ABEL M.

PANESA 12- STEM A

QUARTER 1 – MODULE 4
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION, AND IMMERSION

LESSON 1: Research Design

Warming Up

1. Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories

and assumptions. Whereas, Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to
understand concepts, thoughts or experiences.
2. I think for me, the most interesting and creative research design is descriptive research design. It
is a theory-based design, where the researcher is primarily interested in describing the topic that
is the subject of the research. It is applied to case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys, and
so on. It lets the researcher clearly present the problem statement in order to allow others to better
understand the need for this kind of research.
3.
Identify problem.

Review literature.

Select participants and

instruments.

Collect valid and

reliable data.

Analyze data.

Report conclusions.

4. Study habits of Gr. 12 STEM students of MORMS.

5. Survey

KEEPING YOU IN PRACTICE

PRACTICE TASK 1: Connecting to Research Problem

1. Study habits of Gr. 12 STEM students of MORMS.

2. Survey
PRACTICE TASK 2: Identification of Appropriate Research Design.

It is important to identify the appropriate research method in our study because it allows us to
understand our study more effectively. Also, choosing the appropriate method it helps us
determined the success and overall quality of our study.

In this study, the research design that will be used is survey.

It allows us to collect information on the experiences,
opinions, and even hypothetical scenarios from the
Write a draft of respondents. A survey can be administered in a couple of
research design different ways. In one method known as a structured
you think interview, the researcher asks each participant with the
applicable to your questions. In the other method known as a questionnaire, the
participant fills out the survey on his or her own.

PRACTICE TASK 3: Charting the Differences of Research Designs

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH

Need data to
Qualitative research tends to deal with
analyze. Quantitative research methodology deals
words and meaning. primarily with numbers and statistics
Focuses on exploring ideas Both
and have Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses.
formulating a theory or hypothesis.
respondents. Analyzed through math and
Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing statistical analysis.
and interpreting.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 - Open ended question - Closed ended question
- Expresses by words and meaning - Expresses by numbers and statistic.
- Large sample size - Small sample size

ADDITIONAL TASK

Research Title or Problem: Effectiveness of Study habits in the academic performance of Gr. 12 STEM
students of MORMS.

Research Design: Case study

COOLING DOWN

I: Identification

1. Qualitative Research Design 6. Grounded theory 11. Survey Research

2. Quantitative Research 7. Case Study 12. Causal-Comparative research
Design 8. Purpose 13. Experimental research
3. Ethnography Statement 14. Correlation research
4. Narrative 9. Narrative Inquiry 15. Descriptive survey question
5. Phenomenological 10. Grounded Theory 16. Comparative research question
17. Relationship based

II: Enumeration
18 - 19. Qualitative and Quantitative research design.
20 – 24. Case study, Ethnography, narrative, phenomenological and grounded theory.
25 - 28. Causal Comparative research, Experimental research, Correlation research and Survey
research.

III: Essay

29-30.
It is important to be familiar with the research design in our study because it allows us to
understand our study more effectively. Also, it helps us determined the success and overall
quality of our study. There is other research design that is appropriate in our study but we need to
analyze to know what research design is suit for our study.

31-35.

Quantitative research is used to test or confirm theories and assumptions. Whereas,

Qualitative research is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences. Also, Quantitative
research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be
transformed into usable statistics. And also, the qualitative research is used to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations.
 36-40.
41-45.
Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify
characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories. It is useful when not much is known yet about
the topic or problem. Historical research is used to compare records of historical events and the
activities surrounding them. This type of research also helps to organize historical events
sequentially, and to preserve historical data so it doesn't get lost. Case studies are often used in
exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other
methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different
aspects of a person's life are related to each other. Lastly, Experimental research design is
often used where: There is time priority in a causal relationship (cause precedes effect) There is
consistency in a causal relationship (a cause will always lead to the same effect) The magnitude
of the correlation is great.

LEARNING CHALLENGE

TASK 1: Defining Population

A population is a complete set of people with a specialized set of characteristics, and a sample is
a subset of the population.

TASK 2: Determining Sample Procedure

Sampling is a process or technique of choosing a sub-group from a population to participate in

the study; it is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the
individuals selected represent the large group from which they were selected. There are two
major sampling procedures in research. These include probability and non-probability sampling.
In probability sampling, everyone has an equal chance of being selected whereas, non-probability
sampling is used in some situations, where the population may not be well defined.

ABEL M. PANESA 12- STEM A

QUARTER 1– MODULE 4
INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION, AND IMMERSION

LESSON 2: Understanding Data and Ways to Collect Data (Population and Sampling Method)
Warming-Up

S - Specific

A – Appropriateness

M - Measure

P - Practicability

L- Large size

E- Elements

Budget: 1000.00 php.

Weekly Allowance
Food: 400 php.
150 100 Transportation: 100 php.
400

School Requirements: 150 php.

