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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

Specification parameters of WLAN performance with

MatLab Simulink model of IEEE 802.11.

Dr. Faeza Abas Abid, Fatima Faydhe Al-azzawi, Nooraldeen Raaoof

Hadi
Middle technical university, institute of technology, electronic technical
department , [email protected]

Abstract.eWireless networksehave gained popularity that are providingeusers

flexibility and mobilityein accessingeinformation. TheiIEEE 802.11iWirelesseLocal
Area Networki(WLAN)estandard hasibecome theedominant architecture inepractice.
Inithis paper IEEE 802.11 standard implemented in MATLAB Simulink, where
Allowing toemodify beacon frameeparameters such asebeacon interval,eSSID,
supportederates, etc. Also includeeor exclude theeCF parameter seteelement from
theegenerated beaconeframe, DBPSK and DQPSK modulation techniques of BER
performance included in this paper to illustrate the performance of the model in
AWGN and Rayleigh channels.

1. Introductione
Wireless networks are emerging as a significant aspect of networking; wireless local area
networks WLANs, Bluetooth, and cellular systems have become increasingly popular in the
business and computer industry"with consequentisecurity issues. WLANs, especiallyithe
Institute ofiElectrical and ElectronicsiEngineers (IEEE) 802.11inetworks, areibecoming
commoniaccess networksiin private andipublic environments"."The freedomiof movement
andisimplicity in itsiimplementation have madeiWLANs popular inithe home andibusinesses
sectors, asiwell as hotspots 1isuch as airports and cafes [1]."The increasingiavailability off,
and thereforeiincreasing reliance on, wirelessinetworks make itiextremely important
toimaintain reliable andisecure communicationsiin the wake ofinetwork component
failuresior securityibreaches. However, recentinews reports onia number of attacksiagainst
wirelessinetworks, especiallyiWLANs, have alarmediwireless adopters,idevelopers, and
intendediusers [1], [2]. "The broadcast nature of wireless communication links makes them
unique in their vulnerability to security attacks and their susceptibility to intentional threats.
Organizations that want to deploy a secured WLAN infrastructure are challenged by the flaws
in the existing wireless mechanism design, such as the wired equivalent privacy (WEP)
protocol. WLANs provide greater flexibility and scalability than traditional LANs. Unlike a
wired LAN, which requires a wire to access the network, a WLAN facilitates network
transmissions of data from computers and other components through an access point
(AP)"."AniAP typically providesia range (cellior area coverage) ofi100 metres. IEEEi802.11
is an internationalistandard providing transmissionispeeds rangingifrom 1 Mbpsito 54
Mbpsiin either thei2.4 GHz ori5 GHz frequencyibands. The 802.11b isithe dominant
WLANitechnology at presenti[WECA, 2001b], andiprovides an expectedidata
throughputiofi5.5 Mbps . Highiperformance radio LAN isia EuropeaniTelecommunications
StandardsiInstitute (ETSI) standard operatingiin the 5 GHz frequencyiband; Hiper LAN/1
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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

hasia transmissionispeed of 19 Mbps, whileiHiper LAN/2ioperates at 54iMbps. Hiper

LAN/2isupports quality of service (QoS) andiis based on aniinfrastructure topology,
whereasiHiper LAN/1iis more suitableifor formingiad-hocinetworks [3] and [4]."
2. IEEE 802.11 Standard
The"standard provides three physical (PHY) layers and one medium access control (MAC)
layer for deploying wireless communication in local networks as ahown in Fig. 1. As for the
logical link control (LLC) layer, there is no difference between wireless (802.11) and wired
(802) LANs, such as the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet network. The MAC protocol provides two
service types: asynchronous using the distributed coordination function (DCF), and
synchronous using the point coordination function (PCF) that is contention-free"[1].

