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Photovoltaic Solar Thermal (PV/T) Collectors Past, Present and Future: A

Review

Article  in  International Journal of Applied Engineering Research · December 2016

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 22 (2016) pp. 10757-10765
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Photovoltaic Solar Thermal (PV/T) Collectors Past, Present and Future: A

Review

Ali H Al-Waeli
MSc Student, Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]

K Sopian
Professor, Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]

Hussein A Kazem,
Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University PO Box 44, Sohar, PCI 311 Oman.
E-mail: [email protected]

Miqdam T Chaichan,
Assistant Professor, Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The first one converts sunlight into electrical energy while the
Every day more research is made in the field of solar energy later heats fluids using the sunlight's heat to create thermal
specifically in hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors, energy. Both techniques utilize the solar energy; however,
which is a combination of both solar technologies. each method covers a particular part of the spectrum;
Researchers have targeted this system configuration because it photovoltaic (PV) covers the visible spectrum while solar
has an improved overall efficiency, with a comparison to both thermal collector covers the rest. A notion of emerging both
photovoltaic (PV) and solar collectors, and it saves space techniques into one unit has been suggested to create -what is
using one area for two systems instead of using two zones. known as – Photovoltaic Solar Thermal Collector (PV/T).
The majority of researchers presented new models/designs The PV/T technology capitalizes on the entire spectrum to
while others provide studies on pre-existing ones for different generate both electrical and thermal energy in the same space.
environmental conditions. However, it is important to review Efficiency is higher in this combined system in comparison to
their work to find key ideas to consider for future works and separate PV and Solar thermal conventional systems. This
to capture the limitations of research in this field. This paper mainly due to the common denominator of these two systems,
presents principles of PV/T collectors, classification, history which is temperature? PV cell's efficiency decrease with the
of research, major aspects in PV/T research and critical increasing temperature of the cell, this is no longer a problem
review of the presented review literature, as well as the PV because of the coupled solar thermal collector. The fluid in the
aspect of the system. More focus in this study is directed collector (could be Air, Water, etc.) will absorb the heat of the
towards the electrical side, in particular, the PV part of the PV cell/module, and so output voltage of the PV cell can be
system. maintained. On the other hand, the fluid is now heated and
ready to be used for various applications.
Keywords: Review Hybrid PV/T collectors; Photovoltaics; Many studies are conducted in this branch of solar energy, as
Solar thermal collectors. it hovers over a long list of techniques which leads to more
combinations. The PV technology could be made with
different silicon material, set up to a different configuration
INTRODUCTION and installed in various environments. Same can be said about
The global demand for energy have increased with the the solar thermal collector. In order to understand and grasp
increasing population and resources like fossil fuels are not on the PV/T technology a deeper research on each aspect (PV
reliable as it was in the previous century, as fluctuation in oil and Thermal) must be made.
prices can be very damaging especially to countries and Researchers have not necessarily raised the system as a whole,
industries that consider fossil fuel as their base. Renewable but rather focused on a certain parameter to improve or
energy technologies have become main stream during the last conducted a case study. This paper aims to revise and review
three decades; treaties set by decision makers were signed to the PV/T technology and take a look at its two entities
establish renewable energy as a global solution to problems separately as well in order to draw conclusions. More than 65
such as energy shortage and global warming. Solar power is research paper published over a range of journals and
one of the leading renewable energy resources due to its low conferences are being discussed and will be presented to
price for individuals and it emitting zero emissions and noise. establish main points, general trends, and problems to be
Two major technologies used under the solar power umbrella solved in relation to this topic.
are the solar cell 'Photovoltaic' and the solar thermal collector.

