Chapter 2

Database System Architecture

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Chapter 2: Contents
 Data Models, Schema and Instances
 DBMS Architecture and Data
Independence
 Database Language and Interface
 The Database System Environment
 Classification of DBMS

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 Data models
Data models:- a collection of
concepts/tools used to describe the
structure of a data (data types,
relationships and constraints) in database.
A data model is a notation for describing
data/information and database.
Data Model provides a means to achieve
data abstraction
Data Abstraction refers to the hiding of
certain details of how the data are stored
and maintained.
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 Data models
There are several types of data
models.
 Entity–relationship (ER) model
 Relational model
 Hierarchical model or Network
model
 The object-oriented data models.
 ER and relational models are popular
and most widely used.
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Types of Data Model
1. Entity-Relationship (ER) model
 It is a High-level Data models that
provide concepts that are close to the
way people perceive data to present the
data.
It use concepts like entities, attributes,
and relationships to represent objects.

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Entities, Attributes, and Relationships
Entity:-represents real-world objects with
physical or conceptual existence.
(e.g. EMPLOYEE, PROJECT, STUDENT, COURSE)

 Entity has some attributes which

represents properties of entity.
Such as EMPLOYEE’s [Name, EID, Address, Salary,
birth-date, JobTitle]
 A relationship represents association
among entities.
Example a works on relationship between
employee and project.
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 …types of data model
2. Relational data model
 ways of storing data in a database as rows and
column in a table (also called relations).
 today a vast majority of database products are
based on the relational model.
 A table stores data about one specific entity in
the mini-world represented by the database
 The columns in a table represent attributes of
the entity.
 A row in a table represents an instance(record)
of the entity i.e. a row in the Customers table
represents one Customer record.

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 … types of data model
Relational data model…
◦ Data and relationships are represented by a
collection of tables.
◦ Each table has a number of columns with
unique names, e.g. customer, account

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 … types of data model
3. Hierarchical model:
 Data is represented by a simple tree
structure.
 Record type is referred to as node or segment
 The top node is the root node
 A parent record can have many child records
but a child record can have only one parent.
 The relationship between parent and child is
one-to-many
 There are no many-to-many relationships
between records.
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Hierarchical model:

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 … types of data model
4. Object-Oriented Model:
 The database is seen as a collection of
objects;
 Objects that have similar properties are
grouped into a class. So, an entity is
represented as a class.
 A class has attributes (properties and
behaviour).
 Subclasses inherits attributes from the
parent class
 Diagram: class name at the top, properties in
the middle, methods at the bottom.
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 … types of data model
4. Object-Oriented Model:

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 Recap Activity

 Categories of Data model

◦ Higher level Data model
 ER Model (Entity, Attribute, Relationships)
 OO Model (Class, Object, Method)
◦ Record based data model
 Hierarchical Model(Tree structure, Link)
 Relational Model (Tables)
◦ Physical Data model (Storage, DBMS)

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Schemas versus Instances
 Database Schema
◦ The description of the Structure of a database.

 Schema Diagram
◦ An illustrative display of a database schema.
◦ With out data type and relationships

 Schema Construct
◦ Each object of the schema , e.g., STUDENT,
COURSE.

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E.g. Schema diagram for university database

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Database state(instance)
 The actual data in a database may change quite
frequently.
 State of database is changed any time we add,
delete or update an item.
 Database State /database instance / occurrence
/ snapshot: is the actual data stored in a database at
a particular moment in time.
 Every time we insert or delete a record or change
the value of a data item in a record, we change one
state of the database into another state.
 For example, the UNIVERSITY database
changes every time we add a new student or enter
a new grade.
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Example of a database state

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Database Schema vs. Database State
 Distinctions
◦ The database schema changes very
infrequently.
◦ The database state changes every time the
database is updated.

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Database Languages
 Database uses database languages to
create database, manipulate data in
database and control access.
 Three languages are used.
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Data Control Language (DCL)

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Database Languages …
 1. Data Definition Language (DDL):
For describing data and data structures
Used to define database scheme
Creating and describing the types of entities,
constraints and relationships.
 Typical DDL operations in the structured query
language SQL):
Creation of tables and definition of attributes
(CREATE TABLE ...)
Change of tables by adding or deleting attributes
(ALTER TABLE …)
Deletion of whole table including content (!) (DROP
TABLE …) etc
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Database Languages …
 2. Data Manipulation Language (DML):
◦ a language used for manipulation of data like
store, search, read, change, etc
◦ Used for Retrieval, insertion, deletion, and
modification of the data.
 Typical DML in the structured query
language SQL:
 Add data (INSERT)
 Change data (UPDATE)
 Delete data (DELETE)
 Query data (SELECT) Etc….

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Database Languages …
 3. Data Control Language (DCL):
◦ A Data Control Language (DCL) is a DB
language used to control access to data in a
database.
◦ Set of commands that generally control
permissions on the data, such as defining access
rights.
 Typical DCL commands include:
◦ GRANT used to allow specified users to
perform specified tasks.
◦ REVOKE used to cancel previously granted
access right or denied permissions
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Database Interface
Menu-Based Interface:
 This interfaces present the user with lists of
options, called menus that lead the user through
the formulation of a request.
 Pull-down menus are becoming a very popular
technique in window-based user interfaces.
Forms-Based Interface:
 Displays a form to each user.
 Users fill out all of the form entries to insert new
data, or they fill out only certain entries, in which
case the DBMS will retrieve matching data for the
remaining entries.
 Forms are usually designed and programmed for
naive users as interfaces to canned transactions.
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Database Interface…
Graphical User Interfaces:
 Displays a schema to the user in diagrammatic
form. The user can then specify a query by
manipulating the diagram/icons.
 GUIs utilize both menus and forms.
 Most GUIs use a pointing device, such as a
mouse, to pick certain parts of the displayed
schema diagram.
Natural Language Interfaces:
 These interfaces accept requests written in English
or some other language and attempt to
"understand" them.
 They refer to words in its schema and set of
standard words to interpret the request.
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Database Interface…
Interfaces for Parametric Users:
 Parametric(naïve users) users, such as bank tellers,
often have a small set of operations that they must
perform repeatedly.
 Systems analysts and programmers design and
implement a special interface for a known class of
naive users.
Interfaces for the DBA:
 Most database systems contain privileged
commands that can be used only by the DBA’s staff.
 These include commands for creating accounts,
setting system parameters, granting account
authorization, changing a schema, and
reorganizing the storage structures of a database.
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I thank you!!!

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 Assignment
 Preparebrief notes on the following
database concepts:
Level of Abstraction and view level
Database Architectures
Data Independence
Types of DBMS

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 Quiz 5%
1. What is data model? (1pt)
2. List and explain at least two data
models. (2pts)
3. Differentiate database schema
and database instance (2pts)

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