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Vector Algebra Formulae

The document discusses key concepts in vector algebra including defining scalars and vectors, representing vectors using magnitude and direction, adding and multiplying vectors using techniques like the triangle law, dot products, cross products, and finding the angle between two vectors. It also covers vector operations and properties such as finding the projection of one vector onto another and conditions for vectors being parallel.

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Deepak Sir
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2K views3 pages

Vector Algebra Formulae

The document discusses key concepts in vector algebra including defining scalars and vectors, representing vectors using magnitude and direction, adding and multiplying vectors using techniques like the triangle law, dot products, cross products, and finding the angle between two vectors. It also covers vector operations and properties such as finding the projection of one vector onto another and conditions for vectors being parallel.

Uploaded by

Deepak Sir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ramchandrapura,

chhawni, Kota

Class 12th Vector Algebra Deepak Panchal


8003117251
A quantity which has only magnitude but not related to any fixed direction
Scalar :A
Ex. mass, length, distance, speed, volume, time, density, temperature etc
Vector: A quantity which has magnitude as well as fixed direction
Ex. Force, velocity, acceleration, displacement, weight, momentum
Representation of vectors

if a vector is represented by a,

its magnitude/module/modulus is reprented by a

if a vector is represented by PQ
its magnitude/module/modulus is reprented by PQ

Zero Vector/Null Vector:: vector having magnitude zero and direction indeterminate. 0

Proper vector:: A nonzero Vector (magnitude is not zero)



Unit vector:: A vector whose length or magnitude is 1 unit.
unit Unit vector in direction of a is represented
by â (read as ‘a cap’)

Co-initial vectors: Two


o or more vectors having same initial point.
Like Vectors:: Vectors having same direction.

Unlike Vectors:: Vectors having opposite directions.

Collinear/Parallel vectors:: Vector having parallel lines of action


 
vecto a or PQ is - a or QP
Negative of a vector:: Negative of a vector

Equal Vectors: Vectors with same direction and same magnitude


ma

Section formula: The position vector


 of a point R dividing the line segment joining the points P and Q

(whose position vectors are a and b ) in a ratio m:n is given by
 
mb  na Q
for internal division
mn
 R
 P
mb  na
for internal division
mn
Addition of vectors

Triangle Law: If two vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, the third
side in opposite order represents their sum
Polygon Law: If n vectors are represented by n sides of a polygon taken in order, the closing side in
opposite order represents their sum.

Parallelogram Law: If two co-initial vectors are represented by the two adjacent

sides of a parallelogram, the diagonal from the same vertex represents their sum .

unit vectors along coordinate axes are represented by


î in direction of X - axis
ĵ in direction of Y - axis
ẑ in direction of Z - axis

a vector r is represented as r  a x î  a x ˆj  a z k̂
where a x , a y , a z are its scaler components and
a x î, a x ĵ, a z k̂ are its vector components
  2 2 2
magnitude of r is r  a x  a y  a z

 
 r
unit vector in direction of vector r is r̂  r̂  
 r 
 2i - 3j  4k 2i - 3j  4k
for example a  2i - 3j  4k then â  
(2) 2  (-3)2  (4) 2 29

in 2D if a vector r makes angle with  ve direction of X - axis then
r̂  cos θ î  sinθĵ

in 2D if a vector r makes angle with  ve direction of Y - axis then
r̂  sin θ î  cosθĵ

in 3D if a vector r makes angles  ,  ,  with  ve directions
ˆ cos 2 α  cos 2β  cos 2 γ  1
of X, Y and Z - axis then r̂  cos α î  cos β j  cos γ k̂

cos α, cosβ, cosγ are called the direction cosines of r

Product of two vectors


When product of two vectors gives a scalar result it is scalar product or dot product
When product of two vectors gives vector result it is vector product or cross product
dot product     is the angle between

a and

b  
a.b  a b cos  a.b  b.a
 
 is the angle between a and b and
vector product
   
a  b  a b sin nˆ n̂ is the unit vector
   
  a  b  b  a
perpendicular to both a and b
parallel     
a || b  a  b  0   
vectors/ if a  b  0
collinear cross product = 0 î  ĵ  kˆ, ĵ  k̂  iˆ, k̂  î  ĵ      
vectors     a  0 or b  0 or a || b
î  î  0, ĵ  ĵ  0, k̂  k̂  0
  
a  b  a.b  0 
perpendicular if a.b  0
vectors
dot product = 0 î .ĵ  0, ĵ.k̂  0, k̂. î  0      
 a  0 or b  0 or a  b
î . î  1, ĵ.ĵ  1, k̂.k̂  1
if
 ˆj
in component a  a1î  b1 ĵ  c1k̂   
î k̂
form  a.b  a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 a  b  a1 b1 c1
a  a2î  b2 ĵ  c2k̂
a2 b2 c2
  2   
a.a  a and a  a  0
           
distributive property a.(b  c )  a.b  a.c and a  (b  c )  a  b  a  c
 
angle  between two vectors a and b
  
a.b a b
  cos -1   or   sin -1  
ab ab

  a.b
Projection of a on b  
b

  a.b
Projection of b on a  
a
     
Two vectors a and b are collinear/parallel if we may represent a  k b or b  k a
where k is some real number
for example

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