CHAPTER – 2

EXPONENTS OF REAL NUMBERS

Exercise – 2.1
Page No – 2. 12
Question 1: Simplify the following
(i) 3(a4 b3)10 × 5 (a2 b2)3
(ii) (2x -2 y3)3

T IO S I
(𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟕 )(𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )
(iii)
NO A D𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟒

CO N
A
𝟒𝒂𝒃𝟐 (−𝟓𝒂𝒃𝟑 )
(iv)
𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

PY
DO U A
𝒏
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
(v) ( )
T
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟑
ED PR

𝟔
(𝒂𝟑𝒏−𝟗 )
(vi)
𝒂𝟐𝒏−𝟒
C
©

Solution:
1
Using laws: (am)n = amn, a0 = 1, a-m = and am × an = am+n]
𝑎

(i) 3(a4 b3)10 × 5 (a2 b2)3

On simplifying the given equation, we get;
= 3(a40 b30) × 5 (a6 b6)
= 15 (a46 b36)
[using laws: (am)n = amn and am × an = am+n]

(ii) (2x -2 y3)3

On simplifying the given equation, we get;
= (23 x -2 × 3 y3×3)
= 8 x -6 y9

(4×107 )(6×10−5 )
(iii)
8×104
(24×107 ×10−5 )
=
8×104

T IO S
(24×107−5 )

I
=
NO A D8×104

CO N
(24×102 )
A
=
8×104

PY
DO U A
(3×102 )
=
T
104
ED PR

3
=
100
C
©

4𝑎𝑏2 (−5𝑎𝑏3 ) 4×(−5)

(iv) = × 𝑎1+1−2 𝑏 2+3−2
10𝑎2 𝑏2 10

= −2 × 𝑎0 𝑏 3
= −2𝑏 3

𝑛
𝑥 2𝑦2
(v) ( )
𝑎2 𝑏3
𝑥 2𝑛 ×𝑦2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 ×𝑦 2𝑛
= =
𝑎2𝑛 𝑏3𝑛 𝑎2𝑛 𝑏3𝑛

6 6
(𝑎3𝑛−9 ) 𝑎(3𝑛−9)
(vi) =
𝑎2𝑛−4 𝑎2𝑛−4
 𝑎18𝑛−54
=
𝑎2𝑛−4

= 𝑎18𝑛−54−2𝑛+4 = 𝑎16𝑛−50

Question 2: If a = 3 and b =-2, find the values of:

(i) aa+ bb

T IO S
(ii) ab + ba

I
(iii) (a + b) ab
NO A D
CO N
Solution:
A
(i) aa+ bb

PY
DO U A

Now putting the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’, we get;

T
ED PR

= 33 + (−2) −2
1 2
C

= 33 + (− )
2
©

1
= 27 +
4
109
=
4

(ii) ab + ba
Now putting the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’, we get;
= 3−2 + (−2)3
1 2
= ( ) + (−2)3
3
1
= –8
9
 71
=−
9

(iii) (a + b)ab
Now putting the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’, we get;
= (3 + (−2))3(−2)
= (3–2)) −6

T IO S
= 1−6

I
=1
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
Question 3: Prove that
DO U A

𝟐
T 𝟐 𝒃𝟐 +𝒃𝒄+𝒄𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝒂 𝒂 +𝒂𝒃+𝒃 𝒙𝒃 𝒙𝒄 𝒄 +𝒄𝒂+𝒂
ED PR

(i) ( 𝒃 ) × ( 𝒄) × ( 𝒂) =𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

𝒂𝟐 −𝒂𝒃+𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 −𝒃𝒄+𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 −𝒄𝒂+𝒂𝟐

𝒙𝒂 𝒙𝒃 𝒙𝒄
C

(ii) ( ) ×( ) ×( ) =𝟏
𝒙−𝒃 𝒙−𝒄 𝒙−𝒂
©

𝒙𝒂 𝒙𝒃 𝒙𝒄
(i) ( 𝒃 ) × ( 𝒄 ) × ( 𝒂) = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

Solution:
(i) L.H.S. =
3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑎 𝑏+𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 +𝑏 𝑐+𝑏𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 +𝑐 𝑎+𝑐𝑎
2 2 3 × 2 2 3 × 2 2 3
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏+𝑎𝑏 +𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 𝑐+𝑏𝑐 +𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 𝑎+𝑐𝑎 +𝑎
3 +𝑎2 𝑏+𝑎𝑏 2 −(𝑏 3 +𝑏 2 𝑐+𝑏𝑐 2 ) 3 +𝑏 2 𝑐+𝑏𝑐 2 −(𝑐 3 +𝑐 2 𝑎+𝑐𝑎2 )
= 𝑥𝑎 × 𝑥𝑏
3 +𝑐 2 𝑎+𝑐𝑎2 −(𝑐 2 𝑎+𝑐𝑎2 +𝑎3 )
× 𝑥𝑐
3 −𝑏 3 3 −𝑐 3 3 −𝑎3
= 𝑥𝑎 × 𝑥𝑏 × 𝑥𝑐
3 −𝑏 3 +𝑏 3 −𝑐 3 +𝑐 3 −𝑎3
= 𝑥𝑎
= 𝑥0
=1
= R.H.S.

(ii) We have to prove here;

𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 𝑏2 −𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2 𝑐 2 −𝑐𝑎+𝑎2
𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐 3 +𝑏 3 +𝑐 3 )
( −𝑏 ) ×( −𝑐 ) ×( −𝑎 ) = 𝑥 2(𝑎
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

T IO S
L.H.S.