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND CLASSIFICATION PV Panels (modules are made up of cells and panels
OF PV/T: are made up of modules) [2]-[3].
A. The PV/T collector system is formed of two subsystems: 3. PV/T: The hybrid solar thermal collector produces
1. Solar Thermal Collectors: A device that utilizes on both electricity and thermal energy simultaneously
the solar radiation (ultraviolet and infrared) to heat due to using both PV and Thermal collectors. Many
up a fluid with good heat capacity to create thermal configurations of this system are examined to
energy. This fluid may be used to heat water through provide higher overall efficiency. The efficiency of
a heat exchanger system. The overall system is used the PV/T system is calculating by adding the
to supply hot water for residential applications; electrical efficiency to the thermal one. Advantages
however, it can be used to produce electricity by of this system are summarized below [4]-[5]:
coupling the system with a turbine. The fluid used in i. PV/T system uses up less area than PV and
the thermal collector can be air, water or other liquid Thermal collectors separately.
material. Many configurations and designs of a solar ii. PV/T system requires less material than
thermal collector are present such as parabolic trough fixing two individual systems.
collectors, batch box heated, concentrated solar iii. Electrical efficiency can be improved due to
power, etc. To ensure the production of high the fluid absorbing heat from the PV.
temperatures for these fluids, the tubes carrying them iv. Fluid gaining more temperature due to the
are colored with black to absorb more radiation and heat it absorbs from the solar cell.
heat up the liquid [1]-[2]. v. Higher overall efficiency than separate
2. Photovoltaic or solar cells: A device that converts systems.
light (photons) into electricity in the form of a direct
current. These devices are of semiconductor B. Classification of PV/T
materials, utilizing the energy the photons give to the Classification of PV/T is crucial to simplify and ease the
electrons in the valence band and raising them to the process of studying its types independently or grouped,
conduction band which leads to creating an electron- compare different types and in the case of similarity combine
hole pair. Capitalizing on this pair through the use of them under one classification. It depends on multiple
a potential barrier to create a potential difference parameters, such as the nature of the heat transfer fluid in the
(Voltage) is important. Finally, an external circuit system, the type of the collector used, etc. Figure 1 presents
with a load is connected to this device to create general PV/T classification [6]-[9].
current flow. The simplest element is the solar cell, A different classification can be proposed such that it also
and usually, PV's are sold as either PV Modules or depends on the type of PV module or its configuration (stand-
alone/grid-tie).

Figure 1: Classification of PV/T collector systems

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE WORK OF PV/T: articles show the importance of PV/T research and the scale it
A. Past Work: carries over multiple dimensions. The sample is insignificant
Table 1 represents merely samples of past work done on this to give a clear impression on the previous trend indeed, but
topic over the last four decades for different purposes such as common features can still be taken and compared with other
design, theoretical study and case studies. The mentioned work in that time scale to develop a clearer understanding of

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the literature perhaps. The following points must be taken 2) More numerical simulation is established from the 80's
into consideration: to the present date than the 70's.
1) Most of the research present in the table uses both 3) More focus on the type of collector used in PV/T was
theoretical analysis and experimental data and carried from 90's to present time.
compares the two.
Table 1. Conducted research over four decades with two samples of research per decade

Decade Year Ref. Authors Work

70's 1978 [39] Kern E. & Russell Performed tests & studies on the combined PV/T collector system and setup
M. a full-system experiment.

1979 [40] Florschuetz L. Provided a modification to the original Hottel-Whilier model for thermal
analysis of flat-plate collectors to extend to the hybrid PV/T design.

80's 1980 [41] Hendrie S. Tested the performance of two PV/T types (Air & liquid type) of collectors
through experiment and analytical prediction. Author recommended the
careful choice of cover-glass spacing turbulent flow inducement in transfer
fluid.

1985 [42] Cox H. & Used a computer simulation of PV/T that applies to different designs to
Raghuraman P. discuss important parameters for PV/T optimization. Authors focused on
Air-type PV/T collector with a single crystalline PV.

90's 1994 [43] Garg H. et al. Presented an experimental study and compared it to a theoretical one for
hybrid PV/T Solar water heater. Authors chose a thermosiphon water heat
with solar cells. Experimental data validated theoretical predictions.

1999 [44] Garg H. et al. Theoretically analyzed the performance of PV/T air heating collector with
Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) troughs. Authors conducted a
comparison between PV/T system with and without CPC. Concluded that
PV/T system with CPC has higher performance than without.

