Title: Fundamental of Mathematics

Chapter: Fundamental of Mathematics

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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SETS
A set is a collection of well defined objects which are distinct from each other. Sets are generally denoted
by capital letters A, B, C, ........ etc. and the elements of the set by small letters a, b, c ....... etc.
If a is an element of a set A, then we write a  A and say a belongs to A.
If a does not belong to A then we write a A,
e.g. the collection of first five prime natural numbers is a set containing the elements 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.

METHODS TO WRITE A SET :

(i) Roster Method or Tabular Method : In this method a set is described by listing elements,
separated by commas and enclose then by curly brackets. Note that while writing the set in roster
form, an element is not generally repeated e.g. the set of letters of word SCHOOL may be written
as {S, C, H, O, L}.

(ii) Set builder form (Property Method) : In this we write down a property or rule which gives us
all the element of the set.
A = {x : P(x)} where P(x) is the property by which x  A and colon ( : ) stands for ‘such that’
Example # 1 : Express set A = {x : x  N and x = 2n for n  N} in roster form
Solution : A = {2, 4, 8, 16, .........}

Example # 2 : Express set B = {x3 : x < 5, x  W} in roster form

Solution : B = {0, 1, 8, 27, 64}

Example # 3 : Express set A = {0, 7, 26, 63, 124} in set builder form
Solution : A = {x : x = n3 – 1, nN, 1  n  5}

TYPES OF SETS
Null set or empty set : A set having no element in it is called an empty set or a null set or void set, it is
denoted by  or { }. A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty set or a non-void set.

Singleton set : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Finite set : A set which has only finite number of elements is called a finite set.

Order of a finite set : The number of distinct elements in a finite set A is called the order of this set and
denoted by O(A) or n(A). It is also called cardinal number of the set.
e.g. A = {a, b, c, d}  n(A) = 4
Infinite set : A set which has an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Equal sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is member of B, and every
element of B is a member of A. If sets A and B are equal, we write A = B and if A and B are not equal

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 then
AB
Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their cardinal number is same
i.e. n(A) = n(B)
e.g. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d}  n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4
 A and B are equivalent sets

Note - Equal sets are always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal
Example # 4 : Identify the type of set :
(i) A = {x  W : 3  x < 10} (ii) A = {   }
(iii) A = {1, 0, –1, –2, –3,.......} (iv) A = {1, 8, –2, 6, 5} and B = {1, 8, –2, 6, 5}
(v) A = {x : x is number of students in a class room}
Solution : (i) finite set (ii) finite set
(iii) infinite set (iv) equal sets
(v) singleton set

Self Practice Problem :

(1) Write the set of all integers 'x' such that –2 < x – 4 < 5.
(2) Write the set {1, 2, 5, 10} in set builder form.
(3) If A = {x : x2 < 9, x  Z} and B = {–2, –1, 1, 2} then find whether sets A and B are equal or not.
Answers (1) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(2) {x : x is a natural number and a divisor of 10}
(3) Not equal sets

SUBSET AND SUPERSET :

Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an element of B then A is called a subset of B and B is
called superset of A. We write it as A  B.
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  A B
If A is not a subset of B then we write A B 

PROPER SUBSET :
If A is a subset of B but A  B then A is a proper subset of B. Set A is not proper subset of A so this is
improper subset of A

Note : (i) Every set is a subset of itself

(ii) Empty set  is a subset of every set
(iii) A  B and B  A  A = B
(iv) The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n.
(v) Number of proper subsets of a set having n elements is 2n – 1.
(vi) Empty set  is proper subset of every set except itself.

