CHAPTER 4
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain
Background
The 2-D discrete Fourier Transform and its inverse
The 2-D convolution theorem
Basics of filtering in the frequency domain
Image smoothing using frequency domain filters
Image sharpening using frequency domain filters
Selective filtering
Implementation
Textbook: Digital image processing, Gonzalez and Woods
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 1
Background
The French mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was
born in 1768 in the town of Auxerre, about midway between
Paris and Dijon.
The contribution for which he is most remembered was outlined
in a memoir in 1807 and published in 1822 in his book, La
Théorie Analitique de la Chaleur (The Analytic Theory of Heat).
This book was translated into English 55 years later by
Freeman (see Freeman [1878]).
Basically, Fourier’s contribution in this field states that any
periodic function can be expressed as the sum of sines and/or
cosines of different frequencies, each multiplied by a different
coefficient (we now call this sum a Fourier series)
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 2
Background
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 3
Background
Complex Numbers:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 4
Background
Complex Numbers:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 5
Background
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 6
Background
Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 7
Background
Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 8
Background
Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 9
Background
Fourier transform of functions of one continuous variable
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 10
Background
Convolution
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 11
Background
Sampling
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 12
Background
Band limited signal:
A bandlimited signal is a signal whose Fourier transform is zero
above a certain finite frequency. In other words, if the Fourier
transform has finite support then the signal is said to be
bandlimited.
Sampling theorem
A continuous, band-limited function can be recovered
completely from a set of its samples if the samples are
acquired at a rate exceeding twice the highest frequency
content of the function.
This result is known as the sampling theorem.
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 13
Background
Fourier transform of band limited signals:
Over-sampling
1
2 max
T
Critically-sampling
1
2 max
T
Under-sampling
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 14
Background
Sampling theorem
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 15
Background
Aliasing effect
If a band-limited function is
sampled at a rate that is less
than twice its highest frequency?
The inverse transform will
yield a corrupted function. This
effect is known as frequency
aliasing or simply as aliasing.
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 16
Background
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of one variable
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 17
2D Fourier transform
Fourier transform of two variables
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 18
Fourier transform of two variables
Fourier transform of two variables
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 19
2D Fourier transform
Fourier transform of two variables
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 20
2D Fourier transform
Two dimensional sampling and the sampling theorem
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 21
2D Sampling
Two dimensional sampling and the sampling theorem
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 22
2D Sampling
Two dimensional sampling and the sampling theorem
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 23
Aliasing in images
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 24
Aliasing in images
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 25
Aliasing in images
Aliasing in images (jaggies)
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 26
2D discrete Fourier transform
The 2D Fourier and its inverse
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 27
2D discrete Fourier transform
Fourier spectrum and phase angle
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 28
2D discrete Fourier transform
Fourier spectrum and phase angle
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 29
2D discrete Fourier transform
Fourier spectrum and phase angle
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 30
2D discrete Fourier transform
Fourier spectrum and phase angle
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 31
Importance of the phase information
Introduction to Matlab– Chapter 1 32
2D convolution
The 2D convolution theorem
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 33
Summary of 2D Fourier transform
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 34
Frequency domain filtering
Basic idea:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 36
Frequency domain filtering
Results on SEM image:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 37
Frequency domain filtering
Example:
Remove the Dc component
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 38
Frequency domain filtering
Example:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 39
Frequency domain filtering
Detailed Steps:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 40
Image smoothing using Frequency domain filters
Example:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 41
Image Smoothing
Ideal low pass filter
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 42
Image Smoothing
Ideal low pass filter
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 43
Image Smoothing
Ideal low pass filter
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 44
Image Smoothing
Ideal low pass filter
Total power in the image:
Percentage of the
enclosed power:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 45
Image Smoothing
Butterworth low pass filter (write a matlab code)
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 46
Image Smoothing
Butterworth low pass filter (write a matlab code)
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 47
Image Smoothing
Butterworth low pass filter
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 48
Image Smoothing
Butterworth low pass filter
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 49
Image Smoothing
Butterworth low pass filter (Example)
See attached files
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 50
Image Smoothing
Gaussian lowpass filter
The form of these filters in two dimensions is given by
or
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 51
Image Smoothing
Gaussian lowpass filter
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 52
Image Smoothing
Recall:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 53
Image Sharpening
Image sharepening
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 55
Image Sharpening
High pass filtering
Ideal:
Butterworth:
Gaussian:
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 56
Image Sharpening
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 57
Image Sharpening
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 58
Image Sharpening
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 59
Image Sharpening
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 60
Image Sharpening
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 61
Image Sharpening
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 62
Image Sharpening
Laplacian
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 63
Selective filtering
Band reject and bandpass filters
Image enhancement in the frequency domain– Chapter 4 64
