COPYRIGHT 2020

Section 9 of the Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copy shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary
for exploitation of such work for profit.”

The original version of this material has been developed in the Schools Division of Surigao del Norte through
the Learning Resource Management and Development Section of the Curriculum Implementation Division. This material
can be reproduced for educational purposes; modified for the purpose of translation into another language; and creating
of an edited version and enhancement of work are permitted, provided all original work of the author and illustrator must
be acknowledged and the copyright must be attributed. No work may be derived from any part of this material for
commercial purposes and profit.
This material has been approved and published for online distribution through the Learning Resource
Management and Development System (LRMDS) Portal (http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph) and Division Network Academy
(https://netacadsdn.com).

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

Editors: Jane Basul, Marcelina C. Ranin, Rey D. Arbolonio, Irene F. Havana,
Rosario P. Polea
Reviewers: Gersim S. Lumintac
Management Team: Ma. Teresa M. Real
Laila F. Danaque
Dominico P. Larong, Jr.
Gemma C. Pullos
Manuel L. Limjoco, Jr.

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Office Address: Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Tel. No.: (086) 826-8216
E-mail Address: [email protected]

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 1
 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Science 8, Quarter 4, Week 3A

PREDICTING PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF TRAITS

Name: __________________________________ Section: _________________________

Most Essential Learning Competency

Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of inheritance

(MELC S8LT-IVf-18)

Learning Objectives:
1. Identify basic terms and concepts of genetics;
2. Differentiate (a) genotypic from phenotypic expression of a trait
(b) dominant from recessive; and
3. Relate basic concepts of genetics to real life situation.

Time Allotment: 2 Hours

Key Concepts

• Genetics is the study of heredity. Heredity is the study of how traits are passed on from
the parents to the offspring.
• A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes determine a person's
appearance, including height, hair color, skin color, and eye color. It is what parents
pass on to their children. Genes are made up of DNA. Features encoded in DNA are
known as genetic traits.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel
Source:https://line.17qq.com/articles/cgnhglkdv_p4.html Figure 2: Picture of Gregor
Figure 1: A picture of how traits are Johann Mendel
passed on from the parents to the
offspring.
• The modern understanding of how traits may be inherited through generations comes
from the principles proposed by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1865 (see figure 2). Mendel,
a monk and botanist was curious about how traits were transferred from one generation
to the next, so he set out to understand the principles of heredity in the mid-1860s.
Through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He
deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each
parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the
offspring as dominant or recessive traits. With that, he is known as the father of
modern genetics.

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 2
 • The terms genotype, phenotype, and trait are used to describe the physical effects of
alleles (variant forms of a gene) found in an organism.
• The genotype of an organism is the unique combination of alleles for a given gene. The
physical representation of an organism's allelic combination is called phenotype. The
general feature of physiology manifested in the phenotype is referred to as a trait. The
seed color of the pea plant is the trait. For example, the seed-color gene in pea plants
with the traits “yellow” and “green”. It could have genotypes of YY, Yy, and yy and
phenotypes of yellow-yellow, yellow-green, or green-green respectively (see figure 3).
• Although a single gene can code for a single physical trait, it may occur in multiple
forms, or alleles. When both parents contribute the same allele of a gene, the offspring
is said to be homozygous, such as YY or yy ("homo" means "same"). In some instances,
each parent contributes a particular allele of a gene, making the offspring heterozygous,
such as Yy ("hetero" means "different"). The genotype is often written as YY or yy, for
which each letter represents one of the two alleles in the genotype. The dominant allele
is capitalized and the recessive allele is lower case. The letter used for the gene (seed
color in this case) is usually related to the dominant trait (yellow allele, in this case, or
“Y”). Alleles develop dominant or recessive phenotypes. Under which a dominant
phenotype masks a recessive phenotype, is the cause of the dominance or recessivity
associated with a specific allele. According to this logic, only the dominant phenotype
would be visible in heterozygous offspring (see figure 3).
• Just two phenotypes are possible in pea plants if the yellow allele is dominant and the
green allele is recessive. Dominant alleles show their effect even if the individual only
has one copy of the allele. For example, the allele for yellow seed (Y) is dominant,
therefore you only need one copy of the ‘yellow seed’ allele to have yellow color (Yy)
although, with two copies you will still have yellow seed (YY). Recessive alleles only show
their effect if the individual has two copies of the allele. For example, the allele for green
seed (y) is recessive, therefore to have green seed you need to have two copies of the
‘green’ allele (yy) (see figure 3).