Figure 1.The 802.11iProtocol Stacki

The 802.11 standard is a family of specifications originally providing 1 to 2 Mbps data

transmission rate using either the frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct
sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). After revisions, the standard includes 802.11a, which is
operating in a 5 GHz frequency band at 54 Mbps, and 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g, operating
in a 2.4 GHz frequency band at speeds of 11 Mbps and 54 Mbps, respectively"[2], [3], [4].
The 802.11 standard takes advantage of radio spectrum technologies, allowing multiple users
to share the radio frequencies without end- user licenses. Specifically, it makes uses of the 2.4
GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band (ISM) for 802.11 and 802.11b networks, and the
5 GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) band for 802.11a-based
networks"."TheiInternational TelecommunicationiUnion (ITU) definesiboth bands. However,
interferenceiissues remain especiallyiin the 2.4 GHziband; if theitechnology interferes withian
authorizedioperation such as aniairline radioifrequency, it willicease to operate. Iniaddition,
thereiis no protectionifrom otheritechnologies, such asiBluetooth, accessingi802.11
frequencies. Aiportal is ailogical point, whichiis required toiintegrate the 802.11iarchitecture
withiexisting wirediLANs facilitatingithe transmission. AniAP with softwareiimplementation
can offerithe portaliservice"[5, 6].

2.1 MACiLayer
The 802.11 specifications provide asynchronous of DCF and contention-free ofPCF services.
The asynchronous service is always available whereas the contention-free service is optional.
DCF implements the basic access method of the 802.11 MAC protocol, or path sharing. The
PCF provides contention- free service, which implements a polling access method. It uses a
point coordinator (PC), usually the AP, which cyclically polls stations, giving them the
opportunity to transmit. Thus the access priority is provided by a PCF may be utilized to
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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

create a contention-free access method. The PC controls the frame transmissions of the
stations in order to eliminate contention for a limited period of time. Unlike the DCF, the
implementation of the PCF is not mandatory. Furthermore, the PCF itself relies on the
asynchronous service provided by the DCF as illustreted in Fig.1. All physical layers support
one common MAC layer. Task Group 802.11e focuses on enhancing the MAC layer for
QoS."[7, 8]

2.2 PhysicaliLayers
The physical layer processes data to and from radio signals over the airwave. In other words,
it handles the transmission of the frame via the air interface. The standards define three
alternative physical layers (Figure 1)":
1. "Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)"
2. "Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)"
3. "Infrared (IR)"
The first three physical layers belong to radio spread spectrum technology that operates in the
2.4 GHz band, while OFDM operates in the 5 GHz band. IR operates in the 300-428 GHz
band and operates at a slow speed with line-of-sight connection. IR has become a legacy
protocol thus will not be addressed in this discussion."[8]

2.2.1 FHSSi
FHSS modulates data signals with a carrier signal that hops from one frequency to another,
using time as its measurement, over a wide range of frequencies. The carrier frequency
between 2.4 and 2.483 GHz is changed periodically to avoid collisions. A collision occurs
only when both a narrowband system and the spread spectrum signals are transmitting at the
same frequency simultaneously. A hopping code is used to decide the order of data
transmission and which frequency to hop to. FHSS provides a maximum data transmission
speed of 2 Mbps"[9,10,11].

2.2.2 DSSSi
DSSS combines a data signal at the sending station with a higher data rate bit sequence,
known as the chipping code or processing gain. This chipping code reduces interferences by
dividing the user data according to a spreading ratio, enabling a faster data transmission rate
of 11 Mbps. It sets a specific string of bits to be sent for each data bit. A redundant bit pattern
is included in the chipping code to increase resistance to interference [10, 11,12].

3. WLAN IEEE 802.11 Simulink Model

IEEE 802.11 have been implemented with MATLAB Simulink as shown in Fig.2, where "the
model has three main parts: Model Parameters, where"the informationicanibe selected and
sentiwithinithe beaconiframe andithe channeliparameters,i802.11 system,"which isiformed of
theitransmitter, channel, andithe receiver, results, wherei"there is a viewing to"the most
important received information, such as CRC flags, packet type, and received SSID."

Figure 2. IEEE 802.11 Simulink model

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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

The transmitter is implemented with lightweight MAC sublayer and physical layer that
constructs the PHY layer frame as shown in Fig. 3. It transmits each PHY frame using several
consecutive channel frames."

Figure 3.theItransmitter block in theiIEEE 802.11 Simulink Model.