2000's 2000 [45] Sopian K. et al. Developed & tested a double pass PV/T type collector and applied it for
solar drying. Authors performed both theoretical & experimental studies with
results being in agreement and recommended the use of double pass PV/T
for such application.

2002 [46] Zondag H. et al. Presented four numerical models to simulate thermal output of PV/T
collector. Results from these models are compared with experimental ones.
A 5% accuracy to the experiment results is reached by all models.

B. Present Work: double path parallel flow. The study found that the two
B.1 PV/T General Aspect: parallel paths have the best efficiency around 45 to 64 %.
The following literature shows several researches in the field
of PV/T; it is important to understand different scientific Fudholi et al. [2] used energy and exergy analysis to rate the
approaches to enhance experience and understanding of the effect of spiral flow absorber on a water based PV/T panel's
core principles of this area. efficiency and found a maximum PV/T efficiency of 68% and
a PV efficiency of 13-13.8%. Furthermore, the authors
Sopian et al. [1] examined the effects of bifacial air based concluded that the primary energy-saving efficiency had
Photovoltaic Thermal collector (PV/T) under the first law of increased from 79% to 91% when mass flow rate increased
thermodynamics. The authors designed four bifacial modules from 0.011 kg/s to 0.041 kg/s.
consisting of two path types which are a single path and a

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Sopian et al. [3] compared three different collectors pass with three trough concentrators and fins. This study
(serpentine flow absorber, oscillatory flow absorber, and focused on factors affecting temperature. They concluded that
parallel-serpentine flow absorber) regarding their PV/T the thermal and electrical efficiencies of the system are higher
efficiency and primary energy saving efficiency to determine with Compound Parabolic Concentrators than without it.
their performance on a Building Integrated PV/T (BIPVT) to
decide which has the best characteristics. Authors found that Touafek et al. [6] presented a new configuration of hybrid
parallel-serpentine flow absorber gave the highest efficiency PV/T using a monocrystalline silicon PV module, heat
at a mass flow rate of 0.041 kg/s with a PV/T efficiency of exchanger, new hybrid sensor, and tube and sheet absorber
65% and a PV efficiency of 13%. Authors also concluded that type and through the use of data acquisition system authors
mass flow rate is directly proportional to PV/T and Primary drew the temperature plots. The study concluded that the
energy saving efficiencies. effectiveness of this design as well as the effect of
temperature on the system output.
Staebler et al. [4] proposed using transparent PV modules to
replace the cover glass in glazed thermal collectors. The PV Croitoru [7] presented a review of PV/T combi-panels and
was of amorphous silicon, and that is because of its relatively their classifications. The survey showed different types of
low cost which could be suitable for BIPV systems. The panel designs (uncovered panels, dual-flow panels, and two-
study found a final PV/T efficiency of 32.5% with 4.7% being phase panels) and classified combi-panels into PV/T water
PV efficiency. collector, combination water/Air PV/T collector, PV/T air
collector – single pass and PV/T Air collector – double pass.
Jian and Mingheng [5] performed a study and numerical The author showed the advantages and disadvantages of each
simulation on a solar concentrating PV/T to see whether they type as well as named different technologies of each of them.
would improve the effectiveness or not. The system is single-
PV/T in this system. The author used the Life Cycle Cost
Lv et al. [9] authors analyzed thermoelectric properties of a (LCC) equations for cost analysis. PV used is of
PV/T module through indoors testing using a solar simulator. polycrystalline silicon type. Finally, authors concluded that
They used a monocrystalline silicon PV cell with a tilt angle increase in solar panel capacity results in a decrease in grid
of 20° and through a numerical study; they found a PV interaction and LCC of the system.
efficiency of 10.1 % and a PV/T efficiency of 54.3%.
Khelifa et al. [13] provided an approach to model PV/T
Hajji et al. [10] proposed a numerical module of PV/T collector through the use of theoretical and experimental
collector through MATLAB software. This module was based results, using energy balance equations and coupled
on energy balance equations to allow finding different differential equations. The authors performed a heat balance
temperature profile across PV/T layers. The PV cell used is of equation to all elements of the system (glass cover, PV,
monocrystalline silicon type, and the tube and sheet collector Coolant, Absorber plate and Insulation). The PV/T efficiency
type was chosen. Authors compared various mass flow rates found was 69% (which is composed of 14.8% PV and 55%
to corresponding cell temperatures and found that the Thermal). The study proposed using advantage material to
relationship between mass flow rate and cell temperature is reduce costs.
inversely proportional.
Ammous et al. [14] proposed using a Fuzzy Logic Control
Ammous and Chaabene [8] discussed using PV/T in powering (FLC) to employ a PV/T in RO desalination plant. The
a Reverse Osmosis (RO) standalone desalination plant and ran authors used Tube and sheet collector type and showed that
a simulation. Authors found electrical and thermal efficiencies conventional PV temperature is way higher than that of hybrid
of 18% and 68%, respectively. Leading to a PV/T efficiency PV/T. However, the authors did not present the system
that exceeds 75%. They also found that thermal energy peaks efficiency or an economic study of it.
at 910 W/m2 around 12 o'clock at noon, while electrical power Hajji et al. [15] performed a comparison between two PV/T
peaks around 180 W/m2 at the same time. models: The first model (A) uses a tube and sheet collector.
The second model (B) was a hybrid air/water collector. Both
Haddad et al. [11] compared between PV/T system and models use a monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic. Authors
separate PV and thermal systems to investigate the designed a numerical model via MATLAB to find the
effectiveness of this technique. The authors used a different temperature layers of PV/T collectors. Model A
monocrystalline silicon PV module with copper tubes, as they presented higher electrical efficiency with 13.8 % at 0.06 kg/s
have set up three systems (conventional PV, conventional flow rate, while model B's efficiency was 11% at the same
thermal and PV/T hybrid). Authors found a thermal efficiency flow rate.
of 42% at 12 o'clock noon. However, authors did not further
discuss the effectiveness of the neither PV/T nor Reatti et al. [16] proposed an analytical expression to compare
contemporary readings for the electrical performance of the the produced energy by a concentrator PV/T module to the
system. distance between subsequent collectors. Besides, a
comparison between actual plant production and expected
Athukorala et al. [12] introduced a techno-economic analysis energy production was made. This study was achieved
for BIPVT system with few case studies to evaluate the role of through the help of a monitoring system which acquires

