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Eee424 1 DC-DC

DC-DC converters are used to convert an unregulated DC input voltage to a controlled DC output voltage. They utilize switching elements and energy storage components to step up or step down the voltage. There are various DC-DC converter topologies including buck, boost, buck-boost and Cuk converters. A buck converter produces a lower output voltage than the input voltage through pulse-width modulation of switches. It stores energy in an inductor during the on-state and delivers energy to the load during the off-state. Simulation waveforms show the output voltage is regulated at 12V through varying the duty cycle of the switch controlling an 800uH inductor and 50uF capacitor.

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M.Feridun Hız
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
556 views184 pages

Eee424 1 DC-DC

DC-DC converters are used to convert an unregulated DC input voltage to a controlled DC output voltage. They utilize switching elements and energy storage components to step up or step down the voltage. There are various DC-DC converter topologies including buck, boost, buck-boost and Cuk converters. A buck converter produces a lower output voltage than the input voltage through pulse-width modulation of switches. It stores energy in an inductor during the on-state and delivers energy to the load during the off-state. Simulation waveforms show the output voltage is regulated at 12V through varying the duty cycle of the switch controlling an 800uH inductor and 50uF capacitor.

Uploaded by

M.Feridun Hız
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Conversion Methods

 Introduction to DC-DC Conversion


 Applications of DC-DC Converters
 Control of DC-DC Converters
 Topologies of DC-DC Converters
 Buck Converter
 Boost Converter
 Buck-Boost Converter
 Ćuk Converter
 Transformer Based DC-DC Converters
 Flyback Converter
 Forward Converter
 Push-Pull Converter
 Conclusion
AC-DC AC-AC DC-AC DC-DC

220 Vac 220 Vac 12 Vdc 12 Vdc

t t t t

12 Vdc 110 Vac 5 Vdc


220 Vac

t t t t
 DC-DC Converters are used to convert the unregulated DC input
into a controlled DC output at a desired voltage level.

 DC-DC Converters offer a method of generating multiple


controlled voltages from a single battery voltage.

Battery
,,
LOAD

AC Uncontrolled DC DC DC
Filter DC-DC
Diode Capacitor Converter
Line voltage Rectifier (Unregulated) (Unregulated) (Regulated)

VControl
 They are needed because unlike AC, DC can’t simply be stepped
up or down using a transformer.

 Early DC-DC converters were known as choppers with silicon


controlled rectifiers (SCRs) used as the switching mechanisms.

 Modern DC-DC converters classified as switch mode power


supplies (SMPS) which includes isolation transformer and employ
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and metaloxide silicon
field effect transistors (MOSFETs).

 Nowadays DC-DC converter models achieve an efficiency of


over 90%, using the latest components and circuit techniques.

Pout
Efficiency (%) = Pin = Pout + Plosses
Pin
DC-DC converters are commonly used in applications requiring
regulated DC power such as :

 Computers,
 Medical instrumentation,
 Communication devices,
 Television receivers,
 Battery chargers,
 Electric Vehicles,
 Mp3 Player,
 Car Navigation Systems,
 Digital Cameras
1) The desired output voltage is less than the input voltage

5 V Buck CPU
3 V
Mainboard Required
Converter

2) The desired output voltage is greater than the input voltage

1.5 V Boost 5 V
Battery Converter Required

3) The desired output voltage is opposite polarity of input voltage

12 V Cuk -12 V
Battery Converter Required
V
Vc

Vr

0
Vc
Vg Comparator
Vg
ON ON Vr

0 t
kT T OFF OFF

 The switching control signal (Vs), which controls the state


(ON or OFF) of the switch, is generated by comparing the signals
of carrier (Vc) and reference (Vr).

 The switching frequency may be KHz and MHz level.


Step-Down (Buck) Converter
Step-Up (Boost) Converter
Step-Down/Step-Up (Buck-Boost) Converter
Cuk Converter
 As the name implies ; a step-down (buck) converter produces
a lower average output voltage than the DC input voltage.

V V
Vin = 12 V Step-Down Vout = 5 V
Buck

t t

 Its main application is in regulated dc power supplies and dc


motor speed control.
L

iL ic
Vg +
- D C R

Duty
L
1

2 iL ic
+
Vg _
D C R

L L

iL ic iL ic
+
Vg _
C R D C R

Switch in position 1 Switch in position 2


 On State
- Storing Power in the inductor.
- Current through the inductor
rises linearly.
- The diode is reverse biased.

 Off State

- Discharging power from the


inductor into the load.
- Current through the inductor
decreases.
- The diode is forward biased.
a) Switch in Position 1
iL(t) L
 Inductor Voltage
+
+ VL(t) - ic(t)
VL = Vg – V(t)
+
Vg _
C R V(t)
 Small Ripple Approximation
-
VL Vg – V

 Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current

diL(t)
VL(t) = L
dt
diL(t) VL(t) Vg – V
 Solve for the slope  =
dt L L

 The inductor current changes with an essentially constant slope


b) Switch in Position 2
iL(t) L
 Inductor Voltage
+ VL(t) - +
VL(t) = – V(t) ic(t)

D C R V(t)
 Small Ripple Approximation
-
VL(t) –V

 Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current
diL(t)
VL(t) = L
dt
diL(t) -V  The inductor
 Solve for the slope  current changes
dt L with an essentially
constant slope
VL(t)
Vg – V

DTs (1-D)Ts
t

–V 1
Ts =
fs

iL(t)
iL(DTs)
V
D=
I Vg

iL(0) Vg – V -V
L L
t
DTs Ts
iL(t)
iL(DTs)

I
Vg – V -V
L L
t
DTs Ts

 (Change in iL) = (Slope) (Length of Subinterval)

Vg – V
 = DTs
L
Vc
V

DTs Ts t

 V = Vg D where (DTs = TON )

 Vc = V (Vg-V) Vg D (1-D)
 Vc =  Vc =
8fsC 8LCf2V 8LCf2
g

 Notice that we can find the values of “ L” and “ C ” from


the formulas of Vc and
VD

Vg
TON TOFF

0
DTs Ts t

is

i2

i1

0
DTs Ts t
 In this simulation it will be observed output voltage
waveform, inductor current and inductor voltage waveforms
according to the given values :

 Input voltage : Vg = 20 V,
 Output voltage : V = 12 V,
 Switching frequency : fs = 10 kHz,
 Inductance : L = 800 uH,
 Capacitance : C = 50 uF,
 Load resistance : R = 10 Ω.
 Duty Cycle : %60
0.8 [mH]
IL
S

