UNIT III THE MICROCHIP PIC micro (R) MICROCONTROLLER

1.Types of Microcontroller

PIC Microcontroller

 PIC Stands for Peripheral Interface Controller is a kind of microcontroller

components was used in the development of electronics, computer
robotics, and similar devices.
 Pic has a built-in data memory, data bus and dedicated microprocessor for
preparing all I/O purposes and methods.

ARM Microcontroller

 ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machine.

 It’s the most popular Microcontrollers Programming in the digital
embedded system world, and most of the industries prefer only ARM
microcontrollers since it consists of significant features to implement
products with an excellent appearance.
 It is cost sensitive and high-performance device which has been used in a
wide range of application such as Industrial Instrument control systems,
wireless networking and sensors, and automotive body systems, etc.

8051 Microcontroller

 Intel created 8051 microcontrollers in 1981.

 It is an 8bit microcontroller.
 It’s made with 40 pins DIP (Dual inline package), 4kb if ROM storage
and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16 bit timer.
 It consists of are four parallel 8 bit ports, which are programmable as well
as addressable as per the specification.

AVR Microcontroller

 AVR stands for Alf and Vegard's RISC Processor.

 It was the modified Harvard architecture machine, where program and
data were stored in the separate physical memory system that appears in
different address spaces, but having the ability to browse information
things from program memory victimization particular directions.

MSP Microcontroller

 MSP stands for Mixed Signal Processor.

  Built around a 16 -bit CPU, the MSP is designed for low cost and
respectively, low power dissipation embedded statements.
 It’s the controller's appearance is directly related to the 16-bit data bus,
and seven addressing modes and the decreased instructions set, which
allows a shorter, denser programming code for fast performance.
 The Range of Microcontroller is an IC chip that executes programs for
controlling other device or machines. It is a micro-device which is used
for control of other device machines that’s why it’s called
Microcontrollers Programming.
Hardware features
 Flash memory (program memory, programmed using MPLAB devices)
 SRAM (data memory)
 EEPROM memory (programmable at run-time)
 Sleep mode (power savings)
 Watchdog timer.
 Various crystal or RC oscillator configurations, or an external clock.

2. Application development tools

 The application development process was tedious and had to be done
very carefully to prevent an error creeping that would take hours to
recognize, find and fix.
 Today, there is a certain irony that computers have taken over many of
these tasks and in doing so have eliminated many problems, making the
application development process much faster and easier.
 The first tool you will have to be familiar with is an editor, which will
allow you to create the program source code.
 The source code is the human-readable file that contains the instructions
(either as assembly or high-level language) that are to be processed into
the bits executed by the processor.
 With the program stored in a text file from the editor, it must be
converted or built into an object file that can be loaded into the processor.
 The most basic conversion program is the assembler, which converts
processor instructions into the bits required to execute by the processor.
 The full collection of tools that are used to create a microcontroller
application are:
 Editor
 Assembler
 Compiler
 Linker
  Simulator
 Debugger
 Emulator
 Programmer

3.Basic Circuit requirements

 PIC microcontrollers ( Programmable Interface Controllers), are
electronic circuits that can be programmed to carry out a vast range of
tasks.
 They can be programmed to be timers or to control a production line and
much more.
 They are found in most electronic devices such as alarm systems,
computer control systems, phones, in fact almost any electronic device.
 You will need a computer to run software, such as Circuit Wizard,
allowing you to program a PIC microcontroller circuit. 

 The computer will need a serial port or a USB port. This is used to
connect the computer to the microcontroller circuit.
 Software such as, Genie Design Studio can be downloaded for free.
 It can be used to program microcontroller circuits. It allows the
programmer to simulate the program, before downloading it to a PIC
microcontroller IC (Integrated Circuit).
Simulating the program on screen, allows the programmer to correct
faults and to change the program.
The software is quite easy to learn, as it is flow chart based.
 Each ‘box’ of a flow chart has a purpose and replaces numerous lines of
text programming code. This means that a program can be written quite
quickly, with fewer mistakes.

 A USB lead connects the computer to the programmable circuit, allowing

the transfer of the program to the PIC microcontroller IC.
4. The PIC16F627
 The high performance of the PIC16F627 family can be attributed to a
number of architectural features commonly found in RISC
microprocessors.
 The PIC16F627 uses a Harvard architecture, in which, program and data
are accessed from separate memories using separate buses.
 This improves bandwidth over traditional Von Neumann architecture
where program and data are fetched from the same memory.
 Separating program and data memory further allows instructions to be
sized differently than 8-bit wide data word.
 Instruction opcodes are 14-bits wide making it possible to have all single-
word instructions.
Features
•Low voltage programming
•Low speed Clock mode
•Programmable BOR
•4MHz internal RC oscillator
•On-chip voltage reference
•128 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
5. EL cheapo PIC micro programmer circuit.
 This method is a response to the need for a simple and inexpensive
PIC16F84 Programmer.
 The circuit shown here can be built in an hour or so using parts that are
commonly available.
 The software that runs the programmer is written to copy a .hex file into
the PIC Micro directly with very few options.
 In terms of speed, the programming operation takes two or three times
longer than the fastest programming algorithms out there, but it is very
reliable.

 Virtually all the mid-range PIC micro MCUs can be programmed with
the El Cheapo as well as a number of the Low-End parts (the
PIC12CXXX and PIC16C505).
 The only mid-range parts that cannot be programmed using this
programmer is the PIC14000 and the 20 pin PIC micro MCUs.
 The El Cheapo cannot be used for the PIC17CXXX and could be used
with PIC18CXX2.
 The range of supported PIC micro MCU part numbers includes basically
all the devices that are presented in the Experiments, Projects and Tools
 The El Cheapo circuit (shown below) uses the "handshaking" lines of the
PC's parallel port instead of the data lines.
 This was done in order to allow the El Cheapo to work on PCs that did
not have ECP, EPP or even basic bi-directional parallel ports.
 El Debug and elcheapo.exe (the El Cheapo MS-DOS programming
utility) are Version 3.1 tools for the original El Cheapo application.
 They will program all mid-range PIC micro MCUs that do not require
oscillator calibration loading.