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various data such as (Temperature, mass flow rate, current, Based on the literature review presented above, table (2) is
direct & global solar radiations, wind speed & direction, introduced to give an impression on the general trend in this
pressure and humidity). research field. From Table (2), the following points must be
taken into consideration:
Slimani et al. [17] studied effects of adding a cover glass & a a. Lowest electrical efficiency achieved throughout this
metal plate on improving heat transfer & energy performance range was 4.7% while the highest was 18%. As for the
of PV/T. The PV module chosen for this design is a thermal efficiency, the lowest and highest are 32.5% and
monocrystalline silicon cell. The PV efficiency has decreased 70%, respectively. The total PV/T efficiency ranges
due to this design from 11% to 9.5%, but the thermal from 37.5% to 80%. It's important to note that 25%,
efficiency was increased from 15% to 70%. The authors 30% and 35% of researchers did not include PV-
concluded that even though the PV efficiency has decreased, Thermal, and PV/T efficiency, respectively. The lack of
the overall PV/T efficiency of this particular design is very presenting efficiency results is not recommended as it is
promising. an important parameter to be discussed.
b. Highest efficiencies (both thermal and overall) were
Marimuthu et al. [18] proposed a new PV/T water system developed in Algeria, Tunisia, Malaysia, and China.
with a transparent photovoltaic panel to replace non- Geographical location affects the amount of solar
transparent cell panels. AUTOCAD and MATLAB radiation, temperature, wind speed and other parameters.
SIMULINK software was used to design and fabricate the c. Most commonly used collectors are tube and sheet
experimental setup. It was found that the efficiency of the collectors, followed by CPC collectors. Air collectors
PV/T system increased under this design. were used more than water collectors throughout the
review. As for the PV's Monocrystalline Silicon was
Haber [19] applied a metal absorber & collector tube to the used the most.
back face of a conventional PV module and an insulated d. The analytical method is used the most in this range with
backside. The author created a heat transfer matrix for the about 70% of researchers utilizing it, while the
analysis of this system and found that a PV/T with heat remaining followed numerical simulations. The lack of
control and a PV/T without cooling have yearly efficiencies of numerical and intuitive simulations must be addressed
14.46% and 14.61%, respectively. because it is vital to see the difference between the
approaches for optimization or modeling. Using all
Haiping et al. [20] designed a CPC-PV/T system with light methods and comparing their yield is recommended.
distribution uniformly found via Light tools simulation
(numerical). Authors recommended using non-cover, water- From the points illustrated above it is clear that there is a need
cooled, flat cartridge collectors with three flow ducts (fins). for more numerical simulations and more extensive research
The authors installed two CPC-PV/T units for this experiment targeting electrical efficiency as it is nowhere near the values
and found a PV/T efficiency of 60%. produced for the thermal energy.

Table 2. PV/T Information from Literature Review

g Authors Location Year Method of Photovoltaic Thermal Collector Efficiency (%)

study type /Absorber type Electrical Thermal PV/T
[1] Sopian K. et Malaysia 2013 Analytical - - Mono-facial 9-10 28-55 37 - 64
al. - Bifacial
Air based
-Double/Single
path
[2] Fudholi A. et Malaysia 2013 Analytical - Spiral flow 13-13.8 45-55 58-68
al. absorber
[3] Sopian K. et Malaysia 2013 Analytical - -Serpentine flow 13 52 65
al. absorber
-Oscillatory flow
absorber
-Parallel-
serpentine flow
absorber
[4] Staebler D. Croatia 2002 Analytical Amorphous Air based glass 4.7 32.5 37.5
et al. Silicon collector
[5] Jian S. & China 2009 Numerical - Compound Trough 6-9.5 40 – 66 46-78
Mingheng S. Concentration
[6] Touafek K. Tunisia 2013 Analytical Mono- Tube and Sheet 14.4 - -

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et al. crystalline
Si
[7] Ana Maria Bucharest 2013 - -- - - -
Croitoru
[8] Ammous M. Tunisia 2014 Analytical - Glazed PVT 18 68 75
and Collector
Chaabene M.
[9] Lv J. et al. China 2013 Analytical Mono- Tube-Plate 10.1 44.2 54.3
and crystalline Collector
numerical Si
[10] Hajji M. et Morocco 2014 Analytical Mono- Tube and Sheet - - -
al. crystalline
Si
[11] Hadded S. et Algeria 2015 AnalyticalMono- Copper tubes - 42 -
al. crystalline
Si
[12] Athukoral A. Sri Lanka 2015 Analytical Poly- Water collector 14.55 – 14.95 49.9 – 54.8 64.3- 69.5
et al. crystalline with glass tedler
Si
[13] Khelifa A. et Algeria 2014 Analytical - -Tube and Sheet 14.8 55 69
al. -Serpentine flow
[14] Ammous M. - 2016 Numerical - Tube and Sheet - - -
et al.
[15] Hajji M. et Morocco 2014 Numerical Mono- -Tube and Sheet 13.8 – 14 - -
al. crystalline - Hybrid
Si Water/Air
[16] Reatti A. et Italy 2015 Analytical Mono- Concentrating - - -
al. crystalline solar collector
Si
[17] Slimani M. Algeria 2015 Analytical Mono- Air Collector 10 70 80
et al. & crystalline
Numerical
[18] Marimuthu India 2015 Numerical Transparent Heat pipe array - - 42.7
M. et al. PV cell
[19] Haber I. Hungary 2015 Analytical - Heat pipe array 15 47 62
[20] ChenHaiping China 2015 Numerical - Compound 7-11 50-52 60
et al. parabolic
concentrator