Vs V
Is

VL

10 [ohm]
50 [uF]
R=0

VD D

Vg = 20 V

Ref A
IL VD
B Compar- VL Vs
ator

V Is
Main : Graphs
IL V VL VD Vs Is
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
y

1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.04425 0.04430 0.04435 0.04440 0.04445 0.04450 0.04455 0.04460 0.04465 0.04470 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL VD Vs Is
15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
y

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0

-20.0
0.06896 0.06898 0.06900 0.06902 0.06904 0.06906 0.06908 0.06910 0.06912 0.06914 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL VD Vs Is
12.80

12.60

12.40

12.20

12.00
y

11.80

11.60

11.40

11.20
0.0115 0.0116 0.0117 0.0118 0.0119 0.0120 0.0121 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL VD Vs Is
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
y

5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0
-15.0
0.06128 0.06130 0.06132 0.06134 0.06136 0.06138 0.06140 0.06142 0.06144 0.06146 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL VD Vs Is
2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
y

0.50

0.00

-0.50

-1.00
0.03555 0.03560 0.03565 0.03570 0.03575 0.03580 0.03585 0.03590 0.03595 0.03600 0.03605 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL VD Vs Is
21.50

21.00

20.50

20.00
y

19.50

19.00

18.50
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60
y

0.40

0.20

0.00

-0.20

-0.40
0.0836 0.0838 0.0840 0.0842 0.0844 0.0846 0.0848 0.0850 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60
y

0.40

0.20

0.00

-0.20
0.08360 0.08365 0.08370 0.08375 0.08380 0.08385 0.08390 0.08395 0.08400 0.08405 0.08410 ...
...
...
The buck dc-dc converter has an output voltage of Vg=12 V. The
required average output voltage is VL=5 V at R=500 Ω and the peak to
peak output ripple voltage is 20 mV. The switching frequency is 25 kHz.
If the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor is limited to 0.8 A.
Determine:

a) The duty cycle D,


b) Inductance L,
c) Capacitor C
a) duty cycle
𝑽 𝟓
𝑫 = = = 𝟒𝟏.𝟔𝟕 %
𝑽𝒈 𝟏𝟐
b) Inductance L
𝑽𝒈 − 𝑽 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟓 𝟓 𝟏
∆𝑰𝑳 = 𝑫𝑻𝒔 → 𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝒙 𝒙
𝑳 𝑳 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
L=145.83 µH
c) Capacitor C
∆𝑰𝑳 ∆𝑰𝑳
∆𝑽𝒄 = →𝑪=
𝟖𝒇𝒔𝑪 𝟖𝒇𝒔∆𝑽𝒄
𝟎. 𝟖
𝑪=
𝟖𝒙𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝑭
Consider a buck converter operating at 50 kHz fed by a 200V low-ripple dc
cource, and delivering an output of 48 V into a nominal load resistance of
4.8 Ω. The inductor is 364.8 µH. The capacitor is 50 µF.

a) Draw a circuit diagram and label important voltages and currents.


b) Sketch the inductor voltage waveform.
c) Sketch the inductor, transistor and diode current waveforms,
d) Determine or estimate the average and rms values of each waveforn in
part (c),
e) Find the output voltage peak-to-peak (ie, ripple) value (neglect capacitor
ESR),
f) How small can we re-design the inductor while maintaining continuous
mode operation?
Using PSCAD, design and simulate a CCM buck converter with following
specifications. Vs= 5V, Vo=3 V, R=5 Ohm, Ripple Voltage 1%, switching
frequency=600 kHz.
According to these values plot the inductor current and output voltage versus
time.
 As the name implies ; the output voltage is always greater
than the input voltage.

V V
Step-Up Vout = 12 V
Vin = 5 V
Boost

t t

 Its main application is in regulated dc power supplies and


regenerative braking of DC motors.

L D

iL ic
+
Vg - C R

Duty
L D

iL 1 ic
+
Vg _
2 C R

L L D

iL iL ic
Vg +
- Vg _+
C R

Switch in position 1 Switch in position 2


 On State
- Storing power in the inductor.
- Inductor charges.
- Current through inductor
increases.

 Off State

- Discharging power from the


inductor into the load and
the capacitor.
- Current through the inductor
decreases.
a) Switch in Position 1
 Inductor Voltage and capacitor current with small ripple
approximation :

iL(t) L

+
+ VL(t) - ic(t) ia(t)
+
Vg _
C R V(t)

 VL = Vg

 ic = -V/R  ic = - ia
a) Switch in Position 2
 Inductor Voltage and capacitor current with small ripple
approximation :

iL(t) L D

+ VL(t) - +
ic(t) ia(t)
+
Vg _ C V(t)
R

 VL = Vg - V

 ic = iL - V/R  ic = iL - ia
VL(t)
Vg
Vg
DTs (1-D)Ts
t
Vg – V
Vg – V
1
Ts =
fs

Vg(t)

Vg V - Vg
D=
V

t
DTs Ts
iL(t)
iL(DTs)

I
Vg Vg - V
L L
t
DTs Ts

 Inductor current slope during subinterval 1 :

diL(t) VL(t) Vg
= =
dt L L

 Inductor current slope during subinterval 2 :

diL(t) VL(t) Vg - V
= =
dt L L
iL(t)

iL(DTs)

Vg Vg - V

L L

t
DTs Ts

 Change in inductor current during subinterval 1 is :

Vg Choose “L” such that desired ripple



= DTs
L magnitude is obtained
V(t)

t
DTs Ts

Vg
 V= where (DTs = TON )
1- D

V - Vg
D=
V
V(t)

V
-V I V
-
RC C RC

t
DTs Ts
 Capacitor voltage slope during subinterval 1 :

ic (t) -V
dVc (t) = =
C RC

 Capacitor voltage slope during subinterval 2 :

ic (t) I V
dVc (t) = = -
C C RC
V(t)

V Vc
-V 1 V
-
C RC
RC

t
DTs Ts
 Change in capacitor voltage during subinterval 1 is :

V
Vc = DTS
RC

Choose “C” such that desired


voltage ripple magnitude is
obtained.
ic (t)

iL - i a

0
t
- ia

ia (t)

ia

DTs Ts t
 In this simulation, it will be observed output voltage waveform,
inductor current, inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms
according to the given values :

