Experiment-3

Object:- Study about operating system and its types.

 An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and

computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment
in which a user can execute programs conveniently and efficiently.
 An operating system is a software that manages computer hardware. The hardware must
provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system
and to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.
 An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and
acts as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all
times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being application programs.
 An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as
memory, processors, devices, and information. The operating system correspondingly
includes programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, a
memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system.
Functions of Operating system – Operating system performs three functions:

1. Convenience: An OS makes a computer more convenient to use.

2. Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system resources to be used efficiently.
3. Ability to Evolve: An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit the effective
development, testing, and introduction of new system functions at the same time without
interfering with service.
4. Throughput: An OS should be constructed so that It can give
maximum throughput(Number of tasks per unit time).
Major Functionalities of Operating System:
 Resource Management: When parallel accessing happens in the OS means when multiple
users are accessing the system the OS works as Resource Manager, Its responsibility is to
provide hardware to the user. It decreases the load in the system.
 Process Management: It includes various tasks like scheduling, termination of the
process. OS manages various tasks at a time. Here CPU Scheduling happens means all the
tasks would be done by the many algorithms that use for scheduling.
 Storage Management: The file system mechanism used for the management of the
storage. NIFS, CFS, CIFS, NFS, etc. are some file systems. All the data stores in various
tracks of Hard disks that all managed by the storage manager. It included Hard Disk.
 Memory Management: Refers to the management of primary memory. The operating
system has to keep track, how much memory has been used and by whom. It has to decide
which process needs memory space and how much. OS also has to allocate and deallocate
the memory space.
 Security/Privacy Management: Privacy is also provided by the Operating system by
means of passwords so that unauthorized applications can’t access programs or data. For
example, Windows uses Kerberos authentication to prevent unauthorized access to data.
The process operating system as User Interface:
1. User
2. System and application programs
3. Operating system
4. Hardware
Every general-purpose computer consists of the hardware, operating system, system programs,
and application programs. The hardware consists of memory, CPU, ALU, and I/O devices,
peripheral devices, and storage devices. System program consists of compilers, loaders,
editors, OS, etc. The application program consists of business programs, database programs.

History of Operating system –

The operating system has been evolving through the years. The following table shows the
history of OS.

GenerationYear Electronic device used Types of OS Device

First 1945-55 Vacuum Tubes Plug Boards
Second 1955-65 Transistors Batch Systems
Third 1965-80 Integrated Circuits(IC) Multiprogramming
Fourth Since 1980Large Scale IntegrationPC
Types of Operating System –
 Batch Operating System- Sequence of jobs in a program on a computer without manual
interventions.
 Time-sharing operating System- allows many users to share the computer resources. (Max
utilization of the resources).
 Distributed operating System- Manages a group of different computers and makes appear to
be a single computer.
 Network operating system- computers running in different operating systems can participate
in a common network (It is used for security purposes).
 Real-time operating system – meant applications to fix the deadlines.
Examples of Operating System are –
 Windows (GUI based, PC)
 GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, ISP, File and print server, Three-tier client/Server)
 macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers and workstations (MacBook,
iMac).
 Android (Google’s Operating System for smartphones/tablets/smartwatches)
 iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch)