RVS College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

EC8391 – Control System Engineering
2 Marks
Unit – I
1. Find the transfer function of the network given in Fig

Transfer function = (G1*G2)/(1+G2)

2. State Mason’s Gain formula.

Masons Gain formulastates that theoverallgain of thesystem is T = (1/Δ) Σ ΔkPk
k-No. of forward paths in the signal flowgraph.
Pk- Forward path gain of kth forward path.
Δk=1-[sum of individual loop gains ]+[sum of gain products of allpossible combinations of
two non touching loops]-[sum of gain products of all possible combinations of three non
touching loops]+…
k -forthat part ofthegraph which is not touching kth forward path

3. Differentiate closed loop and open loop system.

The control system in which theoutputquantityhas no effect upon
theinputquantityare called open loop control system. This means that theoutputis not
feedbackto theinputfor correction.
The control system in which the output has an effect upon the input quantity so
as to maintain the desired output value are called closed loop control system.

4. List the advantages of Closed loop System?

Accuracy: They are more accurate than open loop system due to their complex
construction. They are equally accurate and are not disturbed in the presence of non-
linearities.
Noise reduction ability: Since they are composed of a feedback mechanism, so they
clear out the errors between input and output signals, and hence remain unaffected to
the external noise sources.

5. What is Block diagram? What are its basic components?

A Block Diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions
performed by each component of the system and shows the flow of signals. The basic
elements of block diagram are blocks, branch point and summing point.

6. What is a control system?

A system consists of a number of components connected together to perform a
specific function. In a system when the output quantity is controlled by varying the
input quantity then the system is called control system.

7. List the basic elements of translational mechanical systems.

 Mass, spring and dashpot.

8. Define transfer function.

The T.F of a system is defined as the ratio of the Laplace transform of output to
Laplace transform of input with zero initial conditions.

9. What is a signal flow graph?

A signal flow graph is a diagram that represents a set of simultaneous algebraic
equations .By taking L.T the time domain differential equations governing a control
system can be transferred to a set of algebraic equations in s-domain.

Unit – II

10. How do u find the type of the system?

Type number of a transfer function indicates the number of poles in the origin that the
transfer function has.

11. List the standard test signals used in time domain analysis.
Step signal, Ramp signal, Impulse signal, parabolic signal.

12. Find the impulse response of the system H(S) = 5S/(S+2).

C(S) = R(S) * H(S) = 1 * 5S/(S+2)= 5S/(S+2)

13. State the-effect of PI compensation in system performance.

It is a device that produces a control signal consisting of two terms-one proportional to
error signal and the other proportional to the integral of error signal.

14. Define Steady state error.

The steady state error is defined as the value of error as time tends to infinity.

15. Draw the transfer function model of PID controller.

16. What are the time domain specifications?

Peak Overshoot, Transmit time, Rise time, Settling time, Peak time

17. What are the generalized error coefficients?

Velocity error constant, positional error coefficient
18. Determine type and order of the following systemGH= K/[s(s + 1) (s 2 + 6s + 8)].
Type =1
Order = 4
Unit – III
19. What is the use of Nicholos chart?
Nichol’s chart determinethe closed loop frequencyresponse andestimateallthe
frequency domain specifications.

20. Define Gain Margin.

The Gain Margin, kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of the open loop
transfer function at phase cross over frequency.

21. What is the characteristics of phase lead network?

A positive phase angle iscalledphaselead.
Increases the bandwidth and speed of the network.
Reduces the peak overshoot.

22. What is the necessity of compensator?

Compensatorinserted into the systemforthe purposeofsatisfyingthe specifications.

23. What are the frequency domain specifications?

Resonant Peak, Resonance Frequency, Bandwidth, Cut off rate, Gain Margin and Phase
Margin.
24. What are M and N Circles?
Nichols chart of M and N contours, superimposed on ordinary graph. The M contours
are the magnitude of closed loop system in decibels and the N contours are the phase angle
locus of closed loop system.
25. Why compensation is necessary in feedback control systems?
In feedback control systems compensation is required in the following situations.
1. When the system is absolutely unstable, then compensation is required to stabilize
the system and also to meet the desired performance. 2. When the system is stable, then
compensation is required to meet the desired performance.

26. What is series compensation?

Series compensation is the method of improving the system voltage by connecting a
capacitor in series with the transmission line.

27. Write expression for Resonant Peak and Resonant Frequency.

Resonant Frequencyr n √(122)
Resonant Peak Mr = 1/(2√(12))

Unit – IV
28. Find the value of K closed loop system having characteristics equation 2s^4 + 12s^3
+22s^2+12S+k.
2 22 K
12 12
20 K
(20-K)/20
 K<20
29. What is the value of K at any given point on root locus?
K>1 (positive and real)

30. Advantages of Routh Hurwitz stability criterion?

We can find the stability of the system without solving the equation. We can easily
determine the relative stability of the system. By this method, we can determine the range
of K for stability.

31. State Nyquist stability criterion.

If the Nyquist plot of the open loop transfer function G(s) corresponding to the
Nyquist control in the S-plane encircles thecritical point–1+j0 in the counter
clockwisedirection as manytimes as the numberof right halfS-planepoles of G(s), the
closed loop system is stable.

32. What is dominant pole?

The dominant pole is a pair of complex conjugate pair which decides the transient
response of the system.

33. What is sampled data control system?

When the signal or information at any or some points in a system is in the form of
discrete pulses, then the system is called discrete data system or sampled data system.

34. State the necessary conditions for stability.(Or) Define BIBO stability.
A linear relaxed system is said to have BIBIO stability if every bounded input results in a
bounded output.
35. How will you find root locus on real axis?
The root locus exists on real axis to left of an odd number of poles and zeros of open
loop transfer function, G(s)H(s) that are on the real axis. These real pole and zero
locations are highlighted on diagram, along with the portion of the locus that exists on
the real axis.

36. What will be the stability of the system when the roots of characteristics equation
lies in imaginary axis?
Marginally stable

Unit – V

37. Define observability of a system.

The observability test is necessary to find whether the state variables are measurable
or not. If the state variables are measurable then the state of the system can be
determined by practical measurements of the state variables.

38. State sampling theorem.

A continuous timesignalcan becompletelyrepresented in its samples and recovered
back if the samplingfrequencyFs≥2Fmaxwhere Fs is the sampling frequency and Fm axis
the maximum frequency present in the signal.

39. Define the state and state variable of a model system.

State: the state is the condition of a system at any time instant.
State variable: a set of variables which describe the state of the system at any time
instant are called state variables.
40. What is zero order hold circuit?
The function of the hold circuit is to reconstruct the signal which is applied as input
to the sampler. The simplest holding device holds the signal between two consecutive
instants at its preceded value till next sampling instant is reached.The zero-order
hold (ZOH) is a mathematical model of the practical signal reconstruction done by a
conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

41. Draw the Sampler and hold circuits.

42. List the main properties'of a state transition matrix.

Φ (0)=eAx0 =I(unit matrix).
Φ (t) =eAt = (e-At)-1=[Φ(-t)]-1.
Φ (t1+t2)=eA(t1+t2)=Φ(t1) Φ(t2) =Φ(t2) Φ(t1)

43. State Shanon’s sampling theorem.

It states that a band limited continuous time signal with highest frequency fm hertz,
can be uniquely recovered from its samples provided that the sampling rate Fs is
greater than or equal to 2fm samples per second.

44. Write the state model of nth order system.