straights/Corners)
- In Corners A minimum of Two-way (In Straights)
3.5 - 4 truck widths. Two-way (In Corners)
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Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 40

Bench Width General

Truck to clear loader under full
acceleration.
Minimum width = machine turning
radius + safety berm. Bench Width
Drainage General
Must be able to adequately carry
away maximum expected rainfall, with
a minimum of puddling, pot-holing or
entry of water into the road sub-base.
Safety Berms All locations
(windrows) Berm should be a minimum half of
wheel height at the dump edge and
along all haul road/highwall edges.
Check against local mining regulations.
Rolling Resistance For Off-Highway Trucks running In practice, a 5% increase in rolling
radial-ply tires, assume a minimum RR resistance can result in up to a 10%
(rolling resistance) of: decrease in production and a 35%
• 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained, increase in production costs.
permanent haulroads
• 3% for a well-maintained road with
little flexing
• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1”)
tire penetration
• 5% for a road with 50 mm (2”) 1/2 wheel height
tire penetration
• 8% for a road with 100 mm (4”)
tire penetration
• 14% for a road with 200 mm (8”) Drainage

tire penetration
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 47

HAUL ROAD
MAINTENANCE
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Basic Haul Road Maintenance 44

Rules of Thumb Can you travel comfortably at 60

km/h (35 mph) on haulroad
in a light vehicle
(ute/manhaul/pick-up truck)?
Does the haul road begin at the
loading face and end at the
dump? i.e. Can you travel at a
reasonable speed up to the
dump zone?
Soft/Wet Areas It is far more practical to fully
remove wet/soft spots in the
haul road completely and refill
than to continually try and
maintain. Fix it once, fix it right!

General – Dust Watering to remove the hazard

of dust also helps maintain
compaction (and strength) of
the road base. Consider using a
‘checker board’ or ‘spot’
intermittent watering pattern on
slopes to reduce the risk of
slippage during braking.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:27 AM Page 51

Basic Haul Road Maintenance 46

Analysis Tools ASA Fleet Production and Cost (FPC) Vital Information Management
(Application Severity Analysis) System (VIMS)

Use ASA to assess machine Use FPC to compare actual cycle Use VIMS to help manage
application severity: times with theoretical values. machine application:
• To identify locations/features • Are trucks achieving predicted • Datalogger data (ASA) and
on the road for improvement speed on grades? RAC to quantify haul road
• To quantify the severity of the • Are trucks cycling in predicted conditions
haul from strut pressure data cycle times? • Better payload management to
• To illustrate transmission shift • Are truck wait times at the optimize speed on grade
frequency and gear on grade loader in the predicted range? • Check Event Logs for high
• To identify brake/retarder brake temperatures, engine
application (frequency and If not, investigate possible overspeeds, etc
location) causes:
• Rough/slippery roads
causing operators to slow
• Higher rolling resistance
than planned/expected
• Tight corners forcing
machine to slow
• Poor visibility due to dust
or obscured views
• Pinch points, STOP signs at
intersections, etc
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 53

Visual Inspections While Driving the Haul Road 48

Loading Zone Watch for smooth floor, with

adequate water removal, kept
clear of debris fallen from the
face, and from trucks as they
leave the zone.
Make certain trucks are not
backing onto rocks fallen from
the face, or driving over rocks
spilled during loading, as this Loading Zone
damages tires and powertrain
components, and adversely
affects payload accuracy.
Avoid tight, high-speed turns as
trucks return to the load area.
Can the truck leave the loading
zone under full and continuous
acceleration, or is the loading
zone too tight, too rough or too
congested with other machines
to allow this to occur?

Main Haul Road

A well maintained, smooth allows safe and reliable operation Are operators applying high
haulroad, with sufficient at the highest possible road braking forces to negotiate
drainage, free from potholes, speed. corners?
ruts and gullies, with smooth/ Is spillage that falls from moving Can the truck achieve expected
constant grades, adequate trucks removed quickly? road speeds for all segments?
passing room (road width),
adequate corner radius (super- Are there signs of rubber being
elevated if necessary) etc., that deposited on tight or rocky turns?
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 55

Visual Inspections While

Driving the Haul Road 49
MISCELLANEOUS

Dump Zone
A smooth floor that allows trucks to
maintain speed until they reach
dump zone, entering parallel to edge
and braking in a straight line before
turning and stopping to reverse and
dump.
Safety berms of regulation height
along the entire edge.
Ensure dump is stable, or dump
short and push off.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 57