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/8-2-laws-of-inheritance/
Figure 3: Phenotypes are physical expressions of traits that are transmitted by alleles. Capital
letters represent dominant alleles and lowercase letters represent recessive alleles. The phenotypic
ratios are the ratios of visible characteristics. The genotypic ratios are the ratios of gene
combinations in the offspring, and these are not always distinguishable in the phenotypes.

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 3
 • Genetics helps explain a lot of things, like what makes you unique, why you look like
other members of your family, and why some diseases run in your family. Taking time to
learn about genetics can help you understand your own health and make healthy choices.
Genes that do not work correctly can cause problems. A group of rare diseases are caused
when a single gene stops working normally. Many more common diseases come from
multiple genes that do not work correctly and the combination of these genes with the
environment, such as your lifestyle and habits.
• Learning about your family health history can provide a lot of useful information. You
may notice that a certain disease is prevalent in your family, and this pattern may point
to genes as the cause. This information can help you learn about health risks in your
family, like high blood pressure or obesity. When you share this information with your
healthcare providers, they can help you make choices that will keep you and your family
healthy. The more you know, the easier it is to make the right decisions.

Activity 1. Who Am I?

Objective: The learners will be able to identify basic terms and concepts of genetics.
What you need: Paper and pen
What to do: Read and understand the sentences in column A and match to
column B as to the word it suggests.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. The organism has two A. Genetic Trait

copies of the same allele for
a gene.
2. The set of observable B. Simple Pattern of
characteristics or traits of Inheritance
an organism.
3. These are characteristics C. Genotype
that are encoded in DNA.
4. An organism has two D. Phenotype
different alleles of a gene.
5. The basic biological unit of E. Genes
heredity
6. It is an organism’s complete F. Homozygous
set of genetic material.
G. Heterozygous

H. Traits

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 4
Activity 2: What am I?

Objective: Differentiate (a) genotypic from phenotypic expression of a trait (b) dominant from
recessive.
What you need: Paper and pen
What to do: Answer the questions below based on your understanding.

A. Complete the table below and answer the guide question indicated.
Trait Possible Alleles Your Phenotype Your Genotype(s)
Tongue Rolling
Able to roll (R) RR (homozygous) or
Ex. Able to roll
Unable to roll (r) Rr (heterozygous)

Freckles
Have freckles (F)
No freckles (f)

Widow’s peak

Widow’s peak (W)

Straight (w)

Earlobe
Free hanging (A)
Attached (a)

Cleft chin
Have cleft (C)
No cleft (c)

Thumb
Hitchhiker’s (H)
Straight (h)

Dimples
Dimples (D)
No dimples (d)

Interlocking fingers
(when hands are
clasped) Left thumb on to (L)
Right thumb on top (l)

Do you have mostly dominant or recessive traits? Explain

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 5
 A. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is heterozygous or homozygous and
dominant or recessive.

Example: AA Homozygous dominant

Bb _____________________________ Jj ______________________________
Cc _____________________________ Kk ______________________________
DD ____________________________ LL ______________________________
Ee _____________________________ Mm _____________________________
ff ______________________________ nn ______________________________
Gg _____________________________ Oo ______________________________
HH ____________________________ Pp ______________________________
Ii ______________________________ Jj _______________________________

Activity 3. The Best of Me

Objective: Relate basic concepts of genetics to real life situation.

