Common Name Entomological Name Plant parts Activity period Severity

infested

Mango hopper Amritodus atkinsoni Inflorescence, February-March Serious

(Lethierry) flowers February-March
Idioscopus clypealis
(Lethierry)
Mango mealy Drosicha mangiferae (Green) Flowers, February-March Medium-
bug Inflorescence serious
Scale Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Leaves July-October Low-
medium
Shoot borer Chlumetia transversa (Walker) Twigs, stems July-October Low

Stem borer Batocera rufomaculata (de Trunk June-October Low-

Geer) medium
Fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Fruits June-July Low-
medium
Citrus blackfly Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Leaves-shoots September-October Low

Defoliating Lymantria marginata Leaves April-May Low-

caterpillar September-October medium

Damage on vegetative parts : Serious >50 % damage ; Medium 20-50%; Low 5-20%
Traces <5%
Damage on reproductive parts(Flowers and fruits): Serious >30 % damage ; Medium 10-
30%; Low <10-1% Traces <1
 Mango hoppers: Idioscopus niveosparus
(Cicadellidae : Hemiptera)
Distribution and status
India, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines, Taiwan,
Vietnam, Srilanka, Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh
and Malaysia. Major pest prevalent in the
flowering season and devastating in all mango
growing areas.
Host range: Mango
Damage symptoms:
1. Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender shoots
and inflorescence resulting in withering and shedding of
flower buds and also wilting and drying of shoots and leaves.
2. The flower stalks and leaves in infested trees become sticky
due to the deposition of honey-dew secreted by the hoppers
that encourages the growth of black sooty mould on foliage
and other parts.
3. The hoppers take shelter
in cracks and crevices on
the bark during non-flowering
season.
 Bionomics
Eggs are laid in single into the tissues of the young leaves,
shoots, flower stalk and unopened flowers. Incubation
period: 4-7 days. Nymphal period: 8-13 days, 5 instars. Life
cycle completed in 2-3 weeks.
I. niveosparsus
Three spots on scutellum and white band across the wing
I. clypealis
Two spots on scutellum
and dark spot on the Vertex
A. Atkinsoni
Two spots on scutellum
 Management
• Avoid close planting, as the incidence very severe in
overcrowded orchards
• Orchards must be kept clean by ploughing and removal of
weeds
• Pruning of dense canopy to facilitate aeration and sunlight
• Avoid excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers
• Spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL 2.5-3.3 L ,
malathion 50 EC 1.5 -2.0 L in 1500 – 2000 L of water per ha
or new molecules like buprofezin 25 SC 1-2ml/L of water
or imidacloprid 17.8 SL 2-4ml/tree or lambda cyhalothrin
5 EC 0.5-1.0ml/L of water at 10 -15 L of water per tree
• Neem oil 5 ml/lit of water can be mixed with any
insecticide for spray
• Spray 3 per cent neem oil or neem seed kernel powder
extract 5 per cent
 Stemborer: Batocera rufomaculata
(Cerambycidae : Coleoptera)
Distribution and Status: India, Bangladesh
Host range:
Mango, rubber, jack-fruit, fig, papaya,
apple, eucalyptus and mulberry, morings
and silk cotton.
Damage symptoms
The grubs feed by tunneling the bark of
branches and main stem. Shedding of
leaves and drying of terminal shoots
takes place in early stage of attack while
damage to main stem causes tree death.
 Bionomics
Eggs laid singly on the bark or cracks and crevices on the tree trunk or branches.
Incubation period: 1-2 weeks. Grubs yellow, grub period 6 months, and pupal
period is 19-36 days. Adults grey with two pink dots and lateral spine on the
thorax with a longevity of 6 months.
Management:
i. Grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam, Humayudin
ii. Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of the tree
iii. Avoid injury at the base of trunk while pruning
iv. Remove alternative hosts like moringa, silk cotton in the near vicinity.
v. During off-season, apply absorbent cotton soaked in 10 ml monocrotophos 36 SL
per tree by padding without unnecessarily injuring the trunk.
vi. Use a needle or long wire to pull out the grubs from the bore holes. The bore
holes may be filled with DDVP @ 5 ml or monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 to 20 ml or
one celphos tablet (3 g aluminum phosphide) or apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per hole
and plug with clay + copper oxychloride paste.
vii. Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / L (basal portion of the
trunk- 3 feet height) after scraping the loose bark to prevent oviposition by adult
beetles.
 Fruit fly: Bactrocera dorsalis
(Tephritidae: Diptera)