Miscellaneous 52

Management Present machine application • Higher average OHT road Use Cat® Software Tools [FPC,
Strategies issues to mine management in a speeds through: EMF, DOZSIM etc.] to:
language they understand; i.e. • Smoother Roads (including • Compare theoretical with
Productivity (lost or gained), and loading and dump zones) actual:
Cost per Ton. -use VIMS/TPM with ASA • Grade speeds/Cycle times
Identify the potential to improve and RAC
• Fuel consumption
productivity. • Minimize rolling resistance
• Total machine/fleet
• Better haul road designs
• Better bucket fill factors productivity
that:
through:
• Improved fragmentation -reduce switchbacks
• Model the effects on total
-remove cross-overs with
• Correct bucket selection, productivity through changes
STOP signs
GET selection and GET to:
-allow constant • Average road speeds
maintenance speed/gear on grades
• Correct bench heights • Better payload control to -higher on-grade speeds
• Correct loader orientation -reduced rolling
ensure highest possible
resistance
to face gear on grade
-reduced corner severity
-use VIMS/TPMS and
-removal of speed limits
• Faster loader cycle times VIMS Supervisor • Improved bucket fill factors
through: and truck/loader match
• Correct orientation to face • Reduced truck exchange
• Correct truck placement and waiting times
• Improved material condition • Reduced fuel consumption
• Improved floor conditions • Improved component life
and machine/fleet
availability
• Improved tire life/reduced
tire costs
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 59

Miscellaneous 54

Hauling Systems Consider whether the most economic

Application Zones earthmoving system is being used in the
application. The following values are rules
of thumb, but will vary with underfoot
conditions, material type, required
production rate, and operator skill:

Dozers (general): 0 to 100 m (0 to 350 ft)

Dozers (carry): 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)

Load and Carry: 50 to 120 m (150 to 400 ft)

Scrapers: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Articulated Trucks: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Rear Dump Truck: 120 to 1500 m (400 to 5000 ft)

MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 61

Miscellaneous 56

Support Equipment Tractors,

Wheel Dozers,
Motor Graders and
Water Trucks

Consider the benefits outlined

in ‘Management Strategies’
when correct use of support
machines allows optimum
machine productivity, minimum
impact on major component
lives, maximum tire life,
maximum haul road life, and
most importantly, maximum
operational safety.

Also consider that Wheel

Dozers are typically more cost-
effective than Track-type
Tractors in lighter applications
such as haul road and shovel
clean-up, and offer greater
speed for better coverage and
improved flexibility.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 63

GENERAL INFORMATION
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General Information 60

Percentage swell and load factors of different materials* Approxiamate loose weight of materials*
% Swell Load Factor BAUXITE 2,400 1,425
CINDERS 45 .69 CALICHE 2,500 1,485
CLAY CINDERS 1,100 650
Dry 40 .72 CARNOTITE, URANIUM ORE 2,770 1,630
Wet 40 .72 CLAY
CLAY & GRAVEL Dry Excavated 2,500 2,900
Dry 40 .72 Wet Excavated 2,800 1,485
Wet 40 .72 Natural Bed 1,725 1,650
COAL CLAY & GRAVEL
Anthracite 35 .74 Dry 2,000 2,800
Bituminous 35 .74 Wet 1,185 1,650
EARTH, LOAM COAL
Dry 25 .80 Anthracite, Raw 2,000 1,600
Wet 25 .80 Bituminous, Raw 1,190 950
GRAVEL DECOMPOSED ROCK
Dry 12 .89 75% R-25% E ** 3,300 2,900
Wet 12 .89 50% R-50% E 2,650 1,955
GYPSUM 74 .57 25% R-75% E 1,725 1,585
HARDPAN 50 .67 EARTH
LIMESTONE 67 .60 Dry 2,600 2,900
ROCK, WELL BLASTED 65 .60 Wet 2,100 3,100
SAND Loam 2,910 2,560
Dry 12 .89 Dense, Packed 1,550 1,725
Wet 12 .89 Soft, Loose Mud, Flowing 1,250 1,840
SANDSTONE 54 .65 Packed Dry 1,730 1,520
SHALE & SOFT ROCK 65 .60 GRANITE
SLAG, BANK 23 .81 Broken or Crushed 2,770 4,720
SLATE 65 .60 Solid 1,650 2,800
TRAP ROCK 65 .61 GRAVEL
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must Pit Run 3,200 2,500
be made to determine exact material characteristics. Dry 2,500 1,485
Dry 1/4” – 2” 2,800 1,650
Wet 1/4” – 2” 3,400 2,015
SAND & GRAVEL 2,700 4,050
Compacted 1,600 2,400
GYPSUM
Broken 3,050 2,700
Crushed 4,700 1,810
Solid 1,600 2,780
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must
be made to determine exact material characteristics.
**R, rock ----– E, earth
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General Information 62

Approxiamate loose weight of materials* Typical Rolling Resistances in Lbs. per gross ton of weight*
HEMATITE, IRON 4,150 2,460 A hard, smooth, stabilized, surfaced roadway without penetration
LIMESTONE under load, watered, maintained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Broken or Crushed 2,820 4,400
Solid 1,550 2,600
MAGNETITE, IRON ORE 4,680 2,780 A firm, smooth, rolling roadway with dirt or light surfacing,
PEAT flexing slightly under load or undulating, maintained fairly regularly,
Dry 700 1,350 watered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Moist 1,900 415
Wet 800 1,125 Snow
PYRITES, IRON ORE 4,340 2,580
SANDSTONE Packed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Broken 2,550 3,910 Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Solid 1,500 2,300
SAND A dirt roadway, rutted, flexing under load, little if any maintenance, no
Dry, Loose 2,400 2,850 water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Slightly Damp 3,120 3,120
Wet 1,440 1,680
Wet, Packed 1,850 1,850 Rutted dirt roadway, soft under travel, no maintenance,
SAND & GRAVEL no stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Dry 2,910 3,370
Wet 1,730 2,000 Loose sand or gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
SLAG
Broken 2,970 3,660
Solid 1,760 2,100 Soft, muddy, rutted roadway, no maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . .200 to 400
SNOW
Dry 220 860 *Various tire sizes and inflation pressures will greatly reduce or increase
Wet 130 510 estimating purposes when specific information on performance of particular
STONE, CRUSHED 2,700 1,600 equipment on given soil conditions is not available.
TACONITE 4,050-5,400 2,400-3,200
TOPSOIL 1,620 960
TRAP ROCK
Broken 2,950 4,870
Solid 1,740 2,880
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.
Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.
**R, rock ----– E, earth
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General Information 64