I
= 𝑥 (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎 NO A D 2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑏 2 )
× 𝑥 (𝑏+𝑐)(𝑏
2 −𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2 )
× 𝑥 (𝑐+𝑎)(𝑐
2 −𝑐𝑎+𝑎2 )

CO N
A
3 −𝑏 3 3 −𝑐 3 3 −𝑎3
= 𝑥𝑎 × 𝑥𝑏 × 𝑥𝑐

PY
DO U A
3 −𝑏 3 +𝑏 3 −𝑐 3 +𝑐 3 −𝑎3
= 𝑥𝑎
T
ED PR

3 +𝑏 3 +𝑐 3 )
= 𝑥 2(𝑎
=R.H.S.
C
©

(iii) L.H.S. =
𝑎
𝑥𝑎 𝑐 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐 𝑏
( 𝑏) × ( 𝑐 ) × ( 𝑎)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 𝑎𝑐 𝑥 𝑏𝑎 𝑥 𝑏𝑐
=( 𝑏𝑐 ) × ( 𝑐𝑎 ) × ( )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎𝑏

= 𝑥 𝑎𝑐−𝑏𝑐 × 𝑥 𝑐𝑎−𝑐𝑎 × 𝑥 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑏

= 𝑥 𝑎𝑐−𝑏𝑐+𝑏𝑎−𝑐𝑎+𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑏
= 𝑥0
=1
Question 4: Prove that
𝟏 𝟏
(i) + =𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝒂−𝒃 𝟏+𝒙𝒃−𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(ii)
𝟏+𝒙𝒃−𝒂 +𝒙 𝒄−𝒂 + 𝟏+𝒙𝒂−𝒃 +𝒙 𝒄−𝒃 + 𝟏+𝒙𝒃−𝒄 +𝒙𝒂−𝒄

Solution:
(i) L.H.S
1 1
= 𝑥𝑎
+

T IO S
𝑥𝑏
1+ 𝑏 1+𝑥𝑎
𝑥

I
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑎
= NO A D
𝑎 +

CO N
𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑏
A
𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑎
=

PY
𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑎
DO U A

=1
T
ED PR

= R.H.S.
C
©

(ii) L.H.S
1 1 1
= 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐
+ 𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑐
+ 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑎
1+ 𝑎 + 𝑎 1+ 𝑏 + 𝑏 1+ 𝑐 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐
=
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑐 + 𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑐 + 𝑥 𝑐 +𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑎
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑐
=
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑐

=1
= R.H.S.

Question 5: Prove that

 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
(i) = 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝒂−𝟏 𝒃−𝟏 +𝒃−𝟏 𝒄−𝟏 +𝒄−𝟏 𝒂−𝟏
𝒂𝒃
(ii) (𝒂−𝟏 + 𝒃−𝟏 )−𝟏 =
𝒂+𝒃

Solution:
(i) L.H.S.
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
= 1 1 1
+ +
𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎

T IO S
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
= 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

I
𝑎𝑏𝑐

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐 NO A D
CO N
A
= R.H.S.

PY
DO U A
(ii)
T
ED PR

L.H.S.
1
= (𝑎−1
+𝑏−1 )
C
©

1
= 1 1
(𝑎 + 𝑏)

1
= 𝑎+𝑏
( 𝑎𝑏 )

𝑎𝑏
=
𝑎+𝑏

= R.H.S.

Question 6: If abc = 1, show that

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏+𝒂+𝒃 −𝟏 + 𝟏+𝒃+𝒄 −𝟏 + 𝟏+𝒄+𝒂−𝟏
=𝟏
Solution:
1 1 1
= 1 + 1 + 1
1+𝑎+𝑏 1+𝑏+𝑐 1+𝑐+𝑎

𝑏 𝑐 𝑎
= + + ….. (1)
𝑏+𝑎𝑏+1 𝑐+𝑏𝑐+1 𝑎+𝑎𝑐+1

Given, 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1
1
So, 𝑐 =
𝑎𝑏

T IO S
By putting the value c in equation (1)

I
NO A D
CO N
1
A
𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
= + 1 1 + 1
𝑏+𝑎𝑏+1 +𝑏( )+1 𝑎+𝑎( )+1

PY
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
DO U A
1
𝑏 ×𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏
T 𝑎𝑏
= + +
ED PR

𝑏+𝑎𝑏+1 1+𝑏+𝑎𝑏 1+𝑎𝑏+𝑏

𝑏 1 𝑎𝑏
= + +
𝑏+𝑎𝑏+1 1+𝑏+𝑎𝑏 1+𝑎𝑏+𝑏
C

1+𝑎𝑏+𝑏
©

=
𝑏+𝑎𝑏+1

=1

Question 7: Simplify the following:

𝟑𝒏 ×𝟗𝒏+𝟏
(i)
𝟑𝒏−𝟏 ×𝟗𝒏−𝟏

𝟓×𝟐𝟓𝒏+𝟏 −𝟐𝟓×𝟓𝟐𝒏
(ii)
𝟓×𝟓𝟐𝒏+𝟑 −𝟐𝟓𝒏+𝟏

𝟓𝒏+𝟑 −𝟔×𝟓𝒏+𝟏
(iii)
𝟗×𝟓𝒙 −𝟐𝟐 ×𝟓𝒏
 𝟔(𝟖)𝒏+𝟏 +𝟏𝟔(𝟐)𝟑𝒏−𝟐
(iv)
𝟏𝟎(𝟐)𝟑𝒏+𝟏 −𝟕(𝟖)𝒏

Solution:
(i)
3𝑛 ×9𝑛+1
3𝑛−1 ×9𝑛−1

T IO S
(𝑛+1)
3𝑛 ×(32 )
=

I
3𝑛−1 ×(32 )(𝑛−1)