 Input voltage : Vg = 5 V,
 Output voltage : V = 12.5 V,
 Switching frequency : fs = 10 kHz,
 Inductance : L = 150 uH,
 Capacitance : C = 200 uF,
 Load resistance : R = 10 Ω.
 Duty Cycle : %60
150 [uH]
IL Id

D
Vs V

Ic
VL

10 [ohm]
R=0

200 [uF]
Vg = 5 V

Ref A
IL Vs
B Compar- VL Id
ator

V Ic
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs Ic Id
6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0
y

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.04200 0.04205 0.04210 0.04215 0.04220 0.04225 0.04230 0.04235 0.04240 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs Ic Id
10.0

5.0

0.0
y

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0
0.09125 0.09130 0.09135 0.09140 0.09145 0.09150 0.09155 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs Ic Id
14.50

14.00

13.50

13.00

12.50
y

12.00

11.50

11.00

10.50
0.0654 0.0655 0.0656 0.0657 0.0658 0.0659 0.0660 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs Ic Id
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
y

0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
0.06000 0.06005 0.06010 0.06015 0.06020 0.06025 0.06030 0.06035 0.06040 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs Ic Id

5.075

5.050

5.025

5.000
y

4.975

4.950

4.925

4.900
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs Ic Id
5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0
y

1.0

0.0

-1.0
0.06070 0.06075 0.06080 0.06085 0.06090 0.06095 0.06100 0.06105 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40
y

0.20

0.00

-0.20

-0.40

-0.60
0.0514 0.0516 0.0518 0.0520 0.0522 0.0524 0.0526 0.0528 0.0530 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60
y

0.40

0.20

0.00

-0.20
0.0513 0.0514 0.0515 0.0516 0.0517 0.0518 ...
...
...
A boost regulator in below figure has an input voltage of Vs=5 V. The
average output voltage Vo=15 V and the average load current Ia=0.5 A. The
switching frequency is 25 kHz. If L=150 µH and C=220 µF. Determine:
a) The duty cycle D,
b) The ripple current of inductor,
c) The peak current of inductor,
d) The ripple voltage of filter capacitor ΔVc.

L D1

iL ic
+
Vs - C R

Duty
a) The duty cycle
𝑽𝒈 𝟓 𝟐
𝑫 = 𝟏 − = 𝟏 − = = 𝟎.𝟔𝟔𝟕
𝑽 𝟏𝟓 𝟑

b) The ripple current of inductor

𝑽𝒈 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏
∆𝒊𝑳 = 𝑫𝑻𝒔 = 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟗 𝑨
𝑳 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝟑 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
c) The peak current of inductor

∆𝒊𝑳 𝟎.𝟖𝟗
𝒊𝒑,𝑳 = 𝒊𝑳 + = 𝟏.𝟓 + = 𝟏.𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝑨
𝟐 𝟐

c) The ripple voltage of filter capacitor ΔVc

𝒊𝒂𝑫 𝟎.𝟓𝒙𝟐/𝟑
∆𝑽𝒄 = = −𝟔
= 𝟔𝟎.𝟔𝟏 𝒎𝑽
𝒇𝑪 𝟐𝟓𝒌𝒙𝟐𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎
A boost converter is operating at fixed frequency of 100 kHz with a constant
switch duty cycle and is fed by a 100 V low-ripple dc source and delivers 150 V
at a nominal power output of 300 W. The inductor has a peak-to-peak current
that is 100 % of the average current. The output voltage ripple is negligible.

a) Draw a circuit diagram and label important voltages and currents.


b) Sketch the inductor voltage and current waveforms. What is the value of
the inductor?
c) Determine the average and rms diode current.
d)What value of load resistance produces an output voltage of 175 V
(operation is discontinuous)
Using PSCAD, design and simulate a boost converter with following
specifications. Vs=3 V, Vo=5 V, R=10 Ohm, Ripple voltage=0.5 %, Inductance 10
µH, switching frequency= 600 kHz. According to these values, plot the inductor
current and output voltage versus time.
V V
Inverting
Vin = 5 V
Buck - Boost
t
t
Vout = - 10 V

 The main application of a step down/up or buck-boost converter is in


regulated dc power supplies, where a negative-polarity output may be
desired with respect to the common terminal of the input voltage, and the
output voltage can be either higher or lower than the input voltage.

ic
Vg +
iL C R
- L

Duty
1

2
Vg +
iL C R
- L

Vg iL R
+
C iL C R
- L L

Switch in position 1 Switch in position 2


 On State
- The input voltage source is
directly connected to the
inductor (L)
- Accumulating energy in (L)
- The capacitor supplies energy to
the output load.

 Off State

- The inductor is connected to the


output load and capacitor.
- Energy is transferred from
inductor to load and capacitor.
a) Switch in Position 1

 Inductor Voltage and capacitor current with small ripple


approximation :

+ +
ia(t)
iL(t)
ic(t)
+
Vg _
VL(t) L C R V(t)

- -

 VL = Vg

 ic = V/R  ic = - ia
b) Switch in Position 2

 Inductor Voltage and capacitor current with small ripple


approximation :

+
ia(t) +

VL(t) iL (t)
L C R V(t)

- -

 VL = V

 ic = iL + V/R  ic = iL - ia
VL(t)

Vg
DTs (1-D)Ts
t

V
1
Ts =
fs

Vg(t)

Vg V
D=
V - Vg

t
DTs Ts
iL(t)
iL(DTs)

I
Vg V
L L
t
DTs Ts
 Inductor current slope during subinterval 1 :

diL(t) VL(t) Vg
= =
dt L L

 Inductor current slope during subinterval 2 :

diL(t) VL(t) V
= =
dt L L
iL(t)

iL(DTs)

Vg V

L L

t
DTs Ts

 Change in inductor current during subinterval 1 is :

Vg Choose “L” such that desired ripple



= DTs
L magnitude is obtained
V(t)

t
DTs Ts

Vg D
 V= - where (DTs = TON )
1-D

V
D=
V - Vg
V(t)

V
V I V
+
RC C RC

t
DTs Ts
 Capacitor voltage slope during subinterval 1 :

ic (t) V
dVc (t) = =
C RC

 Capacitor voltage slope during subinterval 2 :

ic (t) I V
dVc (t) = = +
C C RC
V(t)

V Vc
V I V
+
C RC
RC

t
DTs Ts
 Change in capacitor voltage during subinterval 1 is :
-V Ia
Vc = DTS  Vc = DTS
RC C