The MAC sublayer constructs the beacon frame, which is a type of a management frame.
Fig.4 shows the management frame format. This frame is also called a MAC protocol data
unit (MPDU)."

Figure 4. MAC sublayer beacon frame

To implement a beacon frame with a frame body that contains the following fields:
Timestamp, Beacon interval, Capability, SSID elements, Supported rates element, Direct
sequence (DS) parameter set element, Contention Free (CF) parameter set element (optional).
The transmitter turns on periodically to transmit a beacon frame. The beacon interval
parameter determines the transmission period."
The PHYiFramer and Modulatoriare reated as shown in Figs. 5 and 6,"theiPLCP
protocolidata unit (PPDU)iby adding theiphysical layer convergenceiprocedure (PLCP)
preambleiand header to theiMPDU. The PLCPipreamble containsi128 bits of onesi(SYNC),
whichiare lateriscrambled. The receiveridetermines the presenceiof a PPDUiframe using
thisiSYNC signal. TheiLENGTH field of theiPLCP header determinesithe MPDU
frameilength. PLCPiheader alsoicontains a 16-bitiCRC.

Figure 5.PHY Framer and Modulator block

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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

Figure 6. 1Mbps Mod block

The transmitter scrambles the PPDU frame, modulates using differential binary phase shift
keying (DBPSK or DQPSK) at a rate of 1 Mbps, and applies spreading using a length of 11
Barker code. This subsystem also pads extra chips to the spread"symbols to reach a 1024-bit
maximum PPDU length. This way, the system forces the MAC layer to work at a period of
1024 microseconds, which is a time unit (TU)."
The transmitter emits 128 modulated symbols (1408 chips), which is a channel frame, at a
time. Modulated symbols pass through a square root raised cosine pulse shaping filter. Pulse
shaped symbols are sent through an AWGN channel that also applies a frequency offset and
delay [13], [14],[15].
A Barker code or Barker sequence is a finite sequence of N values of +1 and −1, with the
ideal autocorrelation property, such that the off-peak (noncyclic) autocorrelation coefficients.

Figure 7. Graphicalirepresentation of aiBarker-7 code

Figure 8.Autocorrelationifunction of aiBarker-7 code

A Barker code has a maximum autocorrelation sequence which has side lobes no larger than
1. It is generally accepted that no other perfect binary phase codes exist [3]. It has been
proven that there are no further odd-length codes, nor even-length codes of N < 1022 [3, 4].
Barker codes of length N equal to 11 and 13 are used in direct-sequence spread
spectrum and pulse compression radar systems because of their low autocorrelation properties

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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

(The side lobe level of amplitude of the Barker codes is 1/N that of the"peak signal) [3, 4]. A
Barker code resembles a discrete version of a continuous chirp, another low-autocorrelation
signal used in other pulse compression radars."
The positive and negative amplitudes of the pulses forming the Barker codes imply the use of
bi-phase modulation or binary phase-shift keying; that is, the change of phase in the carrier
wave is 180 degrees."

Figure 9. Barker code used in BPSK modulation

Similar to the Barker codes are the complementary sequences, which cancel side lobes
exactly when summed; the even-length Barker code pairs are also complementary pairs.
There is a simple constructive method to create arbitrarily long complementary sequences."
For the case of cyclic autocorrelation, other sequences have the same property of having
perfect (and uniform) side lobes, such as prime length Legendre sequences and maximum
length sequences (MLS). Arbitrarily long cyclic sequences can be constructed."
In wireless communications, sequences are usually chosen for their spectral properties and for
low cross correlation with other sequences likely to interfere. In the 802.11b standard, an 11-
chip Barker sequence is used for the 1 and 2 Mbit/sec rates. The value of the autocorrelation
function for the Barker sequence is 0 or −1 at all offsets except zero, where it is +11. This
makes for a more uniform spectrum, and better performance in the receivers"[3, 4].

4. Results
Simulink model that was implemented in this paper allowing"to modify beacon frame
parameters such as beacon interval, SSID, supported rates, etc. also include or exclude the CF
parameter set element from the generated beacon frame as shown in Table 1 seting the noise
level (Es/No), delay, and frequency offset introduced by the channel."