POWER SET :
Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by P(A)

Example # 5 : Examine whether the following statements are true or false :

(i) {a}  {b, c, a}
(ii) {x, p}  {x : x is a consonant in the English alphabet}
(iii) {   }  {   }
(iv) {a, b}  {a, {a}, b, c}
Solution : (i) False as {a} is subset of {b, c, a}
(ii) False as x, p are consonant
(iii) False as element ,  is not in the set {   }
(iv) False as a, b  {a, {a}, b, c} and {a, b}  {a, {a}, b, c}

Example # 6 : Find power set of set A = {1, 2, 3}

Solution : P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

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Example # 7 : If  denotes null set then find
(a) P() (b) P(P())
(c) n(P(P(P()))) (d) n(P(P(P(P()))))
Solution : (a) P() = {} (b) P(P()) = {,{}}
  (c) n(P(P(P()))) = 22 = 4 (d) n(P(P(P(P())))) = 24 = 16

Self Practice Problem :

(4) State true/false : A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {p, q, r, p, t} then A  B.
(5) State true/false : A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {s, r, q, p} then A  B.
(6) State true/false : [4, 15)  [–15, 15]
Answers (4) False (5) True (6) True

UNIVERSAL SET :
A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a universal set and is
denoted by U.
e.g. if A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the
universal set.

SOME OPERATION ON SETS :

(i) Union of two sets : A  B = {x : x  A or x  B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(ii) Intersection of two sets : A  B = {x : x  A and x  B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A  B = {2, 3}
(iii) Difference of two sets : A – B = {x : x  A and x  B}. It is also written as A  B'.
Similarly B – A = B  A' e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} ; A – B = {1}
(iv) Symmetric difference of sets : It is denoted by A  B and A  B = (A – B)  (B – A)
(v) Complement of a set : A' = {x : x  A but x  U} = U – A
e.g. U = {1, 2,........, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(vi) Disjoint sets : If A  B = , then A, B are disjoint sets.
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {7, 8, 9} then A  B = 

VENN DIAGRAM :
Most of the relationships between sets can be represented by means of diagrams which are known as
venn diagrams. These diagrams consist of a rectangle for universal set and circles in the rectangle for
subsets of universal set. The elements of the sets are written in respective circles.
For example If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5}, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} then their venn diagram is

AB AB A–B B–A

A' (A  B) = (A – B)  (B – A) Disjoint

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LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS (PROPERTIES OF SETS):
(i) Commutative law : (A  B) = B  A ; A  B = B  A
(ii) Associative law : (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) ; (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)
(iii) Distributive law : A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) ; A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(iv) De-morgan law : (A  B)' = A'  B' ; (A  B)' = A'  B'
(v) Identity law : A  U = A ; A   = A
(vi) Complement law : A  A' = U, A  A' = , (A')' = A
(vii) Idempotent law : A  A = A, A  A = A
NOTE :
(i) A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C) ; A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C)
(ii) A   = , A  U = U

Example # 8 : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} then find A  B

Solution : A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Example # 9 : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Find A – B and B – A.

Solution : A – B = {x : x  A and x B} = {1, 2, 3}
similarly B – A = {7, 8, 9}

Example # 10 : State true or false :

(i) A  A = A (ii) UA=A
Solution : (i) false because A  A' = U (ii) true as U  A = A

Example # 11 : Use Venn diagram to prove that A – B = A  B.

Solution :
From venn diagram we can conclude that A – B = A  B.

Self Practice Problem :

(7) Find A  B if A = {x : x = 2n + 1, n  5, n  N} and B = {x : x = 3n – 2, n  4, n  N}.
(8) Find A – (A – B) if A = {5, 9, 13, 17, 21} and B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24}
Answers (7) {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11} (8) {9, 21}

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS :

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then
(i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
(ii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A  B)

(iii) n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C) – n(A  C) + n(A  B  C)

(iv) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
= n(A  B) + n(B  C) + n(C  A) – 3n(A  B  C)
(v) Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A  B) – 2n(B  C) – 2n(A  C) + 3n(A  B  C)

Example # 12 : In a group of 60 students, 36 read English newspaper, 22 read Hindi newspaper and 12 read
neither of the two. How many read both English & Hindi news papers ?
Solution : n(U) = 60, n(E) = 36, n(H) = 22
n(E  H) = 12  n(E  H) = 12
 n(U) – n(E  H) = 12
 n(E  H) = 48
 n(E) + n(H) – n(E  H) = 48