Choose “C” such that desired


voltage ripple magnitude is
obtained.
ic (t)

iL - i a

0
t
- ia

is (t)

iL (t)

0
DTs Ts t
 In this simulation, it will be tried to observe output voltage
waveform, inductor current, inductor voltage and capacitor
current waveforms according to the given values :

 Input voltage : Vg = 12 V,
 Output voltage : V = -8 V,
 Switching frequency : fs = 25 kHz,
 Inductance : L = 150 uH,
 Capacitance : C = 220 uF,
 Load resistance : R = 3 Ω.
 Duty Cycle : % 40
D
S
Ia
Vs V

VD
IL

Ic
Is

3 [ohm]
R=0

150 [uH]

220 [uF]
Vg = 12 V
VL

V Vs Ic
Ref A

B Compar- VL IL VD
ator

Is
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs VD Ic Is
7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0
y

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0.01906 0.01908 0.01910 0.01912 0.01914 0.01916 0.01918 0.01920 0.01922 0.01924 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs VD Ic Is
15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
y

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0
0.05052 0.05054 0.05056 0.05058 0.05060 0.05062 0.05064 0.05066 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs VD Ic Is
-7.00
-7.20
-7.40
-7.60
-7.80
y

-8.00
-8.20
-8.40
-8.60
-8.80
0.07372 0.07375 0.07377 0.07380 0.07382 0.07385 0.07387 0.07390 0.07392 0.07395 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs VD Ic Is
4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
y

-1.0

-2.0

-3.0

-4.0
0.04064 0.04066 0.04068 0.04070 0.04072 0.04074 0.04076 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs VD Ic Is

12.075

12.050

12.025

12.000
y

11.975

11.950

11.925

11.900
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs VD Ic Is
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
y

2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
0.08145 0.08148 0.08150 0.08153 0.08155 0.08157 0.08160 0.08162 0.08165 0.08167 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
IL V VL Vs VD Ic Is
25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0
y

5.0

0.0

-5.0
0.08060 0.08062 0.08064 0.08066 0.08068 0.08070 0.08072 0.08074 0.08076 ...
...
...
A buck-boost regulator has an input voltage of Vs=12V. The duty cycle k=0.25
and the switching frequency is 25 kHz. The inductance L=150 µH and the
filter capacitance C=220 µF. The average load current Ia=1.25 A. Determine:
a) The average output voltage
b) The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple
c) The peak current of the transistor Ip

Vs=12 V k=0.25 Io=1.25 A f=25 kHz L=150 µH C=220 µF

a) The average output voltage


𝑽𝒔𝑫 𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝑽𝟎 = − = − = 𝟓𝟔.𝟖 𝒎𝑽
𝟏−𝑫 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
b) The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple
𝑰𝒂𝒙𝑫 𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟎.𝟐𝟓
∆𝑽𝒄 = = −𝟔
= 𝟓𝟔.𝟖 𝒎𝑽
𝒇𝒙𝑪 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎

c) The peak current of the transistor Ip

𝑰𝒂𝒙𝑫 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝑰𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝑨
𝟏 − 𝑫 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

𝑰𝒔 ∆𝑰 𝟎.𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝟎.𝟖
𝑰𝒑 = + = + = 𝟐.𝟎𝟔𝟕
𝑫 𝟐 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝟐
A buck-boost converter operating at 125 kHz has a +50 V low-ripple dc input
and has an output of -50 V into a resistive load of 25 Ω. The inductor has a
peak-to-peak current of 8 A (this implies that the converter is in the
continuous-discontinuous boundary condition). The output voltage ripple is
negligible. The switching transistor is implemented using MOSFET technology.

a) Draw a circuit diagram and label important voltages and currents.


b) Sketch the inductor voltage and current waveforms. What is the value of
the inductor?
c) Determine the rms values of the transistor and diode currents.
d) Maintaining a +50 V input and a -50 V output, sketch three other circuit
implementations.
Hint: There are at least seven other circuit implementations
 Similar to buck-boost converter, the Ćuk converter provides a
negative-polarity regulated output voltage with respect to the common
terminal of the input voltage.

 It uses a capacitor as its main energy-storage component, unlike most


other types of converters which use an inductor.

 It is named after Slobodan Ćuk of the California Institute of


Technology, who first presented the design.

L1 C1 iC1 L2

+
iL1 + VC1 - iL2
Vg +
VC2 C2 R
-
D
iC2 ia
-

Duty
L1 C1 L2
iC1

iL1 1 iL2
Vg + C2 R
-
2 D
iC2
ia

L1 C1 L2 L1 C1 L2
iC1 iC1

iL2 iL1 iL2


iL1
Vg + C2 R Vg + C2 R
- - D
iC2 ia iC2 ia

Switch in position 1 Switch in position 2


 On State L1 C1 L2

- The currents through inductor L1


rises. The voltage of capacitor C1
reverse biases diode and turns C2

it off.
- The capacitor C1 discharges its
energy to the circuit formed by
C2, L2 and load.

 Off State L1 C1 L2

- The capacitor C1 is charged from


the input supply and the energy
stored in the inductor L2 is C2
transferred to the load.
- The diode and IGBT provide a
synchronous switching action.
a) Switch in Position 1

 Inductor voltages and capacitor currents with small ripple


approximation :

VL1 = Vg iC1 = iL2

VL2 = V + VC1 iC2 = iL2 - ia

L1 C1 L2

+
iC1 iL2
iL1
Vg +
- C2 R V

iC2 ia -
a) Switch in Position 2

 Inductor voltages and capacitor currents with small ripple


approximation :

VL1 = Vg – VC1 iC1 = - iL1

VL2 = V iC2 = iL2 - ia

L1 C1 L2

+
iC1 iL2
iL1
R V
Vg C2
+
-
D
iC2 ia
-
VL1(t)

Vg
DTs (1-D)Ts
t

Vg – VC1

VL2(t)

V + VC1
DTs (1-D)Ts
t

V
iL1(t)
iL1(DTs)

IL1
Vg Vg-VC1
L1 L1
t
DTs Ts

 Inductor current slope during subinterval 1 :

diL1(t) VL1(t) Vg
= =
dt L L1

 Inductor current slope during subinterval 2 :

diL1(t) VL1(t) Vg-VC1


= =
dt L L1
iL2(t)
iL2 (DTs)