Approxiamate coefficient of traction factors Formulas and rules of thumb

TRACTION FACTORS Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour

Rubber Tires Tracks Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)

CONCRETE .90 .45 Lbs. Per Bank Yard
CLAY LOAM
Dry .55 .45 Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor
Wet .40 .90
Rutted .70 .70 Bank Yards = Loose yds. X 100
LOOSE SAND .30 .30 100 + % Swell
QUARRY PIT .65 .55
GRAVEL ROAD (LOOSE NOT HARD) .36 .50 Bank Yards = Compacted Yards
PACKED SNOW .20 .25 Shrinkage Factor
ICE .12 .12* Trips per Hour = 60 min.
EARTH Cycle Time (min.)
Firm .55 .45 Or
Loose .90 .60 Working Min. per Hr.
COAL, STOCKPILED .45 .60 Cycle Time (min.)
*Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27
Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time
Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)
Variable Time = Total Haul time + Total Return Time

Travel Time (min.) = Distance (ft.)_

Speed (ft.per min.)
Or
Distance (ft.)
Mph X 88
Rolling Resistance (lbs.) = RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)
= 40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1”tire penetration)
X weight on wheels (lbs.)
= 2% + 1-1/2% (for each 1” tire penetration) X Wt. On
Wheels (lbs.)
Grade Resistance (lbs.) = 20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons)
= % grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.)
Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) = Rolling Resistance Factor
(lbs./ton or %) + Grade
Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or
%)Total Pull Required = Rolling
Resistance (lbs.) + Grade
Resistance (lbs.)
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General Information 66

Formulas and rules of thumb Weights and Measures

Total Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT
Resistance (lbs.) 20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scuple drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
3 scuples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) = Coeff, of Traction X Weight Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight
on Drivers
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet 27-11/32 grains . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram 25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce 4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt.
Hourly Prod. Req’d = ____Quan. (b.c.y.)
16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound 2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton
Working Time (hr.)
2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton
No. Units Req’d = Hourly Prod. Req.
TROY WEIGHT
Unit Prod.
24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pwt.
No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle time 20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
Pusher cycle time 12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels
Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min.
33000 CLOTH MEASURE
2-1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail
Typical dragline calculating factors: 4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
Using 110˚ swing, average swing cycle 4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard
For 1/2 yd. = 24 seconds
For 1-1/2 yd = 30 seconds CUBIC MEASURE
For 2 yd. = 33 seconds 1.728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard
Bucket Factors: 128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood)
Easy digging =approx. 95-100% of rated capacity 40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping)
Med. Digging= approx. 80-90% of rated capacity 2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel
Medium Hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacity 231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon
Hard Digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity 1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel
Typical shovel calculating factors: DRY MEASURE
Using 90˚ swing average swing cycle 2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt. 4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel
For 1/2 yd. =20 sec. 8 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck 36 bushels . . . . . . . . . .1 chaldron
For 1 yd. = 21 sec.
For 1-1/2 yd.= 22 sec. LIQUID MEASURE
For 2 yd. = 23 sec. 4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt 4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon
For 2-1/2 yd. =24 sec. 2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt 31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . .1 barrel
2 barrels…………… 1 hogshead
Dipper Factors:
Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacity LONG MEASURE
Medium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacity 12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot 40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong
Medium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacity 3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd 8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . .1 sta. Mile
Hard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity 5-1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod 3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league
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General Information 68

Weights and Measures Weights and Measures

MARINERS’ MEASURE METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE
6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom 120 fathoms . . . . .1 cable length 1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch
7-1/2 cable lengths . .1 mile 5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . .1 sta. Mile 1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters
6076.1 feet . .1 nautical mile 1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot
1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters
PAPER MEASURE 1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq.yds
24 sheets . . . . . . . . .1 quire 20 quires . . .1 ream (480 sheets) 1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8361
2 reams . . . . . . . . .1 bundle 5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale 1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods
1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre
SQUARE MEASURE 1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres
144 sq. inches . . .1 sq. foot 40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood 1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare
9 sq. feet . . . . . . .1 sq. yard 4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre 1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile
30-1/4 sq. yards . . .1 sq. rod 640 acres . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile 1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers

SURVEYOR’S MEASURE METRIC EQUIVALENTS – WEIGHTS

7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link 1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce
25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod 1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams
4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain 1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds
10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre 1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile 1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton
36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 township 1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tons

TIME MEASURE METRIC EQUIVALENTS-MEASURE OF VOLUME

60 seconds . . . . . . . . .1 min. 60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr. 1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch
24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day 7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week 1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters
28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month 1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot
30 days . . . . . . . . . .1 month . . . . . . . . .in computing interest 1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters
365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr 366 days . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr. 1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards
1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter
MISCELLANEOUS 1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord
3 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm 4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand 1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres
6 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 span 18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit 1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 qt dry . . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid
21.8 inches . . .1 Bible cubit 2-1/2 ft . . . . . . . . .1 military pace 1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters
1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter
METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE 1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks
1 centimeter .0.3937 inches 1 inch . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters 1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter
1 decimeter . . .3.937 inches 1decimeter . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot 1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter
1 foot . . . .3.048 decimeters 1 meter . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches 1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels
1 meter . . . . . .1.0936 yards 1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter 1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter
1 dekameter . . .1.9884 rods 1 rod . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter
1 kilometer . . . .0.62137 mile 1 mile . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers
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General Information 70

Weights and Measures Miscellaneous Technical Data

APPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831.
1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.
1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5/8 of a mile To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5/8 bushels
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1/2 acres To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1/5 lbs To fin cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.
1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds
Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single.
TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit) One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds.
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zero One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zero
Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zero One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes.
Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zero A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 8 1/3 lbs. And contains 231 cubic
Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zero inches.
Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Boils at 173 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zero There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square foot of grate
Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .average- boils at 306 above zero surface.
Blood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zero A cubic foot of water contains 7 1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches, and weighs 62
Eggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero 1/2 pounds.
Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour.
To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they are eaten
deep enough.
A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000-lbs. one foot per minute, or 550
lbs. on foot per second.
To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water, multiply the
height of the column in feet by.434.
Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees), has a pressure
equal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch).
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 77

MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 79

Miscellaneous 74

Track-type Tractor MODEL D9R D10R D11R D11R CD

Operating Weight 109,150 (49,510) 144,200 (65,400) 230,100 (104,600) 248,600 (113,000)
lbs. (kg) (Differential Steer)
Flywheel Power 410 (306) 580 (433) 850 (634) 850 (634)
hp (KW)

Engine Model 34508E SCAC 3412E TA 3508B TA 3508B TA

Blade Capacity
SU 17.7 (13.5) 24.2 (18.5) 35.5 (27.2)
U 21.4 (16.4) 28.7 (22.0) 45 (34.4)
CD 57 (43.6)
yd3 (m3)

Blade Width
SU 14'2" (4.31) 15'11" (4.86) 18'4" (5.60)
U 15'3" (4.65) 17'3" (5.26) 20'10" (6.35)
CD 22'0" (6.71)
ft. in. (m)
(included end bits)

Track On Ground 11'5" (3.47) 12'9" (3.88) 14'7" (4.44) 14'7" (4.44)
ft. in. (m)

General Dimensions
Height 13'1" (3.99) 14'0" (4.27) 15'0" (4.57) 15'0" (4.57)
ft. in. (m)
(to top of canopy ROPS)
Overall Length 26'8" (8.14) 31'2" (9.51) 34'1" (10.68) 35'5" (10.50)
ft. in. (m)
(U-Blade & Single Shank Ripper)
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 81

Miscellaneous 76

Wheel Loaders MODEL 994D 994DHL 992G 992G HL

Operating Weight (lb) 422,000 427,250 210,424 218,513

(kg) 191 200 193 800 95 447 99 116

Engine 3516B 3516B 3508B 3508B

Flywheel Power (hp) 1250 1250 800 800

(kW) 933 933 597 597

Rated Payload (T) 38 34 24 24

(t) 34.5 31 22 22

Dump Height (in) 18’ 4” 19’ 5” 15’ 2” 17’ 3”

(mm) 5698 5931 4626 5250

Dump Reach (in) 7’ 5” 8’ 0” 7’ 7” 7’ 7”

(mm) 2263 2443 2315 2304

Bucket Size (yd3) 19.5 - 46 19.5 - 46 15 - 30 15 - 30

(m3) 15 – 35 15 – 35 11.4 - 23 11.4 - 23

Breakout Force (lb) 199,350 191,375 137,692 134,753

(kN) 886 850 612 599

Full Turn Tip Load (lb) 231,708 185,366 112,764 108,664

(kg) 105 100 84 081 51 149 49 289
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 83

Miscellaneous 78

Wheel Dozers MODEL 854G 844 834G

Operating Weight (lb) 219,128 156,120 103,849
(kg) 99 395 70 815 47 106
Engine 3508B 3412E 3456

Flywheel Power (hp) 800 620 481

(kW) 597 463 359

Blade Capacity
- Semi - U (yd3) 33.1 20.7 14.56
(m3) 25.4 15.9 11.13
- Coal (yd3) 58.2 40.2 29
(m3) 44.7 30.7 22.2
- Straight (yd3) 10.33
(m3) 7.9