NO A D
CO N
3𝑛 ×32𝑛+2
=
A
3𝑛−1 ×32𝑛−2
3𝑛+2𝑛+2

PY
=
DO U A
3𝑛−1+2𝑛−2
T
33𝑛+2
ED PR

=
33𝑛−3

= 33𝑛+2−3𝑛+3
C

= 35
©

= 243

(ii)
5×25𝑛+1 −25×52𝑛
5×52𝑛+3 −25𝑛+1
𝑛+1
5×(52 ) −(52 )×52𝑛
=
5×52𝑛+3 −(52 )𝑛+1

5×(52𝑛+2 )−(52 )×52𝑛

=
5×52𝑛 +3−(52𝑛+2 )

51+2𝑛+2 −52+2𝑛
=
51+2𝑛+3 −52𝑛+2
 52𝑛+3 −52+2𝑛
=
52𝑛+4 −52𝑛+2
52+2𝑛 (5−1)
=
52𝑛+2 (52 −1)
4
=
24

= 16

(iii)

T IO S
5𝑛+3 −6×5𝑛+1

I
9×5𝑛 −22 ×5𝑛

NO A D
5𝑛+1 (52 −6)

CO N
=
A
5𝑛 (9−22 )
5𝑛 ×5×(25−6)

PY
=
DO U A
5𝑛 (9−4)
T
5×19
ED PR

=
5

= 19
C
©

(iv)
6(8)𝑛+1 +16(2)3𝑛−2
10(2)3𝑛+1 −7(8)𝑛
𝑛+1
6(23 ) +16(2)3𝑛−2
=
10(2)3𝑛+1 −7(23 )𝑛

6(23𝑛+3 )+16(2)3𝑛−2
=
10(2)3𝑛+1 −7(23𝑛 )
6×23𝑛 (23 )+16(2)3𝑛 2−2
=
10(2)3𝑛 (21 )−7(23𝑛 )

23𝑛 (48+4)
=
23𝑛 (20−7)
52
= =4
13
Question 8: Solve the following equations for x:
(i) 𝟕𝟐𝒙+𝟑 = 𝟏

(ii) 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 = 𝟒𝒙−𝟑

(iii) 𝟐𝟓𝒙+𝟑 = 𝟖𝒙+𝟑

𝟏
(iv) 𝟒𝟐𝒙 =
𝟑𝟐

T IO S I
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
× (𝟎. 𝟓 )𝟑−𝟐𝒙
(v) 𝟒
NO A D =( )
𝟖

CO N
A
(vi) 𝟐𝟑𝒙−𝟕 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔

PY
DO U A

Solution:
T
ED PR

(i)
72𝑥+3 = 1
C

⇒ 72𝑥+3 = 70
©

⇒ 2𝑥 + 3 = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 = −3
⇒ 𝑥 = −32

(ii)
2𝑥+1 = 4𝑥−3
⇒ 2𝑥+1 = (22 )𝑥+3
⇒ 2𝑥+1 = (22𝑥−6 )
⇒ 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 − 6
⇒𝑥=7

(iii)
25𝑥+3 = 8𝑥+3
⇒ 25𝑥+3 = (23 )𝑥+3
⇒ 25𝑥+3 = 23𝑥+9
⇒ 5𝑥 + 3 = 3𝑥 + 9

T IO S
⇒ 2𝑥 = 6

I
⇒𝑥=3
NO A D
CO N
A
(iv)

PY
1
42𝑥 =
DO U A
32
T
1
ED PR

⇒ (22 )2𝑥 =
25

⇒ 24𝑥 × 25 = 1
C

⇒ 24𝑥+5 = 20
©

⇒ 4𝑥 + 5 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = −54

(v)
1 𝑥
4𝑥−1 × (0.5)3−2𝑥 = ( )
8

2 )𝑥−1 1 3−2𝑥 1 𝑥
⇒ (2 ×( ) = ( 3)
2 2

⇒ (22 )𝑥−1 × (2−1 )3−2𝑥 = (2−3 )𝑥

⇒ 22𝑥−2 × 22𝑥−3 = 2−3𝑥
⇒ 22𝑥−2+2𝑥−3 = 2−3𝑥
⇒ 24𝑥−5 = 2−3𝑥
⇒ 4𝑥 − 5 = − 3𝑥
⇒ 7𝑥 = 5
5
⇒𝑥=
7

(vi)
23𝑥−7 = 256

T IO S
⇒ 23𝑥−7 = 28

I
NO A D
⇒ 3𝑥 − 7 = 8

CO N
A
⇒ 3𝑥 = 15

PY
DO U A
⇒𝑥=5
T
ED PR

Question 9: Solve the following equations for x:

C

(i) 𝟐𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙+𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟎

©

(ii) 𝟑𝟐𝒙+𝟒 + 𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝒙+𝟐

Solution:
(i)
22𝑥 − 2𝑥+3 + 24 = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 )2 − (2𝑥 × 23 ) + (22 )2 = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 )2 − 2 × 2𝑥 × 22 + (22 )2 = 0
⇒ (2𝑥 × 22 )2 = 0
⇒ 2 𝑥 × 22 = 0
⇒ 2 𝑥 = 22
⇒𝑥=2

(ii)
32𝑥+4 + 1 = 2. 3𝑥+2
⇒ (3𝑥+2 )2 − 2. 3𝑥+2 + 1 = 0
⇒ (3𝑥+2 − 1)2 = 0
⇒ 3𝑥+2 − 1 = 0

T IO S
⇒ 3𝑥+2 = 1 = 30

I
⇒𝑥+2=0
NO A D
CO N
⇒ 𝑥 = −2
A

PY
DO U A

Question 10: If 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟐 = 𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟑 , find the values of a, b and c,

T
ED PR

where a, b and c are different positive primes.