IL2
V+VC1 V
L2 L2
t
DTs Ts

 Inductor current slope during subinterval 1 :

diL2(t) VL2(t) V+VC1


= =
dt L2 L2

 Inductor current slope during subinterval 2 :

diL2(t) VL2(t) V
= =
dt L2 L2
iC1(t)

iL2 iL2

t
DTs Ts
- iL1

 We know that Capacitor current during subinterval 1 is equal to :

iC1 = iL2

 We know that Capacitor current during subinterval 2 is equal to :

iC1 = - iL1
iC2(t)

DTs Ts

 We know that Capacitor current during subinterval 1 is equal to :

iC2 = iL2 - ia

 We know that Capacitor current during subinterval 2 is equal to :

iC2 = iL2 - ia
iC2(t)

ia

DTs Ts t
 We know that output current is equal to :

-V
ia =
R

 We also know that the output voltage is negative ; so that the


output current waveform is positive.
VC2(t)

VC2
V

t
DTs Ts

Vg
 V = -D
(1-D)

iL2 Vg D
 Vc2 = Vc2 =
8fsC2
 8fs2C2L2
VC1(t)

VC1 Vc1
iL2 -iL1

C1 C1

t
DTs Ts
 Capacitor voltage slope during subinterval 1 :

ic1 (t) iL2


dVc1 (t) = =
C1 C1

 Capacitor voltage slope during subinterval 2 :

ic1 (t) - iL1


dVc1 (t) = =
C1 C1
VC1(t)

VC1
Vc1
iL2 -iL1

C1 C1

t
DTs Ts

 Capacitor voltage Ripple Magnitude is equal to :

iL2
Vc1 = DTs
C1
 In this simulation, it will be observed output voltage waveform,
inductor current waveforms, inductor voltage waveforms and
capacitor current waveforms according to the given values :

 Input voltage : Vg = 12 V,
 Output voltage : V = -8 V,
 Switching frequency : fs = 25 kHz,
 Energy transfer Capacitance : C1 = 200 uF
 Energy transfer Inductance : L1 = 180 uH
 Filter Inductance : L2 = 150 uH,
 Filter Capacitance : C2 = 80 uF,
 Load resistance : R = 3 Ω.
 Duty Cycle : % 40
180 [uH] 200 [uF] 150 [uH]
IL1
IC1 IL2
Vs V

VC1
VL1

VL2

3 [ohm]
80 [uF]
D
VC2
S
R=0

Vg = 12 V

IC2

Ia
: Co...
Vs IC1 IL2 Main ... <null>
Ref A Ref
1

B Compar- Ia IL1 VC1 IC2


ator

0
V VL1 VL2 VC2 0.402698
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia

12.075

12.050

12.025

12.000
y

11.975

11.950

11.925

11.900
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia
3.00
2.75
2.50
2.25
2.00
y

1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.08358 0.08360 0.08362 0.08364 0.08366 0.08368 0.08370 0.08372 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia
4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50
y

2.00

1.50

1.00
0.08346 0.08348 0.08350 0.08352 0.08354 0.08356 0.08358 0.08360 0.08362 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia
20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0
y

0.0

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0
0.075150 0.075170 0.075190 0.075210 0.075230 0.075250 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia
20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0
y

0.0

-5.0

-10.0

-15.0
0.075150 0.075170 0.075190 0.075210 0.075230 0.075250 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia
5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0
y

0.0

-1.0

-2.0

-3.0
0.091910 0.091930 0.091950 0.091970 0.091990 0.092010 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
y

-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
-1.25
0.08140 0.08142 0.08144 0.08146 0.08148 0.08150 0.08152 0.08154 0.08156 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia

20.100

20.050

20.000
y

19.950

19.900

19.850

19.800
0.09988 0.09990 0.09992 0.09994 0.09996 0.09998 0.10000 0.10002 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia

-7.900

-7.950

-8.000
y

-8.050

-8.100

-8.150
0.07955 0.07960 0.07965 0.07970 0.07975 0.07980 0.07985 0.07990 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia

-7.900

-7.950

-8.000
y

-8.050

-8.100

-8.150
0.07955 0.07960 0.07965 0.07970 0.07975 0.07980 0.07985 0.07990 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Vs IL1 VL1 IC1 VC1 VL2 IL2 IC2 VC2 V Ia
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
y

2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
0.0650 0.0700 0.0750 0.0800 0.0850 0.0900 0.0950 0.1000 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60
y

0.40

0.20

0.00

-0.20
0.0572 0.0573 0.0574 0.0575 0.0576 0.0577 0.0578 0.0579 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60
y

0.40

0.20

0.00

-0.20
0.05720 0.05722 0.05724 0.05726 0.05728 0.05730 0.05732 0.05734 0.05736 0.05738 ...
...
...
The input voltage of a Cuk converter in Figure, Vs=12 V. The duty cycle D=0.25
and the switching frequency is 25 kHz. The filter inductance is L2=150 µH and
filter capacitance is C2=220 µF. The energy transfer capacitance is C1=200 µF
and inductance L1=180 µH.The average load current is Ia=1.25 A. Determine:
a) the average output voltage Va;
b) the average input current Is;
c) the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor L1, ΔI1;
d) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor C1, ΔVc1;
e) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor L2, ΔI2; and
f) the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor C2, ΔVc2;
g) the peak current of the transistor Ip.
L1 C1 iC1 L2

+
iL1 + VC1 - iL2
Vs +
VC2 C2 R
-
D
iC2 ia
-

Duty
a) 𝑫𝑽𝒔 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟐
𝑽𝒂 = − =− = −𝟒 𝑽
𝟏−𝑫 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

𝑫𝑰𝒂 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
b) 𝑰𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝑨
𝟏 − 𝑫 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

𝑽𝒔 𝒙𝑫 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
c) ∆𝑰𝟏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝑨
𝒇𝒙𝑳𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔

𝑰𝒔 (𝟏 − 𝑫) 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝒙(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓)
d) ∆𝑽𝒄𝟏 = = = 𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝑽
𝒇𝑪𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔

e) 𝑽𝒂(𝟏 − 𝑫) 𝑫𝑽𝒔 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟐


∆𝑰𝟐 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑨
𝒇𝑳𝟐 𝒇𝑳𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
Why Isolated Power ?

 Product safety requirements


 Avoid ground current voltage differences
 System reliability and robustness
 Overcome voltage potential differences
Ground current

DC/DC

V = R*I

DC/DC

V=0
N1 : N2 D

.
Vg +
C
-
R
.

