Unit I SEMICONDUCTOR THEORY

1. What are valence electrons?

Electron in the outer most shell of an atom is called valence electron.
2. What is forbidden energy gap?
The space between the valence and conduction band is said to be forbidden energy
gap.
3. What are conductors? Give examples?
Conductors are materials in which the valence and conduction band overlap
4. Each other so there is a swift movement of electrons which leads to conduction. Ex.
Copper, silver.
5. What are insulators? Give examples?
Insulators are materials in which the valence and conduction band are far away from
each other. So no movement of free electrons and thus no conduction. Ex glass, plastic.
6. What are Semiconductors? Give examples?
The materials whose electrical property lies between those of conductors and
insulators are known as Semiconductors. Ex germanium, silicon.
7. What are the types of Semiconductor?
Intrinsic semiconductor 2. Extrinsic semiconductor.
8. What is Intrinsic Semiconductor?
Pure form of semiconductors are said to be intrinsic semiconductor. Ex germanium,
silicon.
9. What is Extrinsic Semiconductor?
If certain amount of impurity atom is added to intrinsic semiconductor the resulting
semiconductor is Extrinsic or impure Semiconductor.
10. What is P-type Semiconductor?
The Semiconductor which are obtained by introducing pentavalent impurity atom
(phosphorous, antimony) are known as P-type Semiconductor.
11. What is N-type Semiconductor?
The Semiconductor which are obtained by introducing trivalent impurity atom
(gallium, indium) are known as N-type Semiconductor.
12. What is doping?
Process of adding impurity to an semiconductor atom is doping. The impurity is called
dopant.
13. Which is majority and minority carrier in N-type Semiconductor? Majority carrier:
electrons and minority carrier: holes.
14. Which is majority and minority carrier in P-type Semiconductor?
Majority carrier: holes and minority carrier: electrons.
15. What is depletion region in PN junction?
The diffusion of holes and electrons will result in difference in concentration across the
junction which in turn results in the movement of the mobile charge carriers to the
junction thus resulting in a region called depletion region.
16. What is barrier voltage?
Because of the oppositely charged ions present on both sides of PN junction an electric
potential is established across the junction even without any external voltage source
which is termed as barrier potential.
17. What is meant by biasing a PN junction?
Connecting a PN junction to an external voltage source is biasing a PN junction.
18. What is forward bias and reverse bias in a PN junction?
When positive of the supply is connected to P type and negative to N type then it is
forward bias. When positive of the supply is connected to N type and negative to P type
then it is reverse bias.
19. What is Reverse saturation current?
The current due to the minority carriers in reverse bias is said to be reverse saturation
current.
20. What is reverse break down?
During reverse bias after certain reverse voltage the current through the junction
increases abruptly thus breaking the crystal which is termed as reverse break down.
21. Give two applications of PN junction diode.
 As rectifier in powersupplies.
 as switch in logic circuits
22. What is rectifier? Give its types.
Rectifier converts A.C to pulsating D.C. Types are HWR and FWR.
 Unit II TRANSISTORS
1. What is a transistor (BJT)?
Transistor is a three terminal device whose output current, voltage and /or power is
controlled by input current.
2. What are the terminals present in a transistor?
Three terminals: emitter, base, collector.
3. What is FET?
FET is abbreviated for field effect transistor. It is a three terminal device with its
output characteristics controlled by input voltage.
4. What are the two main types of FET?
JFET 2. MOSFET.
5. What are the terminals available in FET?
Drain 2. Source 3.Gate
6. What is JFET?
JFET- Junction field effect transistor.
7. What are the types of JFET?
N- channel JFET and P- Channel JFET
8. What are the two important characteristics of JFET?
Drain characteristics 2. Transfer characteristics.
9. What is transconductance of JFET?
It is the ratio of small change in drain current to the corresponding change in drain to
source voltage.
10. What is amplification factor in JFET?
It is the ratio of small change in drain to source voltage to the corresponding change in
Gate to source voltage.
11. Why do we choose q point at the center of the loadline?
The operating point of a transistor is kept fixed usually at the center of the active
region in order that the input signal is well amplified. If the point is fixed in the
saturation region or the cut off region the positive and negative half cycle gets clipped
off respectively.
12. List out the different types of biasing. .
Voltage divider bias ,Base bias,Emitter feed back bias,Collector feedback bias,Emitter
bias.
13. What do you meant by thermal runway?
Due to the self heating at the collector junction, the collector current rises.wThiws
cawuse.s d5amasge tto thae drevince. This phenomenon is called thermal runway.
14. Why is the transistor called a current controlled device?
The output characteristics of the transistor depend on the input current.
So the transistor is called a current controlled device.
15. Define current amplification factor?
 It is defined as the ratio of change in output current to the change in input current at
constant.
16. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?
a. The q point must be taken at the Centre of the active region of the output
characteristics.
b. Stabilize the collector current against the temperature variations.
c. Make the q point independent of the transistor parameters. When the transistor
is replaced, it must be of same type.
17. When does a transistor act as a switch?
The transistor acts as a switch when it is operated at either cutoff region or saturation
region
18. What is biasing?
To use the transistor in any application it is necessary to provide sufficient voltage and
current to operate the transistor. This is called biasing.
19. What is stability factor?
Stability factor is defined as the rate of change of collector current with respect to the
rate of change of reverse saturation current.
20. Explain about the various regions in a transistor?
The three regions are active region saturation region cutoff region.
21. Explain about the characteristics of a transistor?
Input characteristics: it is drawn between input voltage & input curre while keeping
output voltage as constant. Output characteristics: It is drawn between the output
voltage &output current while keeping input current as constant.
 Unit III DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