B.2 PV Aspect of PV/T: - Monocrystalline silicon type PV the most commonly used
To examine the electrical aspect of the PV/T system, type of PV modules in PV/T systems within this range of
extensive review of papers focused on improving electrical research.
efficiency or dealing with photovoltaics must be made. - Type of configuration provided in the study is assumed to
As for the Photovoltaic system discussed in the literature, be stand-alone in case it was not mentioned. The majority
Table (3) is introduced to provide a clear idea about PV types, of configurations used are stand-alone PV/T systems.
ranges and more. Table (3), illustrates a clearer and more - Most authors did not discuss the economic point of view
distinct characteristics of the research that is conducted and for PV/T.
can be summarized as follow:
- Most common size to PV modules is an open circuit The majority of the research works present in this sample
voltage of 21 Volts and an average short circuit current of accounts for small systems (below 418 Watts), with the stand-
around 5.6 Amperes. As for the maximum output power, alone configuration of a mono-crystalline PV embedded with
it ranges from [74 to 418] Watts, which shows small PV PV/T.
system.

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Table 3. PV Information from Literature Review

Ref. Location Type of PV used Maximum PV Open PV Short PV Type of PV Cost of the
Solar Circuit Circuit maximum configuration PV system
Radiation Voltage (V) Current (A) output (W) (Standalone) Or or energy
(W/m2) (Grid-Tie) (US$)
[17] Algeria Mono-C 578 21.7 4.8 74.8 Stand-Alone -
[18] India Transparent cell 351 21.6 3.8 418 Stand-Alone -
[21] - Crystalline - - - - Stand-Alone -
[22] Italy, Finland & A-Si thin film 85 185 1.15 140 Stand-Alone -
Abu Dhabi
[23] Egypt A-Si thin film - 71 2.5 110 Stand-Alone -
[24] Chile Mono-C 560 21.7 4.8 75 Stand-Alone -
[25] Malaysia Poly-C - 21.5 2.53 40 Stand-Alone -
[26] China Mono-C 616 45 5.56 - Stand-Alone -
[27] Nigeria Mono-C 172 45.9 9.16 315 Stand-Alone -
[28] Ireland Poly & Mono- C 650 Poly (21.6)/ Poly Poly (40) / Stand-Alone -
Mono (37.5) (2.51)/Mono Mono
(8.7) (245)
[29] Malaysia Transparent 800 19.9 5.9 80 Stand-Alone -
[30] Slovenia Mono-C 571 37.5 8.74 250 Stand-Alone -
[31] Spain C-Si - 22.2 9.46 - Stand-Alone -
[32] Iran Poly-C 800 21.1 3.8 - Stand-Alone -
[33] China Mono-C 768.5 45.1 5.63 195 Stand-Alone -
[34] Iran - 220 44.53 4.967 - Stand-Alone -
[35] Korea Mono-C - 38.1 9.27 260 Stand-Alone 412
[36] France Mono-C 598 - - 250 Stand-Alone -
[37] India C-Si & A-Si - - - - Grid-Tied -
[38] India Poly-C 240 37.1 8.28 230 Stand-Alone 208

C. Future work and Recommendations:

Even with the presented literature which covers a broad range
of topics that are either core related to the PV/T or associated CONCLUSIONS
with it, there are some issues and ideas that need to be raised In conclusion, this paper presented review and study of
for further research. The recommendations are as follows: research conducted by various scientists, researchers and
1. Using various simulation methods then comparing experts in the field of PV/T collectors. Furthermore, it
them to find the optimized way to design PV/T. examined and presented their conclusions and
2. Proposing ways to improve either the solar cell recommendations. A classification of the PV/T technology
efficiency or the overall effectiveness other than the was put in place, and a critical review was detailing the past,
conventional ones. the present, and the future of R&D in this field. The primary
3. Only employing solar cells of high quality and significance of this paper was the critical review which helped
material characteristics in the PV/T system. All types in understanding the common grounds and the weak links in
of PV's must be analyzed experimentally with each this area. The recommendations presented can be pursued to
type of collector present. create future work to cover some of those shortcomings.
4. Providing economic studies and life cycle cost
analysis for PV/T systems, which seems to be
lacking in the literature? REFERENCES
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renewable one. characterization of single-path and double-path air-

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based bifacial photovoltaic thermal solar collector”, – case study", Moratuwa Engineering Research
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