Duty

 A two-winding inductor
 Symbol is same as transformer, but function differs significantly

Transformer isolation
 Minimization of current and voltage stresses when a large
step – up or step – down conversion ratio is needed - use
transformer turns ratio
Isolate inductor windings: the flyback
buck-boost converter: converter

construct inductor winding using Flyback converter having a 1:n turns


two parallel wires: ratio and positive output:
How Flyback Converter Works ?
- When the switch is on, the primary
of the transformer is directly
connected to the input voltage source.
- This results in an increase of magnetic
flux in the transformer. The voltage
across the secondary winding is
negative, so the diode is reverse-biased.
- The output capacitor supplies energy
to the output load.

- When the switch is off, the energy


stored in the transformer is
transferred to the output of the
converter.
D
N1 : N2
+
. ic

Lm C R V
Vg + .
-
-

1
2

 Model as (small) magnetizing inductance in parallel with ideal


transformer.

 Energy is stored in magnetizing inductance


 Magnetizing inductance is relatively small
a) Switch in Position 1
N1 : N2
+ +
i ic
ig .
V1 C R V
Lm
Vg + .
-
- -

 VLm = Vg -V
ic = 
R
 ig = i
a) Switch in Position 2
D
1:n +
- -
i ic
ig . i/n
Lm V/n V2 C R V
Vg + .
- + + -

N2
n=
N1

 VLm = -V/n i V
ic = - 
n R
 ig = 0
VLm(t)

Vg
DTs (1-D)Ts
t

– V/n

ic(t) i V
-
n R

-V
R
V(t)

V
V

t
DTs Ts

Vg n D
 V=
(1-D)
V(t)

V
V

t
DTs Ts

The output configuration for the flyback converter is the same as for the buck-boost converter, so the
output ripple voltages for the two converters are also the same.
A flyback converter of has the following circuit parameters: D
N1 : N2
+
Vg=24 V . ic
N1/N2=1/3 V0
Lm C R
Lm=500 uH
V + .
R=5 ohm g - -
C=200 uF
f=40 kHz 1
V0=5 V 2

Determine (a) the required duty ratio D; (b) the output voltage ripple. Assume
that all components are ideal
 In this simulation, It will be tried to observe output voltage
waveform, inductor voltage waveform, capacitor current and input
current waveform according to the given values :

 Input voltage : Vg = 24 V,
 Output voltage : V = 12 V,
 Switching frequency : fs = 40 kHz
 Transformer ratio : 24V:8V
 Capacitance : C = 200 uF
 Magnetizing Inductance : Lm = 400 uH
 Load resistance : R = 5 Ω.
 Duty Cycle : % 60
Ig

400 [uH] VL #1 #2

Ic
200 [uF]

5 [ohm]
R=0

S V
Vg = 24 V Main ... Main ...
Ref V
1

0
0.599048 11.9121

Ref A
Ig VL
B Compar-
ator
V Ic
Main : Graphs
Ig Ic V VL
40
30
20
10
0
y

-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0.07746 0.07748 0.07750 0.07752 0.07754 0.07756 0.07758 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Ig Ic V VL
4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0
y

0.0

-1.0

-2.0

-3.0
0.07160 0.07162 0.07164 0.07166 0.07168 0.07170 0.07172 0.07174 0.07176 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Ig Ic V VL
13.50

13.00

12.50

12.00
y

11.50

11.00

10.50
0.0694 0.0695 0.0696 0.0697 0.0698 0.0699 0.0700 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
Ig Ic V VL
3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50
y

1.00

0.50

0.00

-0.50
0.07626 0.07628 0.07630 0.07632 0.07634 0.07636 0.07638 0.07640 0.07642 0.07644 0.07646 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60
y

0.40

0.20

0.00

-0.20
0.07076 0.07078 0.07080 0.07082 0.07084 0.07086 0.07088 0.07090 ...
...
...
Main : Graphs
ref tri PWM
1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60
y

0.40

0.20

0.00

-0.20
0.07076 0.07078 0.07080 0.07082 0.07084 0.07086 0.07088 0.07090 ...
...
...
D3 I3

VD3 N3
V3

is I2 D1 L IL

VL
N1 N2
Lm V1 C R Vo
iLm V2 D2 Vx

Vs

S Vsw

• Derived from the buck converter


• Energy stored in output inductor as per conventional buck converter.
• Transformer can be smaller since it is not involved in energy storage,
only transfer.
• Best for powers from 50 to 200W – not as simple as flyback.
Semiconductor utilisation same as flyback, still limited at 25%, which
rules it out at high power levels.
Single-Ended Forward Converter
• This circuit is commonly referred to as a forward converter

(a)

(b)

Isolated buck-derived converter known as a


single-ended forward converter

(c)

(a) Buck-boost converter. (b) Isolated converter with negative output


voltage. (c) Isolated converter with positive output voltage
(a) (b)
Modes of operation. (a) Mode 1: S is on. (b) Mode 2: S is off.
When the switch is turned on initially at t  0, the initial inductor current is I L (0), and v L is given by
n2
vL  Vin  Vo
n1
diL
L
dt
The inductor current is given by
n2
Vin  Vo
n1
I L (t )  t  I L (0) 0  t  DT
L
(a) (b)
Modes of operation. (a) Mode 1: S is on. (b) Mode 2: S is off.

where I L ( DT ) is the inductor current at t  DT, when the switch is turned off.
Following voltage gain relation :
Vo n
 2D
Vin n1
Current and voltage waveforms for the forward converter
• The additional winding nr is known as tertiary winding
• If the winding ratio nr/n1 < 1, then it is possible to have a
duty cycle that exceeds 50%

(a) (b)

(c)

Three ways to draw a single-ended forward converter with a core reset circuit
115
D3 I3

VD3 N3
V3

is I2 D1 L IL

VL
N1 N2
Lm V1 C R Vo
iLm V2 D2 Vx

Vs

S Vsw

• Thw forward converter, shown in Figure is another magnetically coupled dc-dc


converter. The switching period is T, the switch is closed for time DT and open for
(1-D)T. Steady-state operation is assumed for the analysis of the circuit, and the
current in inductance L is assumed to be continuous.
D3 I3

VD3 N3
V3

is I2 L IL

VL
N1 N2
V1=Vs C R Vo
iLm V2 = Vs(N2/N1) = Vx

𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 𝒔
Vs S Vsw
𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔 The voltage
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟏
across D3 is
𝑵𝟑 𝑵𝟑 showing that D3
𝑽𝟑 = 𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟏 is OFF. A positive
V2 forward-biases
𝑽𝑫𝟑 = −𝑽𝒔 −𝑽𝟑 < 0 D1 and reverse-
biases D2.
D3 I3

