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10b-Tutorial For Lectures 1-7

The document provides a tutorial covering various digital communication concepts including: 1) Manchester encoding is used in one figure. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is used in another. Full cycle encoding is used in a third figure. 2) The first bit in a differential Manchester encoding figure is indeterminate. 3) The encapsulation process at each layer of the OSI model is described for transmitting a message between nodes using TCP/IP over Ethernet. So in summary, the tutorial covers digital encoding techniques like Manchester encoding and PAM. It also explains the encapsulation process in the OSI model for transmitting TCP/IP packets over Ethernet.

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Hung X
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51 views

10b-Tutorial For Lectures 1-7

The document provides a tutorial covering various digital communication concepts including: 1) Manchester encoding is used in one figure. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is used in another. Full cycle encoding is used in a third figure. 2) The first bit in a differential Manchester encoding figure is indeterminate. 3) The encapsulation process at each layer of the OSI model is described for transmitting a message between nodes using TCP/IP over Ethernet. So in summary, the tutorial covers digital encoding techniques like Manchester encoding and PAM. It also explains the encapsulation process in the OSI model for transmitting TCP/IP packets over Ethernet.

Uploaded by

Hung X
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Tutorial for lectures 1-7

i) What encoding is used in the figure?

clock

signal

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

Manchester

ii) What is the signal type in the rightmost figure called?

Amplitude Amplitude

Time

Time
Analogue Signal

PAM
2
Tutorial for lectures 1-7

iii)What type of encoding is used in the figure below?

clock

signal

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Full cycle encoding

iv) Is the first bit a 0 or a 1 or indeterminate in the figure below? Explain your reasoning.

clock

signal

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

Differential Manchester

v) Sketch the encapsulation at each stage of the stack below assuming 802.3 (or ethernet)
format at the Link level.

Application
messages

Transport
TCP packets
Network IP Datagrams

Link
Frames for specific
network technology
TCP Data passing
3
Tutorial for lectures 1-7

Application Identical messages Application


Transport Identical TCP packets Transport

Network
Network Router
Identical Identical
datagram datagram Link
Link
hop 1 hop 2
Interface
Identical Identical
Frame m1 Frame m2

Medium 1 Medium 2
TCP/IP Data-passing between remote nodes

vi) Add peer to peer communication and router stack in use in the figure above

vii) Nyquist tells us that R=2Bc is the basic bit rate over a communication channel of bandwidth
Bc .

If a discriminator can identify M different amplitude levels in a signal element how does the
relationship between R and Bc change to give us a value for R?

If M is 4 in your new relationship between R and Bc how would a transmitter organize the
bits of the following bit stream and what do you think the transmitter would send in an
analogue carrier system? Bit stream 0101111000 .

viii) Explain how the same effect as discussed in viii) is used to increase R when phases are used.

ix) Explain Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence and sketch an example of a binary sequence being
transmitted.

x) Explain with the aid of a sketch how Go Back N ARQ works in Sliding Windows.
4
Tutorial for lectures 1-7

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