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  n(E  H) = 58 – 48 = 10

Example#13 : In a group of 50 persons, 14 drink tea but not coffee and 30 drink tea. Find
(i) How many drink tea and coffee both ? (ii) How many drink coffee but not tea ?
Solution : T : people drinking tea
C : people drinking coffee
(i) n(T) = n(T – C) + n(T  C)  30 = 14 + n(T  C)  n(T  C) = 16

(ii) n(C – T) = n(T  C) – n(T) = 50 – 30 = 20

Self Practice Problem :

(9) Let A and B be two finite sets such that n(A – B) = 15, n(A  B) = 90, n(A  B) = 30. Find n(B)
(10) A market research group conducted a survey of 1000 consumers and reported that 720
consumers liked product A and 450 consumers liked product B. What is the least number that
must have liked both products ?
Answers (9) 75 (10) 170

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 EXERCISE – I
Part - I : Subjective Questions
Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
1. State wether the following collections is a set or not ?
(i) The collection of natural numbers between 2 and 20
(ii) The collection of numbers which satisfy the equation x2 –5x + 6 = 0
(iii) The collection of prime numbers between 1 and 100.
(iv) The collection of all intelligent women in Jalandhar.

2. Write the following set in tabular form

(i) A = {x : x is a positive prime < 10}
(ii) B = {x : x = 3, x  , 1    3}

3. Write the following set in builder form

(i) set of all rational number
(ii) {2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, .........}

4. Identifiy type of set in terms of empty/singleton/finite/infinite

(i) {x : x is a real number and x2 – 1 = 0}
(ii) {x : x is a real number and x2 + 1 = 0}
(iii) {x : x is positive real number and x2 – 9 = 0}
(iv) {x : x is a real number and x2 + 2x + 2  0}

5. Write power set of the set A = {, {}}.

Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets

1. Given the sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, then find the following
(i) A  (B  C) (ii) A – (B  C) (iii) (B  C) – A

2. Find the smallest set A such that A  {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}

3. If aN = {ax : x  N} and bN  cN = dN, where b, c  N, b  2, c  2 are relatively prime, then write 'd' in
terms of b and c.

4. Sets A and B have 3 and 6 elements respectively. What can be the minimum and maximum number of
elements in
(i) AB (ii) AB

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

1. Let n(U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300 and n(A  B) = 100, then find n(A'  B')

2. In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 newspapers and every newspaper is read by 60
students. Find the number of newspaper.

3. In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% families buy newspaper A, 20% families buy newspaper
B and 10% families buy newspaper C, 5% families buy A and B, 3 % buy B and C and 4% buy A and C.
If 2% families buy all the three news papers, then find number of families which buy newspaper A only.

Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type

Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
1. The set of intelligent students in a class is-
(A) a null set (B) a singleton set
(C) a finite set (D) not a well defined collection

2. The set A = {x : x  R, x2 = 16 and 2x = 6} is

(A) Null set (B) Singleton set
(C) Infinite set (D) not a well defined collection

3. If A = {x : –3 < x < 3, x  Z} then the number of subsets of A is –

(A) 120 (B) 30 (C) 31 (D) 32

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4. Which of the following are true?
(A) [3, 7]  (2, 10) (B) (0, )  (4, ) (C) (5, 7]  [5, 7) (D) [2, 7]  (2.9, 8)

5. The number of subsets of the power set of set A = {7, 10, 11} is
(A) 32 (B) 16 (C) 64 (D) 256

6. Which of the folowing sets is an infinite set?

(A) Set of divisors of 24 (B) Set of all real number which lie between 1 and 2
(C) Set of all humman beings living in India. (D) Set of all three digit natural numbers

Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets

1. Let A = {x : x  R, –1 < x < 1} , B = {x : x  R, x  0 or x  2} and A  B = R – D, then the set D is
(A) {x : 1 < x  2} (B) {x : 1  x < 2} (C) {x : 1  x  2} (D) {x : 1 < x < 2}

2. If A = {2, 3, 4, 8, 10}, B = {3, 4, 5, 10, 12}, C = {4, 5, 6, 12, 14} then (A  B)  (A  C) is equal to
(A) {3, 4, 10} (B) {2, 8, 10} (C) {4, 5, 6} (D) {3, 5, 14}

3. The shaded region in the given figure is

(A) A  (B  C) (B) A  (B  C) (C) A  (B – C) (D) A – (B  C)

4. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 5}, B = {6, 7}, then A  B is

(A) B (B) A (C) A (D) B

5. If A = {x : x = 4n + 1, n  5, n  N} and B {3n : n  8, n  N}, then A – (A – B) is :

(A) {9, 21} (B) {9, 12} (C) {6, 12} (D) {6, 21}

6. A  B = A  B iff :
(A) A  B (B) A = B (C) A  B (D) A  B

7. Consider the following statements :

1. N  (B  Z) = (N  B)  Z for any subset B of R, where N is the set of positive integers, Z is the
set of integers, R is the set of real numbers.
2. Let A = {n  N : 1  n  24, n is a multiple of 3}. There exists no subset B of N such that the
number of elemets in A is equal to the number of elements in B.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2

8. Which of the following venn-diagrams best represents the sets of females, mothers and doctors ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Sol. M  Mother; F  Female; D = Doctor

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

1. Let A and B be two sets. Then
(A) n(A  B)  n(A  B) (B) n(A  B)  n(A  B)
(C) n(A  B) = n(A  B) (D) can't be say

2. In a city 20 percent of the population travels by car, 50 percent travels by bus and 10 percent travels by
both car and bus. Then persons travelling by car or bus is
(A) 80 percent (B) 40 percent (C) 60 percent (D) 70 percent

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3. A class has 175 students. The following data shows the number of students obtaining one or more
subjects : Mathematics 100, Physics 70, Chemistry 40, Mathematics and Physics 30, Mathematics and
Chemistry 28, Physics and Chemistry 23, Mathematics & Physics & Chemistry 18. How many students
have offered Mathematics alone?
(A) 35 (B) 48 (C) 60 (D) 22

4. 31 candidates appeared for an examination, 15 candidates passed in English, 15 candidates passed in

Hindi, 20 candidates passed in Sanskrit. 3 candidates passed only in English. 4. candidates passed only
in Hindi, 7 candidates passed only in Sanskrit. 2 candidates passed in all the three subjects How many
candidates passed only in two subjects ?
(A) 17 (B) 15
(C) 22 (D) 14

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 Answer Key
Part - I : Subjective Questions
Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
1. (i) Yes (ii) Yes (iii) Yes (iv) No
2. (i) {2,3,5,7} (ii) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
p
3. (i) {x : x = , p  , q  N} (ii) {x : x =  + 1,   N}
q
4. (i) Finite (ii) Finite and empty
(iii) Singleton & finite (iv) Infinite
5. {, {}, {{}}, A}

Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets

1. (i) {1, 2, 3, 4} (ii) {1, 2, 3} (iii) {4, 5, 6}
2. {3, 5, 9} 3. d = bc
4. (i) minimum n(A  B) = 0, maximum n(A  B) = 3
(ii) minimum n(A  B) = 6, maximum n(A  B) = 9

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

1. 300 2. 25 3. 3300

Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type

Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (D)
6. (B)

Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A)
6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (D)

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (B)

Solution
Part - I : Subjective Questions
Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
1. Collection of all intelligent women in Jalandhar is not a set as it is not a well defined collection. It is not
possible to decide logically which woman is to be included in the collection and which is not to be
included.

2. 2,3,5 and 7 are the only positive primes less than 10.