VD3 N3
V3

is I2 L IL

VL
N1 N2
V1=Vs C R Vo
iLm V2 = Vs(N2/N1) = Vx

Vs S Vsw
𝑵𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝑳
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽 𝟐 − 𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒔 − 𝑽𝒐 = 𝑳
𝑵𝟏 𝒅𝒕
𝑵𝟐 𝑫𝑻
∆𝒊𝑳 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 = 𝒗𝒔 − 𝑽𝟎
𝑵𝟏 𝑳
𝑽𝒔 𝑫𝑻
∆𝒊𝑳 =
𝑳𝒎
I3

N3
V3

is L IL

VL
N1 N2
Lm V1 C R Vo
iLm V2 Vx=0

Vs S Vsw
𝑽𝟑 = −𝑽𝒔

𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟏
𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑽𝟑 = −𝑽𝒔
𝑵𝟑 𝑵𝟑

𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟐
𝑽 𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 = −𝑽𝒔
𝑵𝟑 𝑵𝟑
I3

N3
V3

is L IL

VL
N1 N2
Lm V1 C R Vo
iLm V2 Vx=0

𝒅𝒊𝑳
𝑽𝑳 = −𝑽𝒐 = 𝑳
Vs S Vsw 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒊𝑳 −𝑽𝒐 ∆𝒊𝑳 ∆𝒊𝑳


= = =
𝒅𝒕 𝑳 ∆𝒕 𝟏 − 𝑫 𝑻
−𝑽𝒐 𝟏 − 𝑫 𝑻
∆𝒊𝑳 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 =
𝑳
Therefore, the inductor current decreases linearly when the switch is open.
𝑵𝟏 𝒅𝒊𝑳𝒎
𝑽𝑳𝒎 = 𝑽𝟏 = −𝑽𝒔 = 𝑳𝒎
𝑵𝟑 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒊𝑳𝒎 𝑽𝒔 𝑵𝟏
=−
𝒅𝒕 𝑳𝒎 𝑵𝟑
The current in Lm should return to zero before the start of the next period to reset the
transformer core (return the magnetic flux to zero). When the switch opens, upper eq. Shows that
iLm decreases linearly.
∆𝒊𝑳𝒎 𝑽𝒔 𝑵𝟏
=−
∆𝒕 𝑳𝒎 𝑵𝟑
For iLm to reutrn to zero after the switch is opened, the decrease in current must equal the
increase in current. Lettind ∆𝑻𝒙 be the time for iLm to decrease from the peak back to zero,
∆𝒊𝑳𝒎 𝑽𝒔𝑫𝑻 𝑽𝒔 𝑵𝟏
=− =−
∆𝑻𝒙 𝑳𝒎 𝑳𝒎 𝑵𝟑
Solving for ∆𝑻𝒙
𝑵𝟑
∆𝑻𝒙 = 𝑫𝑻
𝑵𝟏
The time at which the current iLm reaches zero t0, is
𝑵𝟑 𝑵𝟑
𝒕𝟎 = 𝑫𝑻 + ∆𝑻𝒙 = 𝑫𝑻 + 𝑫𝑻 = 𝑫𝑻 𝟏 +
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟏

Because the current must reach zero before the start

of the next period.


𝒕𝟎 < 𝑇

𝑵𝟑
𝒔𝑫𝑻 𝟏 + <𝑇
𝑵𝟏

𝑵𝟑
𝑫 𝟏+ <1
𝑵𝟏

For example, if the ratio N3/N1=11


(a common practice), then the duty ratio D
must be less than 0.5.
The circuit configuration
on the output of the
forward converter is the
same as that for the buck
converter, so the output
voltage ripple based on
an ideal capacitance is
also the same.

∆𝑽𝒐 𝟏−𝑫
= 𝟐
𝑽𝒐 𝟖𝑳𝑪𝒇
When the switch is closed, energy is transferref from the source to the load
through the transformer. The voltage on the transformer secondary is a pulsed
waveform, and the output is analyzed like that of the buck dc-dc converter. Energy
stored in the magnetizing inductance while the switch is closed can be returned to
the input source via a third transformer winding while the switch is open.
The forward converter has the followinf parameters:
D3 I3

VD3 N3
Vs=48 V V3

R=10 Ὡ is I2 D1 L IL

L=0.4 mH N2
VL
N1
Lm=5 mH Lm iLm V1 V2 D2 Vx
C R Vo

f=35 kHz Vs

N1/N2=1.5
S Vsw
N1/N3=1D=0.4

(a) Determine the output voltage, the maximum and minimum currents in L, and
the output voltage ripple.
(b) Determine the peak current in the transformer primary winding. Verify that
magnetizing current is reset to zero during each switching period. Assume all
components are ideal.
What happens when D > 0.5
iLm

ΔiLm

DT t0 T
ΔTx

magnetizing current waveforms, for n1 = n2

iLm

ΔiLm

DT T
ΔTx
 In this simulation, It will be observed output voltage waveform,
inductor voltage waveform, capacitor current and input current
waveform according to the given values :

 Input voltage : Vg = 20 V,
 Output voltage : V = 8 V,
 Switching frequency : fs = 40 kHz
 Transformer ratio : 8V:8V:8V
 Capacitance : C = 100 uF
 Magnetizing Inductance : Lm = 5 uH
 Load resistance : R = 8 Ω.
 Duty Cycle : % 40
a) Calculate Dmax.
b) When D=0.4, calculate the turns ratio N1:N2.
c) When N1:N2 is as calculated in (b), what is the lowest
input voltage if Vo is to be kept equal to 6 V?
In the following, D=0.4;
e) Calculate the voltage over the transistor during the Toff.
f) Sketch v1 and vsw.
g) For Io=10 A, sketch iD1 and iD2.
h) Sketch isw, i1, i3 and im.
• Flyback:
– Lowest cost
– Least number of
components
– Transformer used as
an energy storage unit
– High output ripple and noise
– Poor load regulation
• Forward Converter:
– Low Cost
– Low output ripple and
noise
– More components
compared to flyback converter,
but more reliable
– Transformer does not need to act
as an energy storage unit
 Another dc-dc converter that has transformer isolation is the push
pull converter shown in Figure.

