LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT

INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION

 INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Purpose:

The objectives of this laboratory are:

1. To introduce the spectrum analyzer as used in frequency domain analysis.
2. To implement theoretically functional blocks using the Communications Simulink Block.

Equipment List:
1. PC with Matlab and Simulink
2. Theoretical basis about equation of the AM, FM

Pre questions befor pactices:

1. DFT, FFT theoretical
2. Spectrum of sinus waveform
3. Spectrum of sinus waveform multiplication
A: Exersices.(All exersices must be completed)
Exersice 1. Implement and sketch an a simple sine wave and spectrum of Sine wave form.
Exersice 2. Implement and sketch an output y = kmcos(2f1t)*cos(2f2t) and spectrum of this
wave form.
Exersice 3. Implement and sketch the output signal of AM modulation.

y  k m (1  a  cos(2 (1000)t )  cos( 2 (10000)t

Exersice 3. Implement and sketch the output signal of FM modulation. The carrier signal is
represented by

c(t) = A cos(wct)
The modulating signal is represented by
m(t) = B sin(wmt)
Then the final modulated signal is
A cos(wct + m(t)) = A cos(wct + B sin(wmt))

B: Theoretical Experiment.
I Spectrum Analyzer and Function Generator.
This section deals with looking at the spectrum of simple waves. We first look at the spectrum of
a simple sine wave.
To Start Simulink: Start Matlab then type simulink on the command line. A Simulink Library
Window opens up as shown in figure 1.

Figure 1.1
Spectrum of a simple sine wave: - Figure 1.2 shows the design for viewing the spectrum of a
simple sine wave.

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3 shows the time-domain sine wave and the corresponding frequency domain is shown
in figure 1.4. The frequency domain spectrum is obtained through a buffered-FFT scope, which
comprises of a Fast Fourier Transform of 128 samples which also has a buffering of 64 of them
in one frame. The property block of the B-FFT is also displayed in figure 1.5.

Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4

 Figure 1.5

This is the property box of the Spectrum Analyzer

From the property box of the B-FFT scope the axis properties can be changed and the Line
properties can be changed. The line properties are not shown in the above. The Frequency range
can be changed by using the frequency range pop down menu and so can be the y-axis the
amplitude scaling be changed to either real magnitude or the dB (log of magnitude) scale. The
upper limit can be specified as shown by the Min and Max Y-limits edit box. The sampling time
in this case has been set to 1/5000.

Note: The sampling frequency of the B-FFT scope should match with the sampling time of the
input time signal. Also as indicated above the FFT is taken for 128 points and buffered with half
of them for an overlap.

Calculating the Power: The power can be calculated by squaring the value of the voltage of the
spectrum analyzer.

Note: The signal analyzer if chosen with half the scale, the spectrum is the single-sided analyzer,
so the power in the spectrum is the total power. Similar operations can be done for other
waveforms – like the square wave, triangular. These signals can be generated from the signal
generator block.

II Waveform Multiplication (Modulation)

The implementation of the output y = kmcos2(2ft), when km = 1 was shown below.

 Figure 1.6

The following figure demonstrates the waveform multiplication. A sine wave of f1kHz is
generated using a sine wave generator and multiplied with a replica signal. The input signal, the
output and output of the multiplier are shown in figures Figure 1.6.

It can be seen that the output of the multiplier in time domain is basically a sine wave but doesn’t
have the negative sides. Since they get canceled out in the multiplication.

Figure 1.7

The spectral output of the spectrum is shown below. It can be seen that there are two side
components in spectrum and a central impulse.
If a DC component was present in the input waveform, then
y = km*(cos(21000t) + Vdc)2
= km*(cos2(21000t) + 2cos(21000t)*Vdc + Vdc2)

The effect of adding a dc component to the input has the overall effect of raising the amplitude of
the 2KHz component and decreases the 2KHz component and adding the 1KHz component.

Figure shows the multiplication of two difference signal waveform. The Signals are at 1kHz and
10kHz.

The output is shown below. It can be seen that the output consists of just two side bands at +(fc +
fm) and the other at –(fc + fm) , i.e. at 9kHz and 11kHz.
By multiplying the carrier signal and the message signal, we achieve modulation.

Y*m(t) = [km cos (21000t)*cos (210000t)]

We observe the output to have no 10KHz component i.e., the carrier is not present. The output
contains a band at 9KHz (fc-fm) and a band at 11KHz (fc+fm).

Note: By varying the multiplication of two difference sinus waveform we observe that the 2
sidebands move according to the equation fcfm.

Amplitude Modulation:
This experiment is the amplitude modulation for modulation index a = 0.5.

From the equation of the AM

y  k m (1  a  cos(2 (1000)t )  cos( 2 (10000)t

The representation of the signal in both time-domain and frequency domain when km=1 for a=0.5
were found to be as shown in figures. The experimental set up for generating an AM signal looks
like this:

The waveforms at various levels of modulation are shown in the following figures.
 A M waveform when a= 0.5
1.5

0.5

Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
tim e (s ec ) -3
x 10

S p e c t r u m o f A M w a ve fo r m w h e n a = 0 . 5
1 .5

1
Magnitude

0 .5

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
F re q u n c y

The results from the experiment were shown. The results from the experiment are pretty much the
same as in the theoretical ones except there are 2 other peaks at 0 and 1000kHz. This is the same
as earlier experiment. The cause of this problem is probably the multiplier.
 Appendix
PRE LAB

INTRODUCTION TO AMPLITUDE MODULATION

III. Sketch the time and frequency domain representations(magnitude only) of the
following:

A. Cos 2ft f = 1kHz

SCOPE
Sine Wave

Spectrum
Analyzer


The time and frequency domain of the input signal is shown as below.