Blade Width
- Semi - U (in) 20' 9" 19' 4" 16' 11"
(mm) 6321 5846 5151
- Coal (in) 23' 7" 17' 9" 18' 7"
(mm) 7200 5418 5677
- Straight (in) 16' 8"
(mm) 5074

Transmission Gears 3F/3R 3F/3R 4F/3R

Top Speed
- Forward (mph) 13.6 14 24.1
(kph) 23.2 22.5 38.7
- Reverse (mph) 15 15.4 14.3
(kph) 24.2 24.8 23
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Miscellaneous 80

Trucks MODEL 773E 775E 777D

Body Type Dual Slope Dual Slope Dual Slope

Gross Machine
Operating Weight* (lb) 219,000 239,000 360,000
(kg) (99 300) (108 400) (163 293)

Target Payload* (tons) 60 68 100

(tonnes) (54.3) (62.1) (90.7)

Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 46 53.9 73.6
(m3) (35.2) (41.2) (60.1)
Engine 3412E 3412E 3508B
Gross Power (hp) 710 760 1000
(kW) (530) (567) (746)
Tire Size 24.00R35 24.00R35 27.00R49
Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 41.1 41.1 39.9
(km/h) (65.8) (65.8) (60.4)

Loading Height (ft./in.) 12’5” 12’11” 14’4”

(m) (3.77) (3.93) (4.39)

Overall Length (ft./in.) 31’9” 31’9” 32’1”

(m) (9.69) (9.69) (9.78)

Overall Width (ft./in.) 16’8” 16’8” 20’0”

(m) (5.08) (5.08) (6.10)
*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 Payload **Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine
Policy Revision #4 for information on gross specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are
machine operating weight and target payload dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.
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Miscellaneous 82

Trucks MODEL 785C 789C 793C 797

Body Type Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Dual Slope** Flat Floor**
Gross Machine
Operating Weight* (lb) 550,000 700,000 846,000 1,375,000
(kg) (249 475) (317 513) (383 727) (623 690)
Target Payload* (tons) 155+ 201+ 240+ 380+
(tonnes) (140+) (182+) (218+) (345+)
Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE) (yd3) 102 137 169 290
(m3) (78) (105) (129) (220)
Engine 3512B 3516B 3516B HD 3524B HD
Gross Power (hp) 1450 1900 2300 3550
(kW) (1082) (1417) (1715) (2648)
Tire Size 33.00R51 37.00R57 40.00R57 59/80R63
46/90R57
44/80R57
Top Speed (loaded) (mph) 34 33.8 33.7 39.9
(km/h) (54.8) (54.4) (54.3) (64.2)
Loading Height (ft./in.) 16’4” 17’1” 19’3” 23’2”
(m) (4.97) (5.21) (5.87) 7.08)
Overall Length (ft./in.) 36’2” 39’11” 42’3” 47’8”
(m) (11.02) (12.18) (12.87) (14.53)
Overall Width (ft./in.) 21’4” 25’2” 24’4” 30’0”
(m) (6.64) (7.67) (7.44) (9.15)
*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 Payload **Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine
Policy Revision #4 for information on gross specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are
machine operating weight and target payload dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 89

Miscellaneous 84

Motor Graders MODEL 14H 16H 24H

Operating Weight 41,010 (16,600) 54,350 (24,740) 136,610 (61,950)
lbs. (kg)
Flywheel Power
Base : Gears 1-8 220 (164) 265 (198) 500 (373)
VHP : Gears 4-8 240 (179) 285 (213)
hp (KW)
Engine Model 3176C 3196 3412E HEUI
Blade Length 14' (4.27) 16' (4.88) 24' (7.32)
ft (m)
Minimum Turn Distance 26'3" (8) 27'0" (8.2) 39'11" (12)
ft (m)
(full articulation & front wheel steer)
TOP SPEED
Forward 28.7 (46.1) 29.9 (48.1) 23.4 (37.7)
Reverse 31.8 (51.1) 26.9 (43.2) 22.4 (36.1)
mph (km/h)
General Dimensions
Height (to canopy top 10'11" (3.34) 11'7" (3.52) 14'3" (4.35)
of ROPS)
ft (m)
Overall Length 35'4" (10.77) 38'2" (11.62) 51'10" (15.80)
ft (m)
(with ripper & push plate)
Width 9'3" (2.82) 10'1" (3.08) 13'8" (4.23)
ft (m)
(at top of front tires)
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Miscellaneous 84

Front Shovels MODEL 5110B ME 5110B L 5130 FS 5230 FS

and Excavators 5130B ME 5230B ME
Engine 3412E HEUI 3412E HEUI 3508B EUI 3516B EUI
HP/kW 758/565 758/565 860/641 1652/1232

Operating Weight lbs. 280,000 284,000 399,000 721,000

401,000 723,000
(kg) (127,000) (129,000) (181,000) (327,000)
(182,000) (328,000)