Solution:
C

First find out the prime factorisation of 49392.

©

2 49392
2 24696
2 12348
2 6174
3 3087
3 1029
7 343
7 49
7 7
1
It can be observed that 49392 can be written as 24 × 32 × 73, where 2, 3
and 7 are positive primes.
∴ 49392 = 243273 = 𝑎4 𝑏 2 𝑐 3 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 7

Question 11: If 1176 = 𝟐𝒂 𝟑𝒃 𝟕𝒄 , find a, b and c.

Solution:

T IO S
First find out the prime factorisation of 1176.

I
2 1176
NO A D
CO N
A
2 588

PY
2 294
DO U A

3 147
T
ED PR

7 49
7 7
C
©

It can be observed that 1176 can be written as 23 × 31 × 72 .

1176 = 23 × 31 × 72 = 2𝑎 3𝑏 7𝑐
Hence, a = 3, b = 1 and c = 2.

Question 12: Given 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑𝒂 𝟓𝒃 𝟕𝒄 , find

(i) the integral values of a, b and c
(ii) the value of 𝟐−𝒂 𝟑𝒃 𝟕𝒄
Solution:
(i) Given 4725 = 3𝑎 5𝑏 7𝑐
First find out the prime factorisation of 4725.
3 4725
3 1575
3 525
5 175
5 35

T IO S
7 7

I
1NO A D
CO N
A
It can be observed that 4725 can be written as 33 × 52 × 71 .

PY
DO U A
∴ 4725 = 4725 = 3𝑎 5𝑏 7𝑐 = 33 × 52 × 71
T
ED PR

Hence, a = 3, b = 2 and c = 1.
C

(ii)
©

When a = 3, b = 2 and c = 1,
2−𝑎 3𝑏 7𝑐
= 2−3 × 32 × 71
1
= ×9×7
8
63
=
8
Hence, the value of 2−𝑎 3𝑏 7𝑐 is 638.

Question 13: If 𝒂 = 𝒙𝒚𝒑−𝟏 ,𝒃 = 𝒙𝒚𝒒−𝟏 and 𝒄 = 𝒙𝒚𝒓−𝟏 , prove

that 𝒂𝒒−𝒓 𝒃𝒓−𝒑 𝒄𝒑−𝒒 = 𝟏.
Solution:
It is given that 𝑎 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑝−1 ,𝑏 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑞−1 and 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑟−1
∴ 𝑎𝑞−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟−𝑝 𝑐 𝑝−𝑞 = (𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 1)𝑞−𝑟 (𝑥𝑦𝑞 − 1)𝑟−𝑝 (𝑥𝑦𝑟 − 1)𝑝−𝑞
= 𝑥 (𝑞−𝑟) 𝑦 (𝑝−1)(𝑞−𝑟) 𝑥 (𝑟−𝑝) 𝑦 (𝑟−𝑝)(𝑞−1) 𝑥 (𝑝−𝑞) 𝑦 (𝑝−𝑞)(𝑟−1)
= 𝑥 (𝑞−𝑟) 𝑥 (𝑟−𝑝) 𝑥 (𝑝−𝑞) 𝑦 (𝑝−1)(𝑞−𝑟) 𝑦 (𝑟−𝑝)(𝑞−1) 𝑦 (𝑝−𝑞)(𝑟−1)
= 𝑥 (𝑞−𝑟)+(𝑟−𝑝)+(𝑝−𝑞) 𝑦 (𝑝−1)(𝑞−𝑟)+(𝑟−𝑝)(𝑞−1)+(𝑝−𝑞)(𝑟−1)

T IO S
= 𝑥 𝑞−𝑟+𝑟−𝑝+𝑝−𝑞 𝑦 𝑝𝑞−𝑞−𝑝𝑟+𝑟+𝑟𝑞−𝑟−𝑝𝑞+𝑝+𝑝𝑟−𝑝−𝑞𝑟+𝑞

I
= 𝑥 0𝑦0
NO A D
CO N
=1
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©
 Exercise – 2.2
Page No – 2.24

Question 1: Assuming that x, y, z are positive real numbers, simplify

each of the following:
𝟓 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
(i) (√(𝒙−𝟑 )) (ii) √𝒙𝟑 𝒚−𝟐 (iii) (𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟐 )

T IO S
𝟐 𝟏
−𝟑
÷ √𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝟓

I
(iv) (√𝒙) √𝒚𝟒 (v) √𝟐𝟒𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒚𝟓 𝒛𝟏𝟎
NO A D
CO N
𝟓
𝟓
A
𝒙−𝟒 𝟒 √𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
(vi) ( −𝟏𝟎 ) (vii) ( ) ( )
𝒚 √𝟑 𝟕

PY
DO U A

Solution:
T
ED PR

5
5 1
(i) (√(𝑥 −3 )) = (√ 3 )
𝑥
C

5
©

1 1
( 3) = 15
𝑥2 𝑥2
3 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
(ii) √𝑥 3 𝑦 −2 = 1 =
2× 𝑦
𝑦 2

