Class-XII

PHYSICS
Time3hrs Theory :70marks
Practical : 25 marks
INA : 5 marks
Total:100 marks

Unit-1: Electrostatics
Electric Charges; charging by induction, basic properties of
electric charge (addition of charges, quantisation of charges and their
Conservation)

Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between

multiple charges; superposition principle and contineous charge
distribution.
Electrical field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field
due to system of charge, physical significance of electric field, electric-
field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole;(on its axis, on
equatorial plane) physical significance of dipoles; torque on a dipole in
uniform electric field. Electric field due to continuous charge
distribution.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem proof of Gauss’s
theorem for a charge enclosed in sphere, and its applications to find
electric field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged
infinite thin plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
(Field inside and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a
point charge, potential due to an electric dipole with special cases for
axis and equatorial plane and system of charges; equipotential
surfaces, its properties, relation between field and potential electrical
potential energy of a system of two point charges, potential energy in
external field and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, electrostatics of conductors, free
charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Electrostatic shielding
its uses, Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and
capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel,
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric
medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.
Unit-II: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor,
drift velocity, drift of electron mobility and their relation with electric
current: Ohm's law, electrical resistance. V-1 characteristics (linear
and non linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and
conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series
and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of
resistance and resistivity. Internal resistance of a cell, potential
difference and emf of cell, combination of cells in series and in
parallel.
Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications of Wheatstone bridge,
meter bridge. Potentiometer-principle and its applications to measure
potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells, measurement of
internal resistance of a cell.
Unit-III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field. Oersted's experiment;

Biot-savart law and its application to find mangnetic field on the axis
of a current carrying circular loop, Ampere's circuital law (no proof)
and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and
toroidal solenoids.
Forceon a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric
fields.
Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors, definition of
ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field;
moving coil galvanometers- its current sensitivity and conversion to
ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic
dipolemoment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet) along
its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole
(bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid, magnetic field lines; magnetism and Gauss’s law; Earth's
magnetic field and magnetic elements, magnetisation and magnetic
intensity, magnetic properties of materials, Para-, dia-and ferro-
magnetic substances with examples, Electromagnets and factors
affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit-IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction, Faraday's and henry experiments,

magnetic flux,Faraday laws, induced emf and current, Lenz's Law and
conservation of energy, motional emf, Eddy currents: Self and mutual
inductance.
Alternating current, peak and rms value of alternating
current/voltage; reactance and impedances; phasors, ac applied
across resistance, ac applied across inductor, ac applied across
capacitor, ac applied across LCR, LC oscillations, across inductor, ac
applied across capacitor , ac applied across ILC oscillations,
(qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit resonance; power in AC
circuit, wattles current.
AC generator and transformer.

Unit-V: Electromagnetic Waves

Need for displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their

characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (Radio waves, Radio-microwaves,
infra-red, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including
elementary facts about their uses.

Unit-VI:Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula.

Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical
fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, refraction by lens, lenses, thin
lens formula/equation, lens- maker's formula. Magnification, power of
a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of lens and
mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Some
natural phenomenon due to sunlight, Scattering of light-blue colour of
the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments:

Microscopes and astronomical tetescopes (reflecting and

refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Waves optics :

wave front and Huygens' Principle, reflection and refraction of

plane wave at a plane surface using Huygens’ Principle, wave fronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens ‘Principle.
Interference Young's double hole experiment and expression for fringe
width, coherent sources and incoherent addition of waves and
sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of
central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical
telescopes. Polarisation, polarization by scattering and reflection,
plane polarised light -Brewster's law, uses of plane polarised light and
Polaroids.

Unit-VII: Dual nature of Matter and Radiation

Electron emission, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's

observations'; experimental study of photoelectric effect, and wave
theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature of
light, the photon, Matter waves-wave nature of
particles, de Broglie relation. Davission-Germer
experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only
conclusion should be explained).

Unit-VIII: Atoms &Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of

 atom; Bohar modal of hydrogen atom, expression for radius, velocity
and energy of electron in orbit, energy levels, line spectrum of
hydrogen atom, atomic spectra,de- Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’ s
second postulate of quantization.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes,
isobars; isotones. Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma
particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law, alpha, beta
and gamma decay. Mass-energy relation, mass-defect; binding energy
per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission,
nuclear force, nuclear reactor, Nuclear energy.

Unit-IX: Electronic Devices

Classification of metal insulator and semiconductor, Energy

bands in solids (qualitative idea only) conductor, insulators and
Semiconductors; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction,
semiconductor Diode-1-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
diode as a rectifier, 1-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell
and Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator.

STRUCTURE OF PAPER (PRACTICAL)

Time: 3 hrs. Total: 25 Marks

Two experiment 10Marks

Record of Activities 2 Marks
Viva on Activities 3 Marks
Record of Experiments 2 Marks
Viva of Experiments 3 Marks
Investigatory Project 5 Marks

25
TOTAL
 PRACTICALS SYLLABUS
Experiments
SECTION-A
1. To determine resistance per unit length of a given wire by plotting a graph of
potential difference versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence determine the
specific resistance of its material.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistance using a meter
bridge.
4. To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
5. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
6. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find
its figure of merit.
7. To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of merit into
an ammeter and voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
8. To find the frequency of the A.C. mains using a sonometer and electromagnet.
SECTION-B
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror
and find their focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or
between 1/u and I/v.
3. To find the local length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a
graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
6. To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and
reverse bias.
7. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse
breakdown voltage.
8. To study the characteristics of a common-emitter npn or pnp transistor and to
find out the values of current and voltage gains.
9. To determine the reflective index of a glass slab using a traveling microscope.
10. To find refractive index of a liquid by using (i) Concave mirror. (ii) Convex lens
and plane mirror.
ACTIVITIES
SECTION-A
1. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
2. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor
rheostat, key ammeter and volt meter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three, bulbs, three (on/off) switches,
a – fuse and a power source.
4. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
5. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a
given circuit using multimeter.
6. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron
core.
7. To demonstrate
(i) The use of an improvised fuse that melts with the flow of a certain current
through it and
(ii) Different kinds of fuses used in everyday life.
8. To demonstrate that a current measuring device has finite non- zero resistonce.
(measurement of resistance of an ammeter).
9. To demonstrate that a voltage measuring device has non- infinite resistance
(measurement of resistance of an voetmeter).
10. To show that earth's magnetic field has both vertical & horizontal components,
by using dip needle.
11. To show the magnetic field lines with the help of iron fillings of bar magnet
solenoid.
12. To show the production of induced emf. in a coil due to movement of (i) a
magnet towards and away from it (ii) similar coil carrying current towards &
away from it.
13. To show that there are two kinds of charges and that like charges repel and
unlike charges attract each other.
14. To demonstrate that a large emf is induced when direct current is switched off
in an inductive circuit.
15. Make a solenoid for study of its magnetic field.
SECTION-B
1. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor and 1C, a resistor and a capacity from
mixed collection of such items.
2. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn
ad pnp type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a
diode and an LED. iv) Check whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode,
 transistor or IC) is in working order.
3. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely
on a glass stab.
4. To study the nature arid size of the image formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave
mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the
candle from the lens/mirror).
5. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses
from the given set of lenses.
6. To observe polarization of light using two Polaroids.
7. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
8. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an D.R.