Distribution and Status:

India, Pakistan, South-East Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Formosa, Philippines, Australia, China, Hawaii Islands,
China and Taiwan.
Host range:
Mango, guava, peach, apricot, cherry, pear, ber, citrus,
banana, papaya, avocado, passion fruit, coffee, melons,
jack fruit, strawberry.
Damage symptoms:
The maggots destroy and convert the pulp into bad
smelling, discoloured semi liquid mass unfit for human
consumption. Infestation results in fruit drop and liquid
oozes out from the fruit upon pressing.
 Bionomics
The adult fly is brown or drak brown with hyaline
wings and yellow legs. Adult lays up to 200 eggs in a
month in clusters of 2-15 just beneath the skin of
the ripening fruits. The egg period is 22-23 days.
The maggot feeds on pulp and become full grown in
about 7 days. It pupates 3-7 inches below the soil.
1/7/2022 14
1/7/2022 15
1/7/2022 16
 Figure: (a) Bactrocera zonata, (b) Bactrocera dorsalis,
(c) Bactrocera correcta, (d) Bactrocera cucurbitae.
1/7/2022 17
 Management
i. Row interspaces may be ploughed to expose and kill
the soil borne puparia.
ii. The infested and fallen fruits should be carefully
disposed of.
iii. Apply a bait-spray of malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/ L with
molasses or jaggery (10 g/L) before ripening.
iv. Male annihilation technique: Set up fly trap using
methyl eugenol.
Prepare methyl eugenol 1 ml/L of water + 1 ml of
malathion solution. Take 10 ml of this mixture per
trap and keep them at 25 different places in one ha
between 6 and 8 am. Collect and destroy the adult
flies.
 Mango nut weevil: Sternochaetus mangiferae
(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Distribution and Status:
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Burma, Malaysia, South Vietnam,
Philippines, East Australia, Africa and Hawaii.
Host range: Mango
Damage symptoms: The grub tunnels in a zig-zag manner through the pulp
endocarp, seed coat and finally reaches the cotyledons and destroys them.
As the fruit develops the tunnel get closed. The adults that emerge from the
pupae also feed on the developing seed and hasten the maturity of infested
fruit.
 Bionomics
Adult lay eggs singly on the marble
sized fruits by scooping out the
surface tissue and covering over
with transparent secretion. Egg
period - 7 days, grub period - 20-30
days yellow creamy grub apodous
with five larval instars. Pupation
occurs inside the nut along the
concave side; pupal period 7 days.
Adults stout, 6 mm long, dark
brown in colour. Life cycle
completed in 40-50 days.
 IPM STRATEGIES

• Under-sized fruits left on the tree should be picked and destroyed.

• Undertake general cleanliness and destruction of the weevils on
the bark during August If the trees are few, bag the fruits with
cloth or try paper bags for protection.
• Collect and destroy the fallen fruits and stones
• Spray application of malathion 50 EC 1ml/L or Quinalphos 3- 4 L (2
ml/L of water) in 1500-2000 L water per ha in Sept-Oct on the tree
first at marble stage of the fruit second at 15 days interval.
• During non flowering season direct spray towards the base of the
trunk.
• The infested bark should be washed with kerosene emulsion.
• Spraying on main trunk, primary branches, and junction of
branches prior to flowering with chlorpyrifos 20EC @ 2.5ml/lit.
 Mango mealy bug: Drosicha mangiferae
(Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera)
Distribution and Status: India, Bangladesh, China and South East Asia
Host range: Mango, apple, apricot, ber, cherry, Citrus spp., fig, grape vine,
guava, jack, jamun, litchi, mulberry and pomegranate.
Damage symptoms: Damages caused by nymphs and wingless females.
They infest the leaves and inflorescence. Nymphs climb up the tree
congregate together and suck juice from young shoots, panicles and
flower pedicels. The affected parts dry up and yield is reduced
substantially.
 Bionomics
Oval, shining pink eggs laid in the soil upto 15
cm. Egg hatching starts at the end of December
and continues upto month. First instar nymphs
climb and ascend the trees immediately. They
pass 3 nymphal instars. Adult longetivity for
male and female are 7 and 15-35 days
respectively. Female lays eggs for 22-47 days
during April-may. Adults are oval, flat, body
covered with white mealy powder. Males have
one pair of black wings and are crimson red.
 Management
• Remove weeds like Clerodendrum inflortunatum and
grasses by ploughing during June-July.
• Plough orchards during summer to expose the eggs to
natural enemies and extreme heat.
• Band the trees with 20 cm wide alkalthene of polythene
(400 gauge) in the middle of December (50 cm above the
ground level and just below the junction of branching).Tie
stem with jute thread and apply a little mud of fruit tree
grease on the lower edge of the band.
• Release Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri @ 10/tree
• If necessary spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL
2.5-3.3L, malathion 50 EC 1.5 -2.0 L or chlorpryriphos 20 EC
3.0 – 4.0 L in 1500 – 2000 L water per ha
• Once the pest reaches the top of the plant, control becomes
rather difficult.
 Bark eating caterpillar: Indarbela tetraonis, I.
quadrinotata (Metarbelidae: Lepidoptera)
Distribution and status: Throughout India,
Burma, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka potential
major pest.
Host range: Mango, guava, zizyphus, litchi,
orange, pomegranate, bauhinia, loquat,
mulberry, moringa, rose, guava and eugenia.
Damage symptoms Young trees succumb to the
attack. Caterpillars bore into the trunk or
junction of branches make zig zag galleries
Presence of gallery made out of silk and frass
is the key symptom. They remain hidden in
the tunnel during day time, come out at night
and feed on the bark. Under severe
infestation, flow of sap is hindered, plant
growth arrested and fruit formation is
drastically reduced.
 Bionomics:
Adults emerge in summer and lays 15-25 eggs in clusters
under loose bark of the trees. Eggs hatch in 8-10 days.
Larvae makes webs and feeds making zig zag galleries on
the wood filled with frass and excreta and later bores inside
the wood. Larval period is 9 -11 months and then pupates
inside the stem. Pupal stage is 3-4 months.
Management:
• Kill the caterpillars by inserting an iron spike into the
tunnels.
• Injecting ethylene glycol and kerosene oil in the ratio of 1:3
into the tunnel by means of a syringe and then seal the
opening of the tunnel with mud.
• Dip a small piece of cotton in any of the fumigants, like
chloroform or petrol or kerosene, introduce into the tunnel
and seal the opening with clay or mud.
 Flower gall midge: Procystiphora mangiferae,
(Cecidomyiidae: Diptera)
• Distribution and status: Distributed throughout India Host range: Mango
• a. Procystiphora mangiferae Damage symptoms The maggot feeds on
stalks of stamen, anthers, ovary.
Bionomics The adult fly is light orange in colour. It lays eggs inside the
flower buds. The maggots pupates inside the bud itself. The life cycle is
completed in 12- 24 days.
• b. Erosomyia indica Damage symptoms Maggots attack the inflorescence
stalk, flower buds and small developing fruits. Inflorescence is stunted and
malformed and buds do not open. Bionomics Adult fly is yellowish and
lays eggs on the inflorescence peduncle or base of the developing fruit.
Pupation occurs in soil.
• c. Dasineura amaramanjarae Damage symptoms Maggots feed inside buds
and the buds fail to open and drop down.
Bionomics: Maggots hibernate in soil and carry over to the next year and
when favourable condition occurs pupate and emerge as adults.
 Flower webber: Eublemma versicolor
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
• Distribution and status: widely distributed in India.
• Host range: Mango
• Damage symptoms: Flowers in the inflorescence are
webbed together by the larvae, hich remain inside the
silk lined gallery and feed. They also bore into the
inflorescence stalk.
• Bionomics Female has purplish pink or light orange wings
with an apical patch. Adult lays 8 -10 reddish
hemispherical eggs on sepals and the incubation period is
3-4 days. Larva is smooth, greenish yellow with light
brown head and prothoracic shield.
• Management: Spray phosalone 35 EC 3.0 - 4.0 L in 1500-
2000 L of water per ha (10-15 L of spray fluid per tree)
Mango scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret
 INSECT PESTS OF BANANA