2 1 2
−3 −
(iii) (𝑥 𝑦 2 )
2
2 1 2
−3 − 1
= (𝑥 𝑦 2 ) =( 2 1 )
𝑥 3𝑦2

1
=( 2 1 )
×2 ×2
𝑥 3 𝑦2
 1
= 4
𝑥 3𝑦

2 1
−3
(iv) (√𝑥) √𝑦 4 ÷ √𝑥𝑦 2
2
1 −3 1
= (𝑥 ) 2 (𝑦 2)
÷ √𝑥𝑦 2
1

T IO S
−
𝑥 2𝑦2
= 1 1 1

I
− ×
𝑥 2𝑦 2 2
NO A D
CO N
1 1 1
−2 −2 2
A
= (𝑥 × 𝑥 ) × (𝑦 × 𝑦 ) 4

PY
1 1 1
DO U A
−2−2 2+4
= (𝑥 ) × (𝑦 )
T
ED PR

−2−3 8+1
= (𝑥 6 ) × (𝑦 4 )
C

5 9
= (𝑥 −6 ) × (𝑦 −4 )
©

9
−
𝑦 4
= 5
𝑥6

5
(v) √243𝑥 10 𝑦 5 𝑧10
1
= (243𝑥 10 𝑦 5 𝑧10 )5
1 10 5 10
= (243) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 5 5 5 5

1
= (35 )5 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2
 5
𝑥 −4 4
(vi) ( )
𝑦 −10
5
𝑦 10 4
=( )
𝑥4
5
10×
𝑦 4
=( 5 )
4×
𝑥 4
25
𝑦2
=( )

T IO S
𝑥5

I
NO A D
CO N
A
5
√2 6 2
(vii) ( ) ( )

PY
√3 7
DO U A
5 4
T
2 6 2
= (√ ) ( )
ED PR

3 7

5 4
C

2 2 6 2
= ( ) ( )
©

3 7
1 1
25 2 64 2
= ( 5) ( 4)
3 7
1
25 ×64 2
=( )
35 ×74
2×2×2×2×2 6×6×6×6
=( × )
3×3×3×3×3 7×7×7×7
1
512 2
= ( )
7203

Question 2: Simplify
 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐
−𝟏𝟓 𝟓
(i) (𝟏𝟔 ) (ii) √(𝟑𝟐)−𝟑
𝟏
𝟑
(iii) √(𝟑𝟒𝟑)−𝟐 (iv) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏) 𝟑

𝟑 𝟑 𝟖 𝟏𝟑
(𝟐𝟓)𝟐 ×(𝟐𝟒𝟑)𝟓 √𝟐 √𝟐
(v) 𝟓 𝟒 (vi) ( ) ÷ ( )
𝟓 𝟓
(𝟏𝟔)𝟒 ×(𝟖)𝟑
𝟕 𝟕
−𝟏 𝟐
𝟓 ×𝟕 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑
𝟓 ×𝟕 𝟐
(vii) ( ) ×( )

T IO S
𝟓𝟐 ×𝟕−𝟒 𝟓𝟑 ×𝟕−𝟓

I
Solution:
NO A D
CO N
5
1 2
A
−15
(i) (16 )

PY
DO U A
1 5 1
−15×2 −2
= (16) = (16)
T
ED PR

1 1
2 )−2 2×−2 1
= (4 = (4 )=
4
C

1 1
5 5 )−3 ]5 −15 )5
(ii) √(32)−3 = [(2 = (2
©

1 1
= 2−3 = =
23 8
1 1
(iii) √(343)−2 = [(343)−2 ]2 = (343)−2×3
3

2
1 1
= (73 )−3 = (7−2 ) = ( 2 ) = ( )
7 49
1
(iv) (0.001)3
1
1 3 1
=( 3) = 1
10 3×
10 3

1
= = 0.1
10
 3 3
(25)2 ×(243)5
(v) 5 4
(16)4 ×(8)3
3 3
((5 )) ×((3 ))5
2 2 2
= 5 4
((4 2 ))4 ×((4 3 ))3

53 ×33
=
25 ×24
125×27
=

T IO S
32×26

I
3375
=
512
NO A D
CO N
8 13 8−13
A
√2 √2 √2
(vi) ( ) ÷ ( ) = ( )
5 5 5

PY
DO U A
−5
√2 55 3125
T
= ( ) = 5 =
ED PR

5 4√2
23
7 7
5−1 ×72 2 5−2 ×73 2
(vii) ( ) ×( )
C

52 ×7−4 53 ×7−5
©

7 7 −5 −5
−1× 2× −2×() 3×( )
5 2 ×7 2 5 2 ×7 2
= 7 7 × −5 −5
2× −4× 3×( ) −5×( )
5 2 ×7 2 5 2 ×7 2

−7 −15
5 2 ×77 55 ×7 2
= × −15 25
57 ×7−14
5 2 ×7 2
−7 15 15 25
= 5 2 +5−7+ 2 × 77− 2 +14− 2
25 21 40 4 2
− 2
= 52 × 721− 2 = 52 × 72
= 52 × 71 = 25 × 7 = 175
Question 3: Prove that
𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
(i) (√𝟑 × 𝟓−𝟑 ÷ √𝟑−𝟏 √𝟓) × √𝟑 × 𝟓𝟔 =
𝟓