3. Obvious

4. (i) x2 – 1 = 0 x=±1
(ii) x2 + 1 = 0 x=±i x
(iii) x2 – 9 = 0 x = ± 3
(iv) x2 – x – 2 = 0, x = 2, –1

5. P(A) = {, {}, {{}}, {, {}}} = {, {}, {{}}, A}

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Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets
1. A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4}
C = {4, 5, 6}
BC = { 4 }
B  C = {3, 4, 5, 6}
A  (B  C) = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A – (B  C) = {1, 2, 3}
(B  C) – A = {4, 5, 6}

2. Obvious

3. bN  . cN
(+ve integral multiple of b)  (+ve integral multiple of c)
since b & c are relatively primes :
=bcN  d = bc

4.

for minimum n(A  B), the set A is subset of B and for maximum n(A  B), the sets A and B are disjoint
set.
also n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
 minimum n(A  B) = 0, maximum n(A  B) = 3
 minimum value of n(AB) = 3 + 6 – 3 = 6 or maximum value of n(AB) = 3 + 6 – 0 = 9

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

1. n (Ac  Bc) = n[({A  B)c] = n(U) – n (A  B) = n(U) – [n(A) + n(B) – n (A  B)]
= 700 – [200 + 300 – 100] = 300.

2. Let number of newspapers is x.

As every newspaper is read by 60 students
Since, every students reads 5 newspapers
 60x = 300(5)  x = 25.

3. n (A) = 40% of 10,000 = 4,000

n(B) = 20% of 10,000 = 2,000
n(C) = 10% of 10,000 = 1,000
n(A  B) = 5% of 10,000 = 500
n(B  C) = 3% of 10,000 = 300
n(C  A) = 4% of 10,000 = 400
n(A  B  C) = 2% of 10,000 = 200
n(A  Bc  Cc) = n[A  (B  C)c]
= n(A) – n[A  (B  C)] = n(A) – n [(A  B)  (A  C)]
= n (A) – [n (A  B) + n (A  C) – n (A  B  C)]
= 4000 – [500 + 400 – 200] = 4000 – 700 = 3300.

Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type

Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
1. Since, intelligency is not defined for students in a class so set of intelligent students in a class is not
well defined collection.

2. x2 = 16  x=±4
2x = 6 x=3
No common value of x

3. A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
No. of subsets = 2n = 25 = 32

4. Obvious

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5. P(A) = {, {7}, {10}, {11}, {7, 10}, {7, 11}, {10, 11}, {7, 10, 11}}
Number of subsets = 2n = 28 = 256

6. Between any two real numbers there lie infinitely many real numbers.

Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets

1. A = [x : x  R, – 1 < x < 1]
B = [x : x  R : x  0 or x  2]
 A  B = R – D, where D = [x : x  R, 1  x < 2]

2. A  B = {3, 4, 10}
A  C = {4}
(A  B)  (A  C)= {3, 4, 10}

3. Obviously A – (B  C)

4. B’ = U – B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10}
A  B' = {1,2,5} = A

5. A = {5, 9, 13, 17, 21} and B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24}
A – B = {5, 13, 17}
A – (A – B) = {9, 21}

6. Let A  B = A  B
Now, x  A  x  A  B ( A  A  B)
xAB ( A  B = A  B)
xB
Similarly, x  B implies x  A A=B
Conversly, let A = B
AB=AA=A=AA=AB
AB=AB

7. 1. (N  B)  Z = (N  Z)  (B  Z) = N  (B  Z)
2. A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24}

8. M  Mother; F  Female; D = Doctor

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

1. (i) A  B > A  B (ii) A  B < A  B (iii) A  B = A  B not always

2.
P = 10 + 10 + 40 = 60 %

3.
n (M) = 100
n(P) = 70
n (C) = 40
n (M  P) = 30
n (M  P) = 28
n (P  C) = 23
n (M  P  C) = 18

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4. x+ y = 10 ; x+z=9 ; y + z = 11  x + y + z = 15
x = 4, y = 6, z = 5

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