1. Define binary logic?

Binary logic consists of binary variables and logical operations. The variables are
designated by the alphabets such as A, B, C, x, y, z, etc., with each variable having only
two distinct values: 1 and 0. There are three basic logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT.
2. Convert (634) 8 to binary 634 = 110 011
100
Ans =
110011100
3. Convert 0.640625 decimal number to its octal equivalent. 0.640625 x 8 =
5.125
0.125 x 8 = 1.0
0.640 625 10 = (0.51)
4. Convert 0.1289062 decimal number to its hex equivalent 0.1289062 x 16 =
2.0625
0.0625 x 16 =1.0
0.1289062 = (0.21w)16
5. Substract (0 1 0 1) 2 from (1 0 1 1) 2
1010
0101
Answer = 0 1 1 0
6. Add (1 0 1 0) 2 and (0 0 1 1) 2
1010
0011
Answer = (1 1 0 1) 2
7. Using 10's complement subtract 72532 - 3250 M = 72532
10's complement of N = + 96750 Sum = 169282
Discard end carry Answer = 69282
8. Find 2'S complement of (1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1) 2
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 - 1's Complement + 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 - 2's complement.
9. Substract 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 from 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 using 2' s complement method 101011
+ 0 0 0 1 1 1 - 2' s comp. of 1 1 1 0 0 1
a. 110010
Answer in 2' s complement form (0 0 1 1 1 0 )2
10. What is meant by bit?
A binary digit is called bit
11. Define byte?
Group of 8 bits.
12. List the different number systems?
 a. Decimal Number system
b. Binary Number system
c. Octal Number system
d. Hexadecimal Number system
13. What are the different types of number complements?
a. r' s Complement
b. (r-1)' s Complement.
14. Given the two binary numbers X = 1010100 and Y = 1000011, perform the subtraction
(a) X -Y and (b) Y - X using 2's complements
i. X = 1010100
2's complement of Y = 0111101
Sum = 10010001 Discard end carry
Answer: X - Y = 0010001 b) Y = 1000011
2's complement of X = + 0101100
Sum = 1101111
There is no end carry, The MSB BIT IS 1.
Answer is Y-X = -(2's complement of 1101111) = - 0010001
15. Write the names of basic logical operators.
NOT / INVERT
AND 3 . OR
16. What are basic properties of Boolean algebra?
The basic properties of Boolean algebra are commutative property, associative
property and distributive property.

