33 KV SUBSTATION

INTRODUCTION

“The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage ac to a c freq. p.f.
etc) of electric supply is called sub-station”.

Electrical Power System:

The present-day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted &
distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant
stations which are located at favourable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is
delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution. At many
places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristics e.g.
voltage, ac to de, frequency, power factor, etc. of electric supply. This accomplished by suitable
apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 kV or 33 KV) at the power
station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of electric power. The
assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the substation. Similarly,
near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be step down to the utilization level. This
job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation

33 KV Substation:
The substation in shirbhavi Sangola 413307, Maharashtra, is the largest power grids in the
shirbhavi Sangola. The most important of any substation is the grounding (Earthling System) of
the instruments, transformers, etc. used in the substation for the safety of the operating personnel
as well as for proper system operation and performance of the protective substation.

Site Selection & Layout 33 KV Substation:

33/11 KV Sub-Station forms an important link between the Transmission network and
Distribution network. It has a vital influence on the reliability of service. Sub-Station is
constructed as near as possible to the load centre. The voltage level of power transmission is
decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load centre.
Selection of site:

Type of Substation:

The category of substation is important for its location. For example a step-up substation, which
is generally a point where power from various sources (generating machines or generating
stations) is pooled and stepped up for long distance transmission, should be located as close to
the generating stations as possible to minimize the transmission losses.Similarly a step-down
substation should be located nearer to the load center to reduce transmission losses, cost of
distribution system and better reliability of supply.

1. Availability of Suitable and Sufficient Land:I

The land proposed for a substation should be normally level and open from all sides. It should
not be water logged particularly in rainy season. The site selected for a substation should be such
that approach of transmission lines and their take off can be easily possible without any
obstruction. The places nearer to aerodrome, shooting practice grounds etc.. should be avoided.

2. Communication Facility:
Suitable communication facility is desirable at a proposed substation both during and after its
construction. It is better, therefore, to select the site along-side on existing road to facilitate an
easier and cheaper transportation.

3. Atmospheric Pollution:
Atmosphere around factories, which may produce metal corroding gases, air fumes, conductive
dust etc., and nearer to sea coasts, where air may be more humid and may be salt laden, is
detrimental to the proper running of power system and therefore substations should not be
located near factories or sea design

4. Availability of Essential Amenities to the Staff:

The site should be such where staff can be provided essential amenities like school, hospital,
drinking water, housing etc.
Types of substation:

The substations may be classified in numerous ways, such as by nature of duties, service
rendered operating voltage, importance, and design.
Classification of Substations by Nature of Duties.
Step-up or Primary Substations – Such types of substations generate low voltage like 3.3, 6.6,
11, or 33kV. This voltage is stepped up by the help of a step-up transformer for transmitting the
power over large distances. It is located near the generating substation
Primary Grid Substations – This substation lowered the value of primary stepped-up voltages.
The output of the primary grid substation acts as the input of the secondary substations. The
secondary substation is used for stepping down the input voltage to more lower for further
transmission.
Step-down or Distribution Substations – This substation is placed near the load center where
the primary distribution is stepped down for sub-transmission. The secondary distributi
transformer feeds the consumer through the service line
Classification of Substations by Service Rendered
Transformer substations-In such type of substation transformers are installed for Transforming
the power from one voltage level to another level as per need.
Switching Substations-The substations use for switching the power line without disturbing the
voltage is known as the switching substations. This type of substation is placed between the
transmission line.
Converting Substations – In such types of substations, AC power converting into DC power or
vice versa or it can convert the high frequency to lower frequency or vice versa.

Classification of Substations by Operating Voltage

High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) – Involving voltages between 11 kV and 66 KV.
Extra High Voltage Substations – Involving voltages between 132 kV and 400 KV.
Ultra High Voltage
Operating voltage above 400 K
Single Line Diagram of 33 KV Substation . ( SLD )
EQUIPMENTS IN A 33/11 KV SUB-STATION

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-
Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired. 33/11 KV Sub-Station
has the following major equipment.

Busbar :
When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, the bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are
made up of copper rods operate at a constant voltage.

In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no-load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In
some cases, isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines. While opening
a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit the isolator is
closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on the supply side of circuit breakers, in
order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the purpose of maintenance.

Insulators:
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current
to the conductors. The most commonly used material for the manufacture of the insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator,
etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post
insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap, and
flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to
the cap.

Types of Insulators:
1. Pin Insulator
2. Suspension Type Insulator
3. Strain Insulator
4. Stay Insulator. 5. Shackle Insulato
The materials generally used for the insulating purpose is called insulating material. For
successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below

1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry the tension and weight of conductors.
2. It must have a very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in the High
Voltage system.
3. It must possess high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
5. There must not be any entrance on the surface of the electrical insulator so that the
moisture or gases can enter in it.
6. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by changing

Circuit breaker: ( oil circuit breaker)

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the are is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the are; the intense heat of the are decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the are that fumishes the necessary insulation to
prevent a restrike of the are. The are is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon
parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

Types of Circuit Breakers:

1. Electric Circuit Breaker
2. Are in Circuit Breaker
3. Vacuum Arc
4. Oil Circuit Breaker
5. Air Circuit Breaker
6. Vacuum Circuit Breaker

The circuit breakers are such types of switches utilized for closing or opening circuits at the time
when a fault occurs within the system. The circuit breaker has 2 mobile contacts which are in
OFF condition in normal situations. At the time when any fault occurs in the system, a relay is
sending the tripped command to the circuit breaker which moves the contacts apart, hence
avoiding any damage to the circuitry.