Boom Length ft. 24.9 30.2 18.7/26.3 22.6/31.2

(m) (7.6) (9.2) (5.7/8.0) (6.9/9.5)
Stick Length ft. 11.2/13.5 11.8/14.8/18.0 13.5/12.5/17.0 15.4/14.8
(m) (3.4/4.1) (3.6/4.5/5.5) (4.1/3.8/5.2) (4.7/4.5)

Crowd Force lbs. 98,800 95,400 173,000 257,324

88,800 84,825 140,300 198,848
73,800 120,700
(kN) SAE (439/395) (424/377/328) (770/624/537) (1145/885)
Breakout Force lbs. 112.600 104,175 161,000 261,145
112,600 104,175 151,100 192,083
103,950 151,100
(kN) SAE (501/501) (463/463/462) (715/672/672) (1162/855)
Bucket Capacity yd3
7.8-13.63 6.6-9.2 12.0-14.5 22.2
(m3) (54.8) (54.4) (54.3) (64.2)
Target Payload tons 15/12 13.9/12.4/9.5 20.9/20.9/17 34/34
(tonne) (13.7/10.9) (12.6/11.2/8.6) (19.0/19.0/15.4) (31/31)
Max. Dig Depth ft. 25.9/28.3 31.5/34.5/37.8 N/A/27.6/31.8 N/A/31.3
(m) (7.9/8.6) (9.6/10.5/11.5) (N/A/8.4/9.7) (N/A/9.5)
MachappFIN 4/8/04 10:28 AM Page 93

Miscellaneous 86

Tractor Scraper MODEL 633E II 637G 651E 657E

Empty Weight 112,580 (51065) 112,760 (51,147) 134,760 (61,130) 152,290 (69,080)
lbs. (kg)
Flywheel Power
Tractor (Elevating Scraper)
(gears 1-2) 450 (335) 450 (335) 552 (410) 550 (410)
(gears 3-8) 490 (365) 490 (365) 605 (452) 605 (452)
(elevator on gears 1-2) 490 (365)
Scraper
(gears 1-2) 249 9186) 400 (298)
(gears 3-8) 274 (204) 440 (328)
hp (KW)
Engine Model
Tractor 3408E 3412E HEUI 3408E HEUI 3412E HEUI
Scraper C9 3408E HEUI
Capacity
Struck 23.2 (17.1) 24 (18.3) 32 (24.5) 32 (24.5)
Heaped 34 (26) 34 (26) 44 (33.6) 44 (33.6)
yd3 (m3)
Rated Load 82,000 (37,285) 82,000 (37,285) 104,000 (47,175) 104,000 (47,175)
lbs. (kg)
Top Speed (Loaded) 33.4 (53.8) 33 (53) 33 (53) 33 (53)
mph (km/h)
Width of Cut 11'6" (3.51) 11'6" (3.51) 12'8" (3.85) 12'8" (3.85)
ft (m)
General Dimensions
Height 14'1" (4.29) 14'1" (4.29) 15'5" (4.71) 15'5" (4.71)
ft (m)
(top of scraper)
Length 48'7" (14.81) 47'9" (14.56) 53'1" (16.2) 53'1" (16.2)
ft (m)
Width 13'3" (4050) 12'11" (3.94) 14'4" (4.35) 14'4" (4.35)
ft (m)
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Miscellaneous 88

Uncontrolled Document
Underground Mining MODEL AD30 DE-1732 ( *Based on 14.4m3 Body) AD45 DE-1644 ( *Based on m3 Body)
Equipment Description Metric Imperial Metric Imperial
Engine Power (Gross) 298 kW 400 hp 380 kw 510 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 0 kW 0 kW
Engine Model Caterpillar 3406E ATAAC Caterpillar 3408E HEUI
Weight (Empty) 30 000 kg 66,139 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lb
Weight (Loaded) 60 000 kg 132,277 lb 85 000 kg 187,393 lb
Capacity (Body) 30 tonnes 33.1 tons 45 tonnes 49.6 tons
Heaped SAE 2:1 14.4 m3 18.8 yd3 21.3 m3 27.9 yd3
Turning Radius SAE 8007 mm 315.2 inch 8594 mm 338.3 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 8571 mm 337.4 inch 9228 mm 363.3 inch
Inner Turning Radius 5030 mm 198.0 inch 5295 mm 208.5 inch
Height (Cab) 2600 mm 102.4 inch 2700 mm 106.3 inch
*Overall Length 10 160 mm 400.0 inch 10 660 mm 419.7 inch
*Loading Height 2385 mm 93.9 inch 2898 mm 114.1 inch
*Width 2690 mm 105.9 inch 3000 mm 118.1 inch
Axle Oscillation ± 10.0° ± 12.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 5.5 km/h 3.4 mph 7.7 km/h 4.8 mph
2nd Speed Forward 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph 10.5 km/h 6.5 mph
3rd Speed Forward 17.6 km/h 10.9 mph 14.2 km/h 8.8 mph
4th Speed Forward 31.0 km/h 19.3 mph 18.9 km/h 11.8 mph
5th Speed Forward 25.2 km/h 15.7 mph
6th Speed Forward 32.7 km/h 20.3 mph
7th Speed Forward 41.6 km/h 25.9 mph
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 6.8 km/h 4.2 mph 7.3 km/h 4.5 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 9.5 km/h 5.9 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/h
4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h 0.0 km/h
Tires BRIDGESTONE 26.5 x R25 MS VSNT E4 BRIDGESTONE 29.5 x R29 MS VSNT E4
Unladen Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 28 500 kg 62831.67
Unladen RearAxle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 11 500 kg 25353.13
Laden Front Axle Weight 1 kg 0,002 lb 40 469 kg 89217.88493
Laden RearAxle Weights 1 kg 0,002 lb 44531 kg 98174.77098
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 50% 71%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 50% 29%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 50% 48%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 50% 52%
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Miscellaneous 90