100
Want or stuff: 100 php.
150 100
Other groceries: 150 php.

FOOD TRANSPORTATION Other needs: 100 php.

SCHOOL REQUEREMENTS WANT
OTHER GROCERIES OTHER NEEDS

Yes, there is similarities between budgeting a weekly allowance and determining the sample size
of a study because it is similar to the size and percentage of a respondents.

1. Population study is a study of a group of individuals taken from the general population who
share a common characteristic, such as age, sex, or health condition. This group may be studied
for different reasons, such as their response to a drug or risk of getting a disease.
2. A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the sample is always
less than the total size of the population.
3. Statistics is the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting,
analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data.
4. Parameters are numbers that summarize data for an entire population. Statistics are numbers that
summarize data from sample, have clear understanding of your study will influence the
parameter.
5.
 Define your sample and target population. At times, your survey may require you to
cover the entire target population, as is the case in mapping or population studies.
 Define your sample size. There are no strict rules for selecting a sample size.
  Define your sampling techniques. The sampling technique that’s right for you depends on
the nature and objectives of your project.
 Minimize sampling error.

KEEPING YOU IN PRACTICE

PRACTICE TASK 1:

The population of the study is the 3

Identify population of your
sections of Gr. 12 STEM students of
study.
Marcial O. Rañola Memorial School.

PRACTICE TASK 2:

The researchers will select students

randomly from Gr. 12 STEM of
Decide and write on the MORMS by providing a questionnaire
sample procedure/s and to survey and have accurate answer
sample of your study. from the students.

PRACTICE TASK 3:

Factors and various approaches that the

study will be affect is that the type of
As you write, consider the sampling procedure, and also the
factors, steps and various various approaches to determine the
approaches determining the sample size, sample size should as small
sample in your study. as 30 are generally adequate.
ADDITIONAL TASK:

TASK 1: The target sample population are 25 randomly selected students from Gr. 12 STEM of
MORMS.

TASK 2:

Population Sample Size

Gr. 12 STEM students of MORMS 25 randomly selected students

COOLING DOWN

I: Identification

1. Sampling 6. Respondents 11. Stratified Sampling

2. Population 7. Elements 12. Purposive Sampling

3. Target Population 8. Statistics 13. Multi-stage Sampling

4. Accessible Population 9. Parameter 14. Systematic Sampling

5. Subjects 10. Simple Random Sampling 15. Non-random Sampling

II: Enumeration

1-4. - Simple Random Sampling

- Stratified Sampling
- Purposive Sampling
- Multi-stage Sampling

5-8. - Define the Sample Population

- Define the Sample Size

- Define Sampling Technique
- Minimize Sampling Error
III: Essay

1. Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined

number of observations are taken from a larger population. Its purpose is to provide various types
of statistical information of a qualitative or quantitative nature about the whole by examining a
few selected units.

2. Sampling is a tool that is used to indicate how much data to collect and how often it should be
collected. For example, when you buy a slice of cake to try if its delicious then it is a sample and
the whole cake is the population.

3. Refers to a total number of people who serve as subjects or respondents of the study. Its type is
Finite Population, Infinite Population, Existent Population, Hypothetical Population

4.

5. Subjects are the people in the researcher's experiment - usually quantitative research. While the
respondents answer (respond/reply to) questionnaires - usually quantitative research. Respondents
generally answer (respond/reply to) the questions asked by the researcher - no more, no less.

6. A statistic and a parameter are very similar. They are both descriptions of groups. The difference
between a them is that statistics describe a sample. Whereas a parameter describes an entire population.

7. Factors to consider in determining the sample size: Homogeneity of the population. The higher
the degree of homogeneity of the population, the smaller the sample size that can be utilized.
Degree of precision desired by the researcher. The larger the sample size, the higher the precision
or accuracy of the results will be. Types of sampling procedure. Probability sampling uses sample
sizes that non-probability sampling.

8.

9.
10. Sample sizes as small as 30 are generally adequate to ensure that sampling distribution of the
mean will approximate the normal curve. When the total population is equal to or less than 100,
this same number may serve as the sample size. This called universal sampling. Slovin’s formula
is used to compute for sample size (Sevilla, 2003). According to Gay 1976, the following are
acceptable sizes for different types of research in descriptive research – 10% to 20% may be
required while in comparative research – 15 subjects or groups.

LEARNING CHALLENGE
TASK 1: Ways in Gathering Data

 Documents and records.

 Interviews.
 Observations.
 Focus groups.
 Oral histories
 Questionnaires and surveys.

TASK 2: Data Collection Procedure

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an

established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and
evaluate outcomes. The steps in data collection procedure are Identify issues and/or opportunities
for collecting data. Select issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) and set goals. Plan an approach and methods.
Collect data. Analyze and interpret data. Act on results.