Protective relay:
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the C.B. to
isolate the defective element from the rest of the system”. The relay detects the abnormal

Condition in the electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are
different under normal and fault conditions. The electrical quantities which may change under
fault condition are voltage, current, frequency, and phase angle. Having detected the fault, the
relay operates to close the trip circuit of C.B. Types of the relay:

 Based on the actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as

1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc.

 Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Definite time relays
Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
2. Instantaneous relays.

Instrument Transformer:
The line in Substation operates at high voltage and carries the current of thousands of amperes.
The measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V)
and current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactorily if mounted directly on the
power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines.
There are two types of instrument transformers.

Current Transformer:( current transformer)

A current transformer is a device that is used for the transformation of current from a higher
value into a proportionate current to a lower value. It transforms the high voltage current into the
low voltage current due to which the heavy current flows through the transmission line is safely
monitored by the ammeter.

Voltage Transformer:

(voltage transformer)

The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer used for the
transformation of voltage from a higher value to a lower value. This transformer step down the
voltage to a safe limit value which can be easily measured by the ordinary low voltage
instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.
Metering and Indicating Instruments:

There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g. Ammeters, Voltmeters, energy meter,
etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over the circuit quantities. The instrument
transformers are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation. Ammeters, Voltmeters,
Wattmeters, kWh meters, KVARH meters, power factor meters reactive volt-amperes meters are
installed in substations to control and maintain a watch over the current flowing through the
circuits and over the power loads.
Transformer:

There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines step down at the same
time. In the case of a 220KV or more KV line station, autotransformers are used. In while in case
of lower KV lines such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used, i.e.
(33/11KV)

The transformer is a static device that works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It is
used for transferring the electrical power from one circuit
To help visualize this. The winding which receives electrical power from the source is known as
the ‘primary winding’. In the diagram below this is the “First Coil’.
The winding which gives the desired output voltage due to mutual induction is commonly known
as the ‘secondary winding. This is the Second Coil’ in the diagram above. A transformer that
increases the voltage between the primary to secondary windings is defined as a step-up
transformer. Conversely, a transformer that decreases voltage betweenThe primary to secondary
windings is defined as a step-down transformer.
While the diagram of the transformer above is theoretically possible in an ideal transformer it is
not very practical. This is because in the open air only a very tiny portion of the flux produced
from the first coil will link with the second coil. So the current that flows through the closed
circuit connected to the secondary winding will be extremely small (and difficult to measure).
The rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked flux with the second
winding. So ideally almost all of the flux of primary winding should link to the secondary
winding. This is effectively and efficiently done by using a core type transformer. This provides
a low reluctance path common to both of the windings.
Capacitor bank attached to the bus:
 (capacitor bank)
Reactive loads cause current and voltage to shift in phase by up to 90 degrees, Inductive loads
such as motors cause the current to lag the voltage. This whats called the power factor and cause
significant power loss in power transmission. Ideally, the current should be in phase with the
voltage. Capacitors act as a reactive load in the opposite way than inductive
Loads do. By selectively switching in parts of capacitor banks in the substation the power factor
can be brought closer to being in phase and thus reduce power loss. When the PF goes too far off
it is a contributing factor in blackouts.
The demand for active power is expressed in Kilo Watts (kW) or Mega Watts (MW). This power
should be supplied from the electrical generating station. All the arrangements in the electrical
pomes system are done to meet up this basic requirement. Although in alternating power system,
reactive power always comes in to picture. This reactive power is expressed in Kilo VAR or
Mega VAR.
The demand for this reactive power is mainly originated from the inductive load connected to the
system. These inductive loads are generally electromagnetic circuits of electric motors, electrical
transformers, the inductance of transmission and distribution networks, induction furnaces,
fluorescent lightings, etc. This reactive power should be properly compensated otherwise, the
ratio of actual power consumed by the load, to the total power i.e. vector sum of active and
reactive power, of the system becomes quite less.
This ratio is alternatively known as the electrical power factor, and fewer ratios indicate the poor
power factor of the system. If the power factor of the system is poor, the ampere burden of the
transmission, distribution network, transformers, alternators and other equipment connected to
the system, becomes high for required active power. And hence reactive power compensation
becomes so important. This is commonly done by the capacitor bank.

Isolating Switch:
In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.
An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is designed to often open a circuit under no load. In
other words, isolator Switches are operated only when the line is which they are connected carry
no load. For example, consider that the isolator is connected on both sides of a cut breaker, if the
isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.

Lightening arrestors:

Lightning arrestors with earth switch lightning arrestors after the current transformer are used so
as to protect it from lightening i.e. from high voltage entering into it. This lightning arrestor has
an earth switch, which can directly earth the lightning. The arrestor works at 30° to 45° angel of
the lightening making a cone. The earthing switch can be operated manually, by pulling the
switch towards the ground. This also helps in breaking the line entering the station by doing so
maintenance and repair of any instument can be performed.
Lightning can create voltage surges in several of the following ways. Lightning can score a direct
hit on your house. It can strike the overhead power line which enters your house, or the main
power line that is blocks away from your home. Lightning can strike branch circuitry wiring in
the walls of your house. Lightning can strike an object near your homes such as a tree or the
ground itself and cause a surge. Voltage surges can be created by the cloud to cloud lightninnear
your home. A highly charged cloud that passes over your home can also induce a voltage surge .

Line isolator:

The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage flow through the line into the bus. This
isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only need for voltage and rest
is earthed by itself.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without
allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical
cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more specifically
to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or transmission lines to
utility poles and transmission Towers. They support the weight of the suspended wires without
allowing the current to flow through the tower to the ground.
CONCLUSION

This vocational training has helped me to understand the deep knowledge of the manufacturing
process of the substation as well as they also get much knowledge about electrical equipment. I
have the factual details about the need for a substation in the power system along with its
elements.