17. State the associative property of boolean algebra.

The associative property of Boolean algebra states that the OR ing of several variables
results in the same regardless of the grouping of the variabwlesw. Thwe a.ssoc5iatisve
tpropaertry isnstaoted tas feollosws:.A+c(Bo+C)m= (A+B)+C
18. State the commutative property of Boolean algebra.
The commutative property states that the order in which the variables are OR ed
makes no difference. The commutative property is: A+B=B+A
19. State the distributive property of Boolean algebra.
The distributive property states that AND ing several variables and OR ing the result
with a single variable is equivalent to OR ing the single variable with each of the the
several variables and then AND ing the sums.
The distributive property is: A+BC= (A+B) (A+C)
20. What are the classification of sequential circuits?
The sequential circuits are classified on the basis of timing of their signals into two
types.They are, 1)Synchronous sequential circuit.
2)Asynchronous sequential circuit.
21. Define Flipflop.
 The basic unit for storage is flipflop.A flip-flop maintains its output state either at 1 or
0 until directed by an input signal to change its state.
22. What are the different types of flip-flop?
There are various types of flipflop.Some of them are mentioned below they are,
i)RS flip-flop ii) D flip-flop iii)JK flip-flop iv) T flip flop
 Unit IV 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

1. Give What is microprocessor. the power supply & clock frequency of 8085
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary
instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts
2. What is the signal classification of 8085
All the signals of 8085 can be classified into 6 groups
a. Address bus
b. Data bus
c. Control and status signals
d. Power supply and frequency signals
e. Externally initiated signals
f. Serial I/O ports
3. What are operations performed on data in 8085 The various operations performed are
a. Store 8-bit data
b. Perform arithmetic and logical operations
c. Test for conditions
d. Sequence the execution of instructions
e. Store data temporarily during execution in the defined R/W memory locations
called the stack
4. Steps involved to fetch a byte in 8085
The PC places the 16-bit memory address on the address bus
The control unit sends the control signal RD to enable the memory chip The byte from
the memory location is placed on the data bus
The byte is placed in the instruction decoder of the microprocessor and the task is
carried out according to the instruction
5. How many interrupts does 8085 have, mention them
The 8085 has 5 interrupt signals, they are INTR, RST7.5, RST6.5,
RST5.5 and TRAP
6. Basic concepts in memory interfacing
The primary function of memory interfacing is that the microprocessor should be able
to read from and write into a given register of a memory chip. To perform these
operations the microprocessor should
Be able to select the chip Identify the register
7. Enable the appropriate buffer
Define instruction cycle, machine cycle and T-state
8. Instruction cycle is defined as the time required to complete the execution of an
instruction. Machine cycle is defined as the time required to complete one operation of
accessing memory, I/O or acknowledging an external request. T-cycle is defined as one
subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period
9. What is an instruction
 An instruction is a binary pattern entered through an input device to command the
microprocessor to perform that specific function
10. What is the use of ALE
The ALE is used to latch the lower order address so that it can be available in T2 and
T3 and used for identifying the memory address. During T1 the ALE goes high, the
latch is transparent ie, the output changes according to the input data, so the output of
the latch is the lower order address. When ALE goes low the lower order address is
latched until the next ALE.
11. How many machine cycles does 8085 have, mention them
The 8085 has seven machine cycles. They are
a. Opcode fetch
b. Memory read Memory write
c. I/O read I/O write
d. Interrupt acknowledge
e. Bus idle
12. Explain the signals HOLD, READY and SID
HOLD indicates that a peripheral such as DMA controller is requesting the use of
address bus, data bus and control bus. READY is used to delay the microprocessor read
or write cycles until a slow responding peripheral is ready to send or accept data. SID
is used to accept serial data bit by bit
13. Mention the categories of instruction and give two examples for each category
The instructions of 8085 can be categorized into the following five
a. Data transfer MOV Rd,Rs STA 16-bit
b. Arithmetic ADD R DCR M
c. Logical XRI 8-bit RAR