There are more than 182 insect pests of banana in India. The banana weevil
and Pseudostem borer are the most destructive pest in India. Most of the
other insect pest feeding on this plant are of minor pests of local
importance and are not specific to banana. The aphid Pentalonia
nigronervosa is however important not as a pest but as vector of very
serious disease called Bunchy top of banana.
 Common name Scientific name Family Order Damaging stage
Rhizome weevil / Cosmopolites sordidus Curculionidae Coleoptera Grub & Adult
borer*
Pseudo stem borer* Odoiporus longicollis Curculionidae Coleoptera Grub & Adult
Banana aphid* Pentalonia nigronervosa Aphididae Hemiptera Nymph & Adult
Leaf & fruit scarring Nodostoma (Basilepta) Chrysomelida Coleoptera Grub & Adult
beetle* sabcostatum, N. e
viridipennis
Scale moth Nacoleia octasema Pyralidae Lepidoptera Caterpillar
Tingid or Lace wing Stephanitis typicus Tingidae Hemiptera Nymph & Adult
bug
Hard scale Aspidiotus destructor Diaspididae Hemiptera Nymph & Adult
Fruit rust thrips Chaetanaphothrips Thripidae Thysanopter Nymph & Adult
signipennis a
Castor hairy Pericallia ricini Hesperidae Lepidoptera Caterpillar
caterpillar
Cut worm Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera Caterpillar
 Rhizome weevil: Cosmopolites sordidus
(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Distribution and status: India,
South East Asia, Australia,
Hawaii Islands, Tropical South
Africa and Tropical America.
Major pest.
Host range: Banana, cocoa
Nature of Damage:
 Grub bore into the pseudostem make tunnels
within it
 Adult also make tunnels and start feeding on its
internal tissues as a result of which the internal
shoots killed
 Exudation of plant sap – initial symptom
 Blackened mass comes out from the bore hole
 Infested plants show premature withering,
leaves become scarce, fruits become under
undersized
 Infestation of the weevil normally starts in 5
month old plants
 Bionomics
Eggs laid in small burrows
scooped out by the beetle on
the root stock or within leaf
sheaths, egg period 5-8 days.
Grub is apodous and yellowish
with reddish head becomes
full-grown in 25 days. Grub
pupates within chamber made
near the outer surface of the
rhizome, pupal period 5-6
days. Adult tunnels within
stem, feeding on its internal
tissues and lives for one year.
 Management