𝟏
𝟑
𝟏 −𝟐
(ii) 𝟗 − 𝟑 × 𝟓𝟎 −
𝟐 ( ) = 𝟏𝟓
𝟖𝟏

𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟐
𝟗 −𝟐 𝟏𝟔
(iii) ( ) − 𝟑 × 𝟖 × 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟑 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟑

T IO S I
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 𝟕
−
𝟐𝟐 ×𝟑𝟑 ×𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟑 ×𝟓 𝟓
(iv)
NO A D
𝟏 𝟑 ÷ 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎

CO N
− −
𝟏𝟎 𝟓 ×𝟓𝟓 𝟒 𝟓 ×𝟔
A

PY
𝟏 𝟐
DO U A
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑
(v) √ + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏) − (𝟐𝟕) = 𝟑
𝟒 𝟐
T
ED PR

𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝟑
(vi) =
𝟐𝒏+𝟏 −𝟐𝒏 𝟐
C
©

𝟐 𝟎
𝟔𝟒 −𝟑 𝟏 √𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟓
(vii) ( ) + 𝟏 + (𝟑 ) =
𝟏𝟐𝟓 √𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔
(𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟓)𝟒

𝟑−𝟑 ×𝟔𝟐 ×√𝟗𝟖

(viii) 𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖√𝟐
−
𝟓𝟐 × √𝟐𝟓×(𝟏𝟓) 𝟑 ×𝟑𝟑

(𝟎.𝟔)𝟎 −(𝟎.𝟏)−𝟏
(ix) 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏
(𝟖) (𝟐) +(−𝟑)

Solution:
(i) L.H.S.
 3 6
(√3 × 5−3 ÷ √3−1 √5) × √3 × 56
1 1 1 1
= ((3 × 5−3 )2 ÷ (3−1 )3 (5)2 ) × (3 × 56 )6
1 1 1 1 1
= ((3)2 × (5−3 )2 ÷ (3−1 )3 (5)2 ) × (3 × 56 )6
1 −3 1 1 1 6
= ((3)2 × (5) 2 ÷ (3−1 )3 (5)2 ) × ((3)6 × (5)6 )
1 1 3 1 1
−(− ) −2 −
= ((3) × (5) ) × ((3) × (5))

T IO S
2 3 2 6

I
= ((3)NO A D
3+2 4
× (5)−2 ) × ((3)6 × (5))
1

CO N
6
A

PY
5 1
DO U A
= ((3)6 × (5)−2 ) × ((3)6 × (5))
T
ED PR

5 1
= ((3)6+6 × (5)−2+1 )
C

6
= ((3)6 × (5)−1 )
©

= ((3)1 × (5)−1 )
= ((3) × (5)−1 )
1
= ((3) × ( ))
5

3
=( )
5

=R.H.S.

1
3
0 1 −2
(ii) 9 − 3 × 5 −
2 ( )
81
 1
2 )2
3
1 −2
= (3 −3− ( 2)
9
3 1
2×2 −2 )−2
=3 − 3 − (9
1
3 −2×−2
=3 −3−9
= 27 − 3 − 9
= 15

T IO S
1

I
1 −2 2
9 −2
− 3 × 8 × 40 +
(iii) ( )
NO A D
4
3 ( )
16

CO N
A
1
−2
1 −2 2
32
= ( 2) − 3 × 8 × 1 + ( 2)

PY
3
DO U A
2 4
T 2
4 3×3 4
=2 −3×2 +
ED PR

3
4
= 16 − 3 × 4 +
3
C
©

12+4
=
3
16
=
3

1 1 1 4 7
−
22 ×33 ×44 4 3 ×5 5
(iv) 1 3 ÷ 3
− −
10 5 ×55 4 5 ×6
1 1 1 3
−
22 ×33 ×(22 )4 ×(22 ) 5 ×(2×3)
= 1 3 4 7
− −
(2×5) 5 ×55 ×33 ×5 5
1 1 6 1
−
22 ×22 ×(22 ) 5 ×21 ×33 ×3
= 1 1 3 4 7
− − −
2 5 ×5 5 ×55 ×33 ×5 5
 1 1 1 6 1 4
− −
25 ×22 ×22 ×2 5 ×2×33 ×3×3 3
= 1 3 7
− −
5 5 ×55 ×5 5
1 1 6 1 1 4
+ − +1+ +1−
(2) 2 2 5 5 ×(3)3 3
= 1 3 7
− −
5 5 ×52 ×5 5
1 6
+2−
(2) 5 5 ×(3)1−1
=
5−1

=2×1×5

T IO S
= 10

I
NO A D
CO N
1 2
1
(v) √ + (0.01)−2 − (27)3
A
4

PY
DO U A
2
1 1 3 )3
= + 1 − (3
2
T
(0.01)2
ED PR

2
1 1 3×3
= + 1 − (3)
2
(0.1)2×2
C
©

1 1
= + (0.1)1 − (3)2
2
1 1
= + (0.1) − 9
2
3
=
2

2𝑛 + 2𝑛−1
(iv)
2𝑛+1 −2𝑛
2𝑛 + 2𝑛 ×2−1
=
2𝑛 ×21 −2𝑛
2𝑛 [1+2−1 ]
=
2𝑛 [2−1]
 1
=1+
2
3
=
2

2 0
64 −3 1 √25
(vii) ( ) + 1 + (3 )
125 √64
(256625)4
2
125 3 1
= ( ) + + 1

T IO S
1
64
44 4
( 4)

I
5

NO A D
2

CO N
3
5 3 1
= ( 3) + + 1
A
4
4 (5)