D1 L IL
Np:Ns
VL

Vp2 P2 S2 Vs2 C R Vo
Vx

Vp1 P1 S1 Vs1
Vs

Sw1 Sw2 Vsw D2

Circuit of push-pull converter


(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure: Push-Pull Converter (a) Switching sequence; (b) Voltage Vx; and (c) Current in L
a) Mode 1 : Sw1 is OFF, Sw2 is ON
D1 L IL
Np:Ns
VL

Vp2 P2 S2 Vs2 C R Vo
Vx

Vp1 P1 S1 Vs1
Vs

Sw1 Sw2 Vsw D2

𝑵𝑺
𝑽𝒑𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑿 = 𝑽𝑺𝟐 = 𝑽𝑺
𝑵𝑷
𝑵𝒔
𝑽𝒔𝟏 = 𝑽𝒔 𝑵𝑺
𝑵𝒑 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝑿 − 𝑽𝑶 = 𝑽𝑺 − 𝑽𝑶
𝑵𝑺 𝑵𝑷
𝑽𝒔𝟐 = 𝑽𝒔
𝑵𝑷
Assuming a constant output voltage Vo, the voltage across L is a constant,
resulting in a linearly increasing current in L. In the interval when Sw1 is closed,
the change in current in L is

∆𝒊𝑳 ∆𝒊𝑳 𝑽𝒔(𝑵𝒔 𝑵𝒑) − 𝑽𝒐


= =
∆𝒕 𝑫𝑻 𝑳

𝑽𝒔 (𝑵𝒔 𝑵𝒑) − 𝑽𝒐
∆𝒊𝑳 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 = 𝑫𝑻
𝑳
b) Mode 2 : Sw1 is ON, Sw2 is OFF
D1 L IL
Np:Ns
VL

Vp2 P2 S2 Vs2 C R Vo
Vx

Vp1 P1 S1 Vs1
D2 is forward-biased
Vs
D1 is reverse-biased
Sw1 Sw2 Vsw D2

𝑵𝑺
𝑽𝒑𝟐 = −𝑽𝒔 𝑽𝑿 = −𝑽𝑺𝟐 = 𝑽𝑺
𝑵𝑷
𝑵𝒔
𝑽𝒔𝟏 = −𝑽𝒔 𝑵𝑺
𝑵𝒑 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝑿 − 𝑽𝑶 = 𝑽𝑺 − 𝑽𝑶
𝑵𝑷
𝑵𝑺
𝑽𝒔𝟐 = −𝑽𝒔
𝑵𝑷
c) Mode 3 : Sw1 is OFF, Sw2 is OFF
D1 L IL
Np:Ns
VL

Vp2 P2 S2 Vs2 C R Vo
Vx

Vp1 P1 S1 Vs1
Vs

Sw1 Sw2 Vsw D2

With both switches open, the current in each of the primary windings is zero. The
current in the filter inductor L must maintain continuity, resulting in both D1 and D2
becoming forward-biased. Inductor current divides evenly between the transformer
secondary windings.
c) Mode 3 : Sw1 is OFF, Sw2 is OFF
D1 L IL
Np:Ns
VL

Vp2 P2 S2 Vs2 C R Vo
Vx

Vp1 P1 S1 Vs1
Vs

Sw1 Sw2 Vsw D2

∆𝒊𝑳 ∆𝒊𝑳 −𝑽𝒐


𝑽𝑿 = 𝟎 = =
∆𝒕 𝑻 𝟐 − 𝑫𝑻 𝑳
𝑽𝒐 𝟏
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑽𝑿 − 𝑽𝑶 = −𝑽𝑶 ∆𝒊𝑳 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 = − −𝑫 𝑻
𝑳 𝟐
Since the net change in inductor current over one period must be zero for steady-
state operation.
∆𝒊𝑳 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 + ∆𝒊𝑳 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 = 𝟎

𝑽𝒔 (𝑵𝒔 𝑵𝒑 ) − 𝑽𝒐 𝑽𝒐 𝟏
𝑫𝑻 + −𝑫 𝑻=𝟎
𝑳 𝑳 𝟐
Solving the net change in inductor current over one period must be zero for steady-
state operation,
𝑵𝒔
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝑫
𝑵𝒑
Ripple voltage on the output is derived in a manner similar to buck converter. The
output ripple for the push pull converter is

∆𝑽𝒐 𝟏 − 𝟐𝑫
=
𝑽𝒐 𝟑𝟐𝑳𝑪𝒇𝟐
 In this simulation, It will be observed output voltage waveform,
inductor voltage waveform, capacitor current and input current
waveform according to the given values :

 Input voltage : Vs = 30 V,
 Output voltage : Vo = 9 V,
 Switching frequency : fs = 4 kHz
 Transformer ratio : 1 kV:2kV
 Capacitance : C = 300 uF
 Inductance : Lm = 0.9 mH
 Load resistance : R = 6 Ω.
 Duty Cycle : % 30
A push pull converter has the following parameters:
D1 L IL
Np:Ns
Vs=30 V VL

Np/Ns=2 Vp2 P2 S2 Vs2 Vx


C R Vo

D=0.3
L=0.5 mH Vp1 P1 S1 Vs1

R=6 Ω Vs

C=50 uF Sw1 Sw2 Vsw D2

f=10 kHz

Determine Vo, the maximum and minimum values of iL, and the output ripple
voltage. Assume all components are ideal.
𝑵𝒔 𝟏
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟐𝑽𝒔 𝑫 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟑 = 𝟗 𝑽
𝑵𝒑 𝟐

𝑽𝒐 𝟗
𝒊𝑳 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑨
𝑹 𝟔
𝑽𝒐 𝟏 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟑
∆𝒊𝑳 = −𝑫 𝑻= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔 𝑨
𝑳 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)

∆𝒊𝑳 ∆𝒊𝑳
𝒊𝑳,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒊𝑳 + = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝑨 𝒊𝑳,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒊𝑳 − = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝑨
𝟐 𝟐

∆𝑽𝒐 𝟏 − 𝟐𝑫 𝟏 − 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟑)
= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓 %
𝑽𝒐 𝟑𝟐𝑳𝑪𝒇𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 −𝟑 𝟓𝟎 (𝟏𝟎)−𝟔
[1] Power Electronics ; Converters, Applications and Design,
Second Edition ; Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, William
P. Robbins, 1995.

[2] DC-DC Converters presentation by Umer Hasnain, Vaqas


Ahmed ; Lunds Universitet in 2007.

[3] Power Electronics Handbook ; J. David Irwin ; Auburn


University; Academic Press in 2001.

[4] The Power Electronics Handbook Edited By Timothy L.


Skvarenina; CRC Press in 2001.

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