– Use healthy and pest free suckers

– Trap the adult weevils by placing chopped pseudo
stem in the cropped area.
– Uproot and destroy infested rhizomes
– Select infestation - free suckers
– Use of pseudostem trap @ 65/ha
– Grow less susceptible varieties like Poovan, Kadali,
Kunnan, Poomkalli, Sawaii and Pisang Seribu
– Use of Cosmolure trap @ 5/ha
– Trap adult weevils with pseudo stem chopped into
small pieces kept near infested clump @ 65/ha
– Soil integration at the time of planting: carbofuran
3G @ 10g/plant or phorate 10G @ 5g/plant
 Pseudostem borer: Odoiporus longicollis
(Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Distribution and status: It is
widely distributed in all
banana growing areas.
Major pest.
Host range: Banana
Damage symptoms:
Grubs bore holes and tunnels
in the pseudostem causing
wilting of the plant. They
also feed on tissues of leaf
sheath from the inner
surface and also on
decaying tissues.
 Bionomics
Eggs thrust within air chamber @
one egg/air chamber in leaf
sheath through oviposition slits
made by rostrum. Eggs are laid in
the psedostem about 1-1.5 m
above ground level. Egg period 4-
8 days. Grub apodous, grub
period 30-65 days with five larval
instars. Grubs pupate in tunnel
towards the periphery in a
cocoon made from pieces of
fibrous sheath materials. Pupal
period 24-44 days. Adult
longevity two years
 Management
i. Adopt good cultivation practices to improve weevil
Tolerance
ii. Maintain healthy plantation by periodical removal of
dry leaves and suckers.
iii. Prune the side suckers every month
iV. Inject pseudostem with monocrotophos 36 WSC (50
ml + 350 ml water) @ 2 ml at 45 cm height and
another at 150 cm height from ground level at
monthly intervals from 5th - 8th month. Beyond 8
months (after flowering), this should not be done.
v. Do not dump infested materials into manure pit.
 Banana aphid: Pentalonia nigronervosa
(Aphididae: Hemiptera)
Distribution and status: India, Sri
Lanka, Australia
Host range: Banana, cardamom ,
Alocasia sp, Colocasia sp, caladium
Nature of Damage:
 Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender
leaves
 Leaves are bunched into a rosette appearance
 Leaf margins become curly and upward rolling
 In case of severe infestation, there is progressive
leaf dwarfing & leaf curling
 Fruit bunches become small and sometimes even
the fruits are discoloured
 It is a vector of the banana ‘Bunchy top virus’
 Bionomics
Brown adult has black-veined wings. Aphids live in
colonies within leaf-axils or tender leaves and at
base of the stem at the ground level. Adults
reproduce parthenogenetically 35-50 nymphs during
a life span of 27-37 days. Nymphs undergo four
instars during 8-12 days nymphal period. Life cycle
completed in 12-15 days, about 30-40 overlapping
generations completed in a year.
Management :
• Spray monocrotophos 36 SL 1.5 - 2.0 L methyl
demeton 25 EC or dimethoate 30 EC 3.0-4.0 L
in 1500-2000 L water per ha towards the
crown and pseudostem base.
• Inject pseudostem with monorotophos 36 SL
@1 ml in 4 ml of water per tree at 45 days
interval from the 3rd month till flowering.
• Avoid monocrotophos injection after
flowering.
 Lacewing bugs: Stephanitis typicus
(Tingidae: Hemiptera)
Distribution and status: India, SE Asia, Japan
and Korea
Host range: Banana, ginger, turmeric,
cardamom and jasmine
Damage symptoms: Both nymphs and adults
feed in colonies on undersurface of leaves
and cause discolouration.
Bionomics: Adults are small, dull-coloured or
white bugs with transparent shiny lace-like
reticulate wings, nymphs are black coloured
Management: Spray methyl demeton 25 EC or
dimethoate or monocrotophos 36 SL1.5 - 2.0
L or quinalphos 25 EC 3.0 – 4.0 L in 1500-
2000 L of water per ha
 INSECT PESTS OF APPLE