Table 1: Received MPDU

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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

The simulation also displays the scatter plots of transmitted and received chips, and the
despread symbols as shown in Figures 10-12 respectively. You can see the rotating scatter
plot due to the frequency offset. The differential demodulator is able to track the phase
change and correctly demodulate the symbols."

Figure 10. Scatter plot of transmitted

chip

Figure 11.Scatter plot of received chip

Figure 12. the despread symbols

Modulation techniques that used in the Simulink model were DBPSK and DQPSK that tested
under AWGN channel. Figure 13 is shown BER parameter of both modulation techniques
where DBPSK shows butter BER with 2dB gain in Eb/No, while in Rayliegh channel both
techniques show same BER as shown in Figure 14.

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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

Figure 13.DBPSK and DQPSK in

AWGN channel

Figure 14. DBPSK and DQPSK in

Rayliegh channel

5. Conclusion

In this paper, IEEE 802.11 standard was implemented in MATLAB Simulink where
transmitter, channel and receiver designed. Allowing"to modify beacon frame parameters
such as beacon interval, SSID, supported rates, etc. also include or exclude the CF parameter
set element from the generated beacon frame and displaying the scatter plots of transmitted
and received chips, and the despread symbols. Modulation techniques that used in the
Simulink model are DBPSK and DQPSK which are tested under AWGN channel and
Rayliegh channel. DBPSK shows butter BER with 2dB gain in Eb/No. While in Rayliegh
channel both techniques,"Wireless networksihave gained popularity, providingiusers
lexibility andimobility in accessingiinformation. IEEE 802.11inetworks, areibecoming
common accessinetworks in privateiand publicienvironments."
6. Reference
[1] Fitchard Kevin 2016 Wi-Fi Alliance gobbles up WiGig; plans to certify devices this
year, Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January .
[2] Fleishman Glenn December 7, 2009 The future of WiFi: gigabit speeds and beyond".
Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009.
[3] Retrieved Borwein, Peter; Mossinghoff, Michael J, 2009 Barker sequences and flat
polynomials In James McKee; Chris Smyth. Number Theory and Polynomials. LMS
Lecture Notes. 352. Cambridge University Press.
[4] Merrill I. Skolnik, 2001, Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd Edition McGraw–Hill.
[5] Sun Weiping Choi, Munhwan Choi Sunghyun 2013 IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range
802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz (PDF). Journal of ICT Standardization.

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The Fourth Postgraduate Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 745 (2020) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/745/1/012056

[6] Chen, J, C, 2001 Measured Performance of 5-GHz 802.11a Wireless LAN Systems.
Atheros Communications, Inc. 27 Augus.
[7] Enterasys Network. Wireless Demilitarised Zone (WDMZ)-Enterasys Network's Best
Practices Approach to an Interoperable WLAN Security Solution. Enterasys Network
2002.
[8] Goth, G. 2002 Wireless Security Still Ad Hoc and Add-On. DS Online Exclusive. IEEE
Distributed Systems Online, 3(7). 7
[9] Tittelbach-Helmrich, K., Miletić, E., Wcislek, P. and Stamenković Z, 2010 MAC
Hardware Platform for RF-MIMO WLAN. Proceedings of 53rd IEEE International
Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Seattle, 339-342.
[10] Dr. Emad Shehab Ahmed, Fatima, Faydhe AL-Azzawi 2008 Frequency Hopped-
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (FH-OFDMA) System Performance
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[11] Fatima, Faydhe AL-Azzawi Dr. Emad Shehab Ahmed 2006 Effect of multi-tone
jamming on FH-OFDMA system with orthogonal hopping patterns Effect of multi-tone
jamming on FH-OFDMA system with orthogonal hopping patterns, IEEE GCC
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[12] Fatime faydhe al-azzawi 2019 LTE RF receiver modeling and each part testing with
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Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 1251~1257
[13] Zainab faydhe , Fatima faydhe, sada faydhe 2019 M-PSK system performance in multi-
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[14] Fatima faydhe, faeza abas, Zainab faydhe 2019 Performance Comparison between
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[15] Fatima faydhe al-azzawi1, Dr. Faeza Abas Abid2, Zainab faydhe al-azzawi 2020
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