PY
DO U A
5 2 5
=( ) + +1
T
4 4
ED PR

25 9
= +
16 4
C

25 36
= +
©

16 16
61
=
16

3−3 ×62 ×√98

(viii) 1 3 4 1
−
52 × √25×(15) 3 ×33

3−3 ×36×√7×7×2
= 1 4 1
1 −
52 ×(25)3 ×(15) 3 ×33

1
−3 2 2 2
3 ×2 ×3 ×(7 )2
= −1 −4 −4 1
52 ×(52 ) 3 ×3 3 ×5 3 ×33
1 4 1 2 4
2 −3+2+3−3 −2+
= 2 .2 .3 2 .5 3 3 . 71
= 4√2 × 30 × 50 × 71
= 4√2 × 1 × 1 × 7
= 28√2

(0.6)0 −(0.1)−1
(ix) 3 −1 3 3 1 −1
(8) (2) +(−3)

1
1−0.1

T IO S
=8 3 3
×( ) −3

I
3 2

NO A D
1−10

CO N
=8 33
A
× −3
3 23

PY
−9
DO U A
=
32 −3
T
3
ED PR

=−
2
C
©

Question 4: Show that:

1 1
(i)
1+𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 + 1+𝑥 𝑏−𝑎
=1

𝑎+𝑏
𝑥 𝑎(𝑎−𝑏) 𝑥 𝑏(𝑏−𝑎)
(ii) [{ }÷{ }] =1
𝑥 𝑎(𝑎+𝑏) 𝑥 𝑏(𝑏+𝑎)

1 1 1
1 𝑎−𝑐 1 𝑏−𝑎 1 𝑐−𝑏
(iii) (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 ) (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 ) (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 ) =1

2 2 𝑎+𝑏 2 2 𝑏+𝑐 2 2 𝑎+𝑐

𝑥 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 +𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 +𝑎 3 +𝑏 3 +𝑐 3 )
(iv) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 𝑥 2(𝑎
𝑥 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑏𝑐 𝑥 𝑎𝑐

(v) (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )𝑎+𝑏 (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )𝑏+𝑐 (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )𝑐+𝑎 = 1

 𝑎
1 𝑎+1
(vi) {(𝑥 𝑎−𝑎−1 ) 𝑎−1 } =𝑥

𝑥+𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥

𝑎𝑥+1 𝑎𝑦+2 𝑎𝑧+3
(vii) [ ] [ ] [ ] =1
𝑎𝑦+1 𝑎𝑧+2 𝑎𝑥+3
𝑏+𝑐
3𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 3𝑏 3𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
(viii) ( 𝑏 ) ( 𝑐) ( 𝑎) =1
3 3 3

T IO S
Solution:

I
1 1
(i)
NO A D
1+𝑥 𝑎−𝑏
+
1+𝑥 𝑏−𝑎

CO N
A
1 1
= 𝑥𝑎
+ 𝑥𝑏

PY
1+ 𝑏 1+ 𝑎
DO U A
𝑥 𝑥

𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑎
T
= 𝑎 +
ED PR

𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑏
𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑎
=
𝑥 𝑏 +𝑥 𝑎
C
©

𝑎+𝑏
𝑥 𝑎(𝑎−𝑏) 𝑥 𝑏(𝑏−𝑎)
(ii) [{ }÷{ }]
𝑥 𝑎(𝑎+𝑏) 𝑥 𝑏(𝑏+𝑎)

2 2 𝑎+𝑏
𝑥 𝑎 −𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 −𝑎𝑏
= [( 2 ) ÷( 2 )]
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 +𝑎𝑏

2 −𝑎𝑏)−(𝑎2 −𝑎𝑏) 2 −𝑎𝑏)−(𝑏 2 −𝑎𝑏) 𝑎+𝑏

= [𝑥 (𝑎 ÷ 𝑥 (𝑏 ]
𝑎+𝑏
= [𝑥 −2𝑎𝑏−(−2𝑎𝑏) ]
= [𝑥 0 ]𝑎+𝑏 = [1]𝑎+𝑏 = 1
 1 1 1
1 𝑎−𝑐 1 𝑏−𝑎 1 𝑐−𝑏
(iii) (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 ) (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 ) (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )
1 1 1
= (𝑥 (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐) ) (𝑥 (𝑏−𝑐)(𝑏−𝑎) ) (𝑥 (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏) )
1 1 1
((𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐) + (𝑏−𝑐)(𝑏−𝑎) +(𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏))
=𝑥
𝑏−𝑐−𝑎+𝑐+𝑎−𝑏
((𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)(𝑏−𝑐))
=𝑥
= 𝑥0 = 1

T IO S I
NO A D
2 2 𝑎+𝑏
𝑥 𝑎 +𝑏
2 2 𝑏+𝑐
𝑥 𝑏 +𝑐
2 2 𝑎+𝑐
𝑥 𝑐 +𝑎

CO N
(iv) ( ) ( ) ( )
A
𝑥 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑏𝑐 𝑥 𝑎𝑐

PY
2 +𝑏 2 −𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑏𝑐 𝑏+𝑐 2 +𝑎2 −𝑎𝑐 𝑎+𝑐
= (𝑥 𝑎 (𝑥 𝑏 (𝑥 𝑐
DO U A
) ) )
T
2 +𝑏 2 −𝑎𝑏) 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑏𝑐) 2 +𝑎2 −𝑎𝑐)
= (𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 (𝑎 )(𝑥 𝑏+𝑐 (𝑏 )(𝑥 𝑐+𝑎 (𝑐
ED PR

)
3 +𝑎𝑏 2 −𝑎 2 𝑏+𝑎𝑏 2 +𝑏 3 −𝑎𝑏 2 3 +𝑏𝑐 2 −𝑏 2 𝑐+𝑐𝑏 2 +𝑐 3 −𝑏𝑐 2 3 +𝑎 3 −𝑎 2 𝑐+𝑐 3 +𝑎 3 𝑐−𝑎𝑐 2
= (𝑥 𝑎 )(𝑥 𝑏 )(𝑥 𝑎𝑐 )
C

𝑎3 +𝑏3 𝑏3 +𝑐 3 𝑎3 +𝑐 3
= (𝑥 )(𝑥 )(𝑥 )
©

3 +𝑏 3 +𝑏 3 +𝑐 3 +𝑎3 +𝑐 3
= (𝑥 𝑎 )
3 +2𝑏3 +2𝑐 3
= (𝑥 2𝑎 )
3 +𝑏 3 +𝑐 3 )
= 𝑥 2(𝑎

(v) (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )𝑎+𝑏 (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )𝑏+𝑐 (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )𝑐+𝑎

= (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )𝑎+𝑏 (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )𝑏+𝑐 (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )𝑐+𝑎
2 −𝑏 2 2 −𝑐 2 2 −𝑎2
= 𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐
2 −𝑏 2 +𝑏 2 −𝑐 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
= 𝑥𝑎
= 𝑥0
=1

𝑎
1 𝑎+1
𝑎−𝑎−1 𝑎−1
(vi) [(𝑥 ) ]

𝑎
𝑎−𝑎−1 𝑎+1
= [(𝑥 𝑎−1 )]

T IO S I
𝑎(𝑎−𝑎−1 )
= (𝑥
NO A D
𝑎2 −1 )

CO N
A
𝑎(𝑎−𝑎−1+1 ) 𝑎2 −1

PY
= (𝑥 𝑎2 −1 ) = (𝑥 𝑎2 −1 )
DO U A
T
ED PR

= 𝑥1 = 𝑥
C

𝑥+𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥

𝑎𝑥+1 𝑎𝑦+2 𝑎𝑧+3
©

(vii) [ ] [ ] [ ]
𝑎𝑦+1 𝑎𝑧+2 𝑎𝑥+3
𝑥+𝑦 𝑦+𝑧 𝑧+𝑥
= [𝑎(𝑥+1)−(𝑦+1) ] [𝑎(𝑦+2)−(𝑧+2) ] [𝑎(𝑧+3)−(𝑥+3) ]
= [𝑎 𝑥−𝑦 ]𝑥+𝑦 [𝑎 𝑦−𝑧 ]𝑦+𝑧 [𝑎 𝑧−𝑥 ]𝑧+𝑥
2 −𝑦 2 2 −𝑧 2 2 −𝑥 2
= [𝑎 𝑥 ][𝑎 𝑦 ][𝑎 𝑧 ]
2 −𝑦 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥 2
= 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎0 = 1

𝑏+𝑐
3𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 3𝑏 3𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
(viii) ( 𝑏 ) ( 𝑐) ( 𝑎)
3 3 3

= (3𝑎−𝑏 )𝑎+𝑏 (3𝑏−𝑐 )𝑏+𝑐 (3𝑐−𝑎 )𝑐+𝑎

 2 −𝑏 2 2 −𝑐 2 2 −𝑎2
= 3𝑎 × 3𝑏 × 3𝑐
2 −𝑏 2 +𝑏 2 −𝑐 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
= 3𝑎
= 30 = 1

T IO S I
NO A D
CO N
A

PY
DO U A
T
ED PR
C
©
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTION (VSAQs)
Page No: 2.28

𝟏
Question 1: Write (𝟔𝟐𝟓)−𝟒 in decimal form.
Solution:

T IO S
1 1
−4 −4 1
(625) = (54) = 5−1 = = 0.2

I
5

NO A D
CO N
A
Question 2: State the product law of exponents:

PY
DO U A
Solution:
T
ED PR

To multiply two parts having same base, add the exponents.

Mathematically: xm × xn = xm +n
C
©

Question 3: State the quotient law of exponents.

Solution:
To divide two exponents with the same base, subtract the powers.
Mathematically: xm ÷ xn = xm – n

Question 4: State the power law of exponents.

Solution:
Power law of exponents:
(xm)n = xm x n = xmn
Question 5: For any positive real number x, find the value of
𝑏+𝑐
𝑥 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
( 𝑏) ( 𝑐) ( 𝑎)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Solution:
𝑏+𝑐
𝑥 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
( 𝑏) ( 𝑐) ( 𝑎)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

= (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )𝑎+𝑏 (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )𝑏+𝑐 (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )𝑐+𝑎

T IO S
2 −𝑏 2 2 −𝑐 2 2 −𝑎2
= 𝑥𝑎 × 𝑥𝑏 × 𝑥𝑐

I
2 −𝑏 2 +𝑏 2 −𝑐 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
= 𝑥𝑎
NO A D
CO N
A
=1

PY
DO U A
T 𝟏
ED PR

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟒
Question 6: Write the value of {𝟓 (𝟖 + 𝟐𝟕 ) } . 𝟑 𝟑
C

Solution:
©

1
1 1 3 4
{5 (8 + 27 ) }
3 3

1
1 1 3 4
= {5 (23×3 + 3 3×3
) }

1
= {5(2 + 3)3 }4
1
4 )4
= (5
=5