Uncontrolled Document
Underground Mining MODEL AD55 DE-1681 DNW1 & UP ( *Based on 26.9m3 Body)
Equipment Description Metric Imperial
Engine Power (Gross) 485 kW 650 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 0 kW
Engine Model Caterpillar C18 DI TA AAAC
Weight (Empty) 47 467 kg 104,647 lb
Weight (Loaded) 102 000 kg 224,871 lb
Capacity (Body) 55 tonnes 60.6 tons
Heaped SAE 2:1 26.9 m3 35.2 yd3
Turning Radius SAE 9171 mm 361.1 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 9885 mm 389.2 inch
Inner Turning Radius 5540 mm 218.1 inch
Height (Cab) 3000 mm 118.1 inch
*Overall Length 11 547 mm 454.6 inch
*Loading Height 3045 mm 119.9 inch
*Width 3346 mm 131.7 inch
Axle Oscillation ± 10.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5°
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 8.1 km/h 5.1 mph
2nd Speed Forward 11.2 km/h 6.9 mph
3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph
4th Speed Forward 20.3 km/h 12.6 mph
5th Speed Forward 27.6 km/h 17.1 mph
6th Speed Forward 37.2 km/h 23.1 mph
7th Speed Forward 50.4 km/h 31.3 mph
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 7.9 km/h 4.9 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 10.7 km/h 6.6 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h
4th Speed Reverse 0.0 km/h
Tires BRIDGESTONE 35 X 65 R33 MS VSNT E4
Unladen Front Axle Weight 31 300 kg 69,005 lb
Unladen RearAxle Weights 16 167 kg 35,642 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 48 202 kg 106,268 lb
Laden RearAxle Weights 53 798 kg 118,603 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 66%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 34%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 47%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 53%
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Miscellaneous 92

Uncontrolled Document
Underground Mining MODEL R1300G DE-1784 R1600G DE-1839
Description Metric Imperial Metric Imperial
Equipment Engine Power (Gross) 123 kW 165 hp 186 kW 250 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 201 kW 270 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3176C EUI ATAAC
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 4.9 km/h 3.0 mph 5.0 km/h 3.1 mph
2nd Speed Forward 8.8 km/h 5.5 mph 8.7 km/h 5.4 mph
3rd Speed Forward 15.3 km/h 9.5 mph 15.2 km/h 9.5 mph
4th Speed Forward 26.1 km/h 16.2 mph 22.1 km/h 13.7 mph
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 4.5 km/h 2.8 mph 5.7 km/h 3.6 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 8.0 km/h 5.0 mph 9.9 km/h 6.2 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 14.0 km/h 8.7 mph 17.2 km/h 10.7 mph
4th Speed Reverse 23.8 km/h 14.8 mph 23.8 km/h 14.8 mph
Tires BRIDGESTONE 17.5X25 20 PLY STMS L5S BRIDGESTONE 18X28 28 PLY STMS L5S
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise 5.0 secs 7.6 secs
Dump 2.0 secs 1.6 secs
Lower (empty, Float, Position) 2.3 secs 2.0 secs
Total 9.3 secs 11.2 secs
Dimensions
Rated Payload 6800 kg 14991 lb 10200 kg 22,487 lb
**Bucket Capacity 3.1 m3 4.1 yd3 4.8 m3 6.3 yd3
Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2071 mm 81.5 inch 2564 mm 100.9 inch
Height (Overall) 2118 mm 83.4 inch 2400 mm 94.5 inch
Length (Trammingl) 8707 mm 342.8 inch 9711 mm 382.3 inch
Turning Radius SAE 4650 mm 183.1 inch 5490 mm 216.1 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 5741 mm 226.0 inch 6638 mm 261.3 inch
Inner Turning Radius 2914 mm 114.7 inch 3291 mm 129.6 inch
Weight (Empty) 20 950 kg 46187 lb 29 800 kg 65,698 lb
Weight (Loaded) 27 750 kg 61178 lb 40 000 kg 88,185 lb
Axle Oscillation ± 10.0° ± 10.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°
Ground Clearance 335 mm 13.2 inch 344 mm 13.5 inch
Unladen Front Axle Weight 8200 kg 18,078 lb 12 550 kg 27,668 lb
Unladen RearAxle Weights 12 850 kg 28,329 lb 17 250 kg 38,030 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 18 650 kg 41,116 lb 28 114 kg 61,981 lb
Laden RearAxle Weights 9100 kg 20,062 lb 11 886 kg 26,204 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 39% 42%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 61% 58%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 67% 70%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 33% 30%
**SAE 2:1
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Miscellaneous 94