d. Branching JNZ CALL 16-bit
e. Machine control HLT NOP
14. Explain LDA, STA and DAA instructions
LDA copies the data byte into accumulator from the memory location specified by the
16-bit address. STA copies the data byte from the accumulator in the memory location
specified by 16-bit address. DAA changes the contents of the accumulator from binary
to 4-bit BCD digits.
15. Explain the different instruction formats with examples
The instruction set is grouped into the following formats
a. One byte instruction MOV C,A
b. Two byte instruction MVI A,39H
c. Three byte instruction JMP 2345H
16. What is the use of addressing modes , mention the different types
The various formats of specifying the operands are called addressing modes, it is used
To access the operands or data. The different types are as follows
a. Immediate addressing
 b. Register addressing
c. Direct addressing
d. Indirect addressing Implicit addressing
17. Differentiate between absolute and linear select decoding?
Absolute decoding
All higher address lines are defined to select the memory or I/O device
Linear decoding
Few higher address lines are decoded to select the memory or I/O Device
18. What is the use of bi-directional
It is used to increase the driving capacity of the data bus. The data bus of a
microcomputer system is bi-directional, so it requires a buffer that allows the data to
flow in both directions.
19. Give the resister organization of 8085
B,C,D,E,
H,L,Z,W
20. Define stack and explain stack related instructions
The stack is a group of memory locations in the R/W memory that is used for the
emporary storage of binary information during the execution of the program. The
stack related instructions are PUSH & POP
21. Why do we use XRA A instruction
The XRA A instruction is used to clear the contents of the Accumulator and store the
value 00H.
22. Define PSW
The PSW or flags are used to reflect the data conditions in the accumulator. The 8085
flags are S-Sign flag, Z-Zero flag, AC-Auxillary carry flag, P-Parity flag, CY-Carry flag.
23. What is Microcontroller and Microcomputer
Microcontroller is a device that includes microprocessor, memory and I/O signal lines
On a single chip, fabricated using VLSI technology. Microcomputer is a computer that Is
designed using microprocessor as its CPU. It includes microprocessor, memory and
I/O.
 Unit V INTERFACING APPLICATIONS
1. Give few applications of 8085 microprocessor.
i. Used to measure and control temperature. b) Used to control stepper
motor. c) Used to control traffic light system d) Used to control speed of
DC motor.
2. List the advantages of microprocessor based system design.
a. It simplifies systemdesign.
b. It reduces size and cost c) It is flexible in operation
3. What is a Buffer?
It is storage device. It can store a bit. It has one input and output.
4. What is a tristate buffer?
It is a buffer, which has one input line, one output line and an enable line. When enable
line is low it acts as a buffer, otherwise it acts as a high impedance state.
5. What is meant by memory address space?
Memory address space is the maximum possible memory size which can be used in a
microprocessor.
If an information flows from memory to microprocessor, which signal is used by it?
RD
6. What is the use CS pin of a memory chip?
A chip select is used to enable the memory chip.
If the starting address of 6K memory is 0D00, then ending address will be 24FF H
If an information flows to memory, which signal is used by it? WR
7. What is memory mapping?
The assignment of memory addresses to various registers in a memory chip is called
memory mapping.
8. What is I/O mapping?
The assignment of addresses to various I/O devices in a memory chip is called I/O
mapping.
9. What is memory mapped I/O?
The microprocessor assigns 19 bit address to I/O device. The memory map is shared
between memory and I/O.
10. What is I/O mapped I/O?
The I/O devices have separate addresses. The microprocessor assigns 8 bit address to
I/O devices.
11. Mention the advantages of memory mapped I/O.
Arithmetic or logical operations can be directly performed directly with I/O data.
12. Mention the advantages of I/O mapped I/O.
Whole address space is available for memory device and less hardware is required.
13. Mention the disadvantages of I/O mapped I/O.
Arithmetic and logical operation cannot be directly used with I/O data.
14. What is the use of ALE signal?
 It is used to demultiplex address and data bus.
It is used to differentiate memory and IO operations. When 1 means IO operation, 0
means memory operation.
15. Nine the two classifications of stepper motor.
Permanent magnet type and variable reluctant type. 20. List the applications of stepper
motor. Used in printers, robot alarms, X-Y plotter.