Since temperate fruits are grown universally, some of the serious

cosmopolitan pests namely San Jose scale and Wooly aphid have
been introduced accidentally. Malacosoma indica in Simla hills,
codling moth in Ladakh and stem borer in Uttar Pradesh serious.
Apple woolly aphid: Eriosoma lanigerum
(Pemphigidae: Hemiptera)
Distribution and status: Hilly tracts in India
and world
Host range: Apple
• Damage symptoms:
Sap sucking by nymphs and adults results
in weakening and death of the smaller
plants; galls on the roots and white woolly
patches on the trunk. Aphids suck cell sap
from the bark of the twigs and from the
roots underground. Swelling or knots
appear on the roots which hinder the
normal plant functions. Aphids crowd
together covered with wooly white
patches on the trunk.
 BIOLOGY
Reproduction is both sexual and asexual
but mostly by parthenogenesis. Aphid is
active throughout the year except in cold
months of December and January.
Wingless forms are present throughout
the year whereas winged forms are seen
from July to October. Alate form
disperses by flight and gives rise to
apterous forms by sexual reproduction. In
winter, colonies on the tree trunks move
to the base of the trunk just below the
soil. Female produces 116 young ones,
nymphal period 35-42 days with four
instars.
 Management
– Use resistant root stock like Golden delicious, Morton stock
778, 779 or 793.
– Release eulophid parasitoid viz., Aphelinus mali during
December and June to obtain maximum parasitization.
– Select healthy plants in the nursery and spray chlorpyriphos
20 EC 0.05% (2.5 ml per L of water) before planting in the
main field.
– Sanitation of orchard for effective management
– Pruned and collect infested plant parts and buried in soil
– Use yellow sticky trap
– Release of an exotic parasite Aphilinus mali
– Drenching of the granular insecticides, carbofuran, phorate,
aldicarb, etc.
– Spray of dimethoate 2ml /lit. or monocrotophos 1ml/lit. of
water
 San Jose scale: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
(Diaspididae: Hemiptera)
Distribution and status: Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu
Host range: Cherry, plum, pear,
peach and most other temperate
fruit trees
Damage symptoms:
• Due to sap sucking by nymphs
and adults the infested bark
becomes reddish pink, purple
colouration in fruits.
 Bionomics
Overwintering nymphs become active in mid March and the
males emerge in April. Females are ovo-viviparous and
reproduce in mid May producing 200-400 nymphs in a
month, nymphal period 20 days. Life cycle completed in 35-
40 days. 4-5 generations completed before hibernation
which starts in mid October.
Management :
Regularly prune the infested branches and burn them.
Release the parasite Encarsia perniciosi to check the over
wintering population.
Sanitation of orchard for effective management
Pruned and collect infested plant parts and buried in soil
Release of parasite Encarsia perniciosi at 2000 adults/infested
tree
Spray diesel oil as emulsion + Bordeaux mixture and diluted 5-6
times before spraying
Apply of carbofuran granules @ 0.75-1.0 g a.i. per plant may
protect plant in nursery
 Cottony Cushion Scale: Icerya purchasi
(Margarodidae: Hemiptera)
Damage symptoms: Sap sucking by nymphs and adults causes
yellowing of leaves, Reduced tree vigor. If infestations are
heavy, leaf and fruit drop can occur along with twig dieback.
Bionomics: Female with a cottony ovisac. Crawler nymph pinkish
with long antenna and group of hairs. The body of the female
cottony cushion scale is orange, yellow, or brown. Elongated,
fluted, white cottony egg sac is attached to its body. The egg
sac contains 600 to 800 red eggs. Females usually occur on
twigs. Eggs hatch into crawlers in a few days during warm
weather and in 2 months during winter. The crawlers are red
with black legs and antennae. They settle along leaf veins and
begin to produce the white cottony secretion. Immature scales
look reddish for a short period of time. Second-instar nymphs
settle on twigs and leaves, usually along leaf veins. Third-instar
scales move to branches and trunks. Adults may be found on
branches or on the trunks of trees. The minute, red, winged
male is rarely seen. Two to three generations a year. Unlike
most other scales, it retains its legs and its mobility
throughout its life.
 MANAGEMENT
• Conserve natural enemies by controlling ants
and dust and by avoiding the use of
persistent insecticides. Keep ants out of trees
and shrubs by banding the trunks with sticky
substances or by using ant baits
Look for the vedalia beetle and its red eggs
and larvae on top of cottony cushion scale
scale egg sacs or the beetle’s pupal cases.
Also, inspect female scales for parasitic fly
Cryptochaetum icerayae s emergence holes
and pupal cases to avoid insecticides.
If natural enemies are absent, spray
malathion 50 EC 3.0 L in 1500 -2000 L of
water per ha
• Do not apply imidacloprid for cottony
cushion scale as it is very toxic to vedalia
beetles
 Apple Codling Moth: Cydia pomonella
(Tortricidae: Lepidoptera)
Distribution: It is widely distributed throughout the Europe, North America, Australia,
Baluchistan and Ladakh
Host range: Walnut & many wild species of Pyrus
Biology:
A female may lay eggs singly on young fruits, leaves and the twigs & about 100 eggs
in her lifetime
Eggs hatched in 4-12 days and enter the fruit usually through the calyx
The pupal period is completed in 8-14 days and pupation takes place inside the spin
cocoons
One generation in summer & two generations in winter in a year
Marks of identification:
Eggs are small, 1 mm in diameter & oval shape
Full-grown larvae are 16-22 mm long & are pinkish or creamy-white in colour with a
brown head
The adult moth is small, the fore wings are dark greyish and are marked with wavy
lines and a copper coloured metallic eye like circle towards the outer margin
Nature & symptoms of damage:
Caterpillars make burrow into the fruit and feed on the pulp
The infested fruits lose their shape and fall off prematurely
Fruits become unfit for marketing and consumption purpose