Uncontrolled Document
Underground Mining MODEL R1700G DE-1498
Description Metric Imperial
Equipment Engine Power (Gross) 231 kW 310 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual Needs to be verified 250 kW 335 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar 3176C EUI DI-T ATAAC
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 4.7 km/h 2.9 mph
2nd Speed Forward 8.3 km/h 5.1 mph
3rd Speed Forward 14.3 km/h 8.9 mph
4th Speed Forward 24.1 km/h 15.0 mph
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 5.4 km/h 3.3 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 9.4 km/h 5.8 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph
4th Speed Reverse 25.3 km/h 15.7 mph
Tires BRIDGESTONE 26.5X25 36 PLY STMS L5S
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise 6.7 secs
Dump 2.8 secs
Lower (empty, Float, Position) 2.4 secs
Total 11.9 secs
Dimensions
Rated Payload 12500 kg 27,558 lb
**Bucket Capacity 5.8 m3 7.6 yd3
Width (Overall) excluding bucket 2689 mm 105.9 inch
Height (Overall) 2557 mm 100.7 inch
Length (Trammingl) 10 589 mm 416.9 inch
Turning Radius SAE 5539 mm 218.1 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 6878 mm 270.8 inch
Inner Turning Radius 3229 mm 127.1 inch
Weight (Empty) 38 500 kg 84,878 lb
Weight (Loaded) 51 000 kg 112,436 lb
Axle Oscillation ± 8.0°
Articulation Angle ± 44.0°
Ground Clearance 429 mm 16.9 inch
Unladen Front Axle Weight 17 000 kg 37,479 lb
Unladen RearAxle Weights 21 500 kg 47,399 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 36 950 kg 81,461 lb
Laden RearAxle Weights 14 050 kg 30,975 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 44%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 56%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 72%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 28%
**SAE 2:1
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Miscellaneous 96

Uncontrolled Document
Underground Mining MODEL R2900G Xtra DE-1825 R2900G Xtra DE-1826
Description Metric Imperial Metric Imperial
Equipment Engine Power (Gross) 282 kW 378 hp 282 kW 378 hp
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 306 kW 410 hp 306 kW 410 hp
Engine Model Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward 5.1 km/h 3.2 mph 5.3 km/h 3.3 mph
2nd Speed Forward 9.0 km/h 5.6 mph 9.3 km/h 5.8 mph
3rd Speed Forward 15.1 km/h 9.4 mph 16.4 km/h 10.2 mph
4th Speed Forward 24.8 km/h 15.4 mph 24.2 km/h 15.0 mph
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse 6.1 km/h 3.8 mph 6.6 km/h 4.1 mph
2nd Speed Reverse 10.9 km/h 6.8 mph 11.6 km/h 7.2 mph
3rd Speed Reverse 17.9km/h 11.1 mph 19.2 km/h 11.9 mph
4th Speed Reverse 27.9 km/h 17.3 mph 27.0 km/h 16.8 mph
Tires BRIDGESTONE 29.5X29 34 PLY STMS L5S BRIDGESTONE 35/65 R33 ** VSDL L5
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise 9.2 secs 7.6 secs
Dump 3.4secs 2.8 secs
Lower (empty, Float, Position) 3.1 secs 2.4 secs
Total 15.7 secs 12.8 secs
Dimensions
*Rated Payload 17 200 kg 37,919 lb 20 000 kg 44,092 lb
**Bucket Capacity 7.2 m3 9.4 yd3 8.9 m3 11.6 yd3
Width (Overall) excluding bucket 3010 mm 118.5 inch 3200 mm 126.0 inch
Height (Overall) 2886 mm 113.6 inch 2988 mm 117.6 inch
Length (Trammingl) 10 949 mm 431.1 inch 11083 mm 436.3 inch
Turning Radius SAE 5936 mm 233.7 inch 5991 mm 235.9 inch
Outer Clearance Radius 7323 mm 288.3 inch 7511 mm 295.7 inch
Inner Turning Radius 3383 mm 133.2 inch 3289 mm 129.5 inch
Weight (Empty) 50 100 kg 110,451 lb 56000 kg 123,459 lb
Weight (Loaded) 67 300 kg 148,371 lb 76000 kg 167,551 lb
Axle Oscillation ± 8.0° ± 8.0°
Articulation Angle ± 42.5° ± 42.5°
Ground Clearance 465 mm 18.3 inch 466 mm 18.3 inch
Unladen Front Axle Weight 23000 kg 50,706 lb 23000 kg 50,706 lb
Unladen RearAxle Weights 27 100 kg 59,745 lb 33000 kg 72,752 lb
Laden Front Axle Weight 51 166 kg 112,802 lb 55173 kg 121,635 lb
Laden RearAxle Weights 16 134 kg 35,569 lb 20827 kg 45,916 lb
Weight Distribution Front Unladen 46% 41%
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen 54% 59%
Weight Distribution Front Laden 76% 73%
Weight Distribution Rear Laden 24% 27%
*Ore pass dumping only
**SAE 2:1