What you need: Paper and pen

What to do: (REFLECTION) Paste a picture of your family. Your mother and father passed on some
of their traits to you. Look at your family picture. Find out what physical characteristics you
inherited from your parents. Put a check mark (/) under the correct column from whom you
received your traits (either from your mother or father) and supply all the other information needed
in the table. Then answer the reflective questions below.

PASTE YOUR FAMILY PICTURE HERE!

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 6
 Inherited Mother’s
Who Is Who Is genotype Father’s
Traits Traits Mother Father genotype
Dominant? Recessive? (use any
(Phenotype) symbol)
(use any symbol)

SKIN COLOR
BROWN / Father Mother bb BB or Bb
(Brown, Black)

1.SKIN COLOR
(Brown or
White)
2. EYE COLOR
(Brown or Blue)
3. EAR LOBES
(Free hanging
or attached)
4. HAIR TYPE
(Straight or
Curly)
5. HAIR COLOR
(Black or
Blonde)
6. FACE
SHAPE
(Round or
square)
7. NOSE
SHAPE
(Straight or not)
8. HEIGHT
(Tall or short)

Guide Questions:
1. Explain from whom (mother or father) you have inherited most of your traits.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the inherited trait from your family that you like the most? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 7
 3. Why do you think it is important to study genetics?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Scoring Rubric
10 points Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no
misconception.

7 points Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with

minimal misconception.

5 points Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with

misconception.

References for Learners:

Wakim, S. & Grewal, M. (2021). Simple inheritance. Biology Libretexts, accessed April
8, 2021, https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_
Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/08%3A_Inheritance/8.4%3A_Simple_Inheritance

Online Resources:

• https://www.cantonschools.net/cms/lib/MS01910483/Centricity/Domain/4/McAllist
erGenetics.pdf

• https://www.wlwv.k12.or.us/cms/lib/OR01001812/Centricity/Domain/1341/HANDO
UT%20-%20GENETICS%20PROB%20SET%202.pdf

Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco

School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Division: Surigao del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected] Page 8
Page 9 Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected]
Division: Surigao del Norte
School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco
Activity 2. What Am I?
A. Answers may vary
B. Bb – Heterozygous dominant LL - Homozygous dominant
Cc – Heterozygous dominant Mm - Heterozygous dominant
DD – Homozygous dominant nn - Homozygous recessive
Ee – Heterozygous dominant Oo - Heterozygous dominant
ff – Homozygous recessive Pp - Heterozygous dominant
Gg – Heterozygous dominant
HH – Homozygous dominant
Ii – Heterozygous dominant
Jj – Heterozygous dominant
Kk - Heterozygous dominant
Activity 1. Who Am I?
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. The organism has two A. Genetic Trait
copies of the same allele
for a gene.
2. The set of observable B. Simple Pattern of
characteristics or traits of Inheritance
an organism.
3. These are characteristics C. Genotype
that are encoded in DNA.
4. An organism has two D. Phenotype
different alleles of a gene.
5. The basic biological unit of E. Genes
heredity
6. It is an organism’s F. Homozygous
complete set of genetic
material. G. Heterozygous
H. Traits
Answer Key:
Page 10 Email Address: [email protected]/[email protected]
Division: Surigao del Norte
School: Surigao del Norte National High School
Authors: Gregorio T. Llano Jr. & Sarah Jane B. Miasco
Activity 3. The Best of Me (Reflection)
Part 1 – Answers may vary
Guide Questions – 1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
3. Genetics helps explain a lot of things, like what makes you unique, why
you look like other members of your family, and why some diseases run in your family. Taking
time to learn about genetics can help you understand your own health and make healthy
choices. Genes that do not work correctly can cause problems. A group of rare diseases are
caused when a single gene stops working normally. Many more common diseases come from
multiple genes that do not work correctly and the combination of these genes with the
environment, such as your lifestyle and habits.