Management:
Strict domestic quarantine followed by screening of
consignments of fruits to prevent the spread of the insect from one
place to another
Collect and destroy the infested fruits to prevent the carry over of
the pest
Application of 0.2% Pyrethrum extract may helpful for checking
the pest infestation (treatment should be applied ten days before
ripening of the fruits)
Biology
 Fruit fly: Bactrocera zonatus
(Tephritidae: Diptera)

Distribution and status: Widely distributed in Indian sub continent

Host range: Peach, fig, guava, ber, citrus, apple, cucurbits, tomato, brinjal
and pear
Damage symptoms: Maggots feed on the fruits causing rotting and dropping
of fruits.
Bionomics:
Adult fly is small, reddish brown with yellowish cross band on the abdomen.
It inserts 137 eggs/female white cylindrical eggs on the fruits in group of
2-9 and cover with resinous secretion. Egg period is 2-4 days and the
maggot is dirty white, acephalic, apodous 1cm in length. Maggot period 4-
16 days, pupation in soil and pupal period is 7 days.
Management
Hoeing the orchard in May – June to expose the pupae present in the soil.
Harvest the ripening fruits and do not let the ripe fruit remain in the tree.
Apply bait spray of yeast hydrolysate (250 g), crude sugar (2.5 kg) and
malathion
50%.
 Tent caterpillar: Malacosoma indica
(Lasiocampidae: Lepidoptera)
Distribution and Status: Important pest in north western India and more
serious in Shimla Hills.
Host range: Pear, Apricot and Walnut.
Damage symptoms:
Caterpillar feeds gregariously on foliage, leaving behind only the mid rib
and other harder veins. The entire plant is defoliated and they feed on soft
bark of twigs.
Bionomics:
Active from March to May and remaining months are passed as egg stage.
Light brown adult lays 300-400 eggs in masses on branches during May-
June. Egg hatches the next month and the larva has black head and
abodomen. Larval period 40-70 days, pupation on stem and ground in
cocoon for 7-21 days during May.
Management:
Kill larvae by mopping up with a pole and some rags dipped in kerosene
tied on its end.
Destroy all egg bands at the time of pruning in December - January.
Place kerosenized water in an open vessel below the tree so that the
larave that fall may also be killed.
Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2.5 kg in 1500 -2000 L of water/ha
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