3
2
1
Amplitude

0
-1
-2
-3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time domain

2000

1500
Amplitude

1000

500

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Freq domain
subplot(2,1,1);
x = -5:0.001:5;
t = 0:1/4000:1;
time = cos(2*3.14*1000*t);
y1 = cos(2*3.14*1000*x);
plot(x,y1)
axis([-5 5 -3 3]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Time domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% now create a frequency vector for the x-axis and plot the magnitude
and phase

subplot(2,1,2);
fre = abs(fft(time));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*4000/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
%axis([0 1 -1 10]);
%axis([0 0.75 -2 2]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');

B. Square wave period = 1msec, amplitude = 1v

SCOPE

Square Wave Spectrum

Analyzer


CODE:
subplot(2,1,1);
x = -5:0.001:5;
Fs = 399;
t = 0:1/Fs:1;
time = SQUARE(2*3.14*1000*t);
y1 = SQUARE(2*3.14*1000*x);
plot(x,y1)
axis([-5 5 -3 3]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Time domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% now create a frequency vector for the x-axis and plot the magnitude
and phase

subplot(2,1,2);
fre = abs(fft(time));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*Fs/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
%axis([0 1 -1 10]);
%axis([0 0.75 -2 2]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');

3
2
1
Amplitude

0
-1
-2
-3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time domain

300

200
Amplitude

100

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Freq domain

C. Cos2(2ft) f = 1kHz
subplot(2,1,1);
x = -5:0.001:5;
Fs = 1699;
t = 0:1/Fs:1;
time = cos(2*3.14*1000*t).*cos(2*3.14*1000*t);
y1 = cos(2*3.14*1000*x).*cos(2*3.14*1000*x);
plot(x,y1)
axis([-5 5 -3 3]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Time domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% now create a frequency vector for the x-axis and plot the magnitude
and phase

subplot(2,1,2);
fre = abs(fft(time));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*Fs/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
%axis([0 1 -1 10]);
%axis([0 0.75 -2 2]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Cos2(2pift)
3
2
1
Amplitude

0
-1
-2
-3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time domain
200

150
Amplitude

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Freq domain

II A carrier Cos 2(5000)t is modulated by a single

tone Cos 2(1000)t.

The time and freq domain representation are shown.

A. Double side-band – suppressed carrier modulation

 1

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
50
Amplitude

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Freq domain

% Modulating the single tone message signal.

Ts = 199;
subplot(4,1,1);
t = 0:1/Ts:1;
m = cos(2*3.14*1000*t);
plot(t,m);
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the carrier signal

subplot(4,1,2);
c = cos(2*3.14*5000*t);
plot(t,c);
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the DSB signal with Suppresed carrier intime domain

subplot(4,1,3);
d = m.*c;
plot(t,d);
grid on
zoom on

% freq. domain of the DSB signal.

subplot(4,1,4);
fre = abs(fft(d));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*Ts/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
%axis([0 1 -1 10]);
axis([0 100 0 50]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');

B. 100% AM modulation ( modulation index = 1)

% Modulating the single tone message signal.
Ts = 199;
K = 1;
a = 1;
subplot(4,1,1);
t = -1:1/Ts:1;
m = cos(2*3.14*1000*t);
plot(t,m);
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the carrier signal

subplot(4,1,2);
c = cos(2*3.14*5000*t);
plot(t,c);
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the DSB signal with Suppresed carrier intime domain

subplot(4,1,3);
d = (K + a*m).*c;
plot(t,d);
grid on
zoom on

% freq. domain of the DSB signal.

subplot(4,1,4);
fre = abs(fft(d));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*4000/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
%axis([0 1 -1 10]);
%axis([0 0.75 -2 2]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');
%axis([0 2000 0 205]);
 1

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Amplitude

200

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Freq domain

C. 50% AM modulation (modulation index = 0.5)

Ts = 199;
K = 1;
a = 1;
subplot(4,1,1);
t = -1:1/Ts:1;
m = cos(2*3.14*1000*t);
plot(t,m);
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the carrier signal

subplot(4,1,2);
c = cos(2*3.14*5000*t);
plot(t,c);
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the DSB signal with Suppresed carrier intime domain

subplot(4,1,3);
d = (K + a*m).*c;
plot(t,d);
grid on
zoom on

% freq. domain of the DSB signal.

subplot(4,1,4);
fre = abs(fft(d));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*4000/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
%axis([0 1 -1 10]);
%axis([0 0.75 -2 2]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');
%axis([0 2000 0 205]);
Single Side Band Modulation (lower side band)

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Amplitude

200

100

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Freq domain

The single side band waveform can be obtained by filtering the DSB signal. Filtering out
the lower side band give the upper side – i.e. the SSB signal with the upper side bands.

So by low passing the DSB signal we get the lower side band of the SSB signal.
 1

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
200
Amplitude

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Freq domain

D. By changing the modulating signal in frequency the distance between the carrier and
the side bands change as shown in figure for a increase and decrease in the frequency
of the modulating signal.

Increasing the frequency f = 4000Hz.

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
200
Amplitude

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Freq domain

Decreasing the Frequency f = 990Hz

III Two Tone (1kHz and 2kHz) modulating a carrier
of 5kHz.
A. Double side band suppressed carrier

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
200
Amplitude

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Freq domain

B. 100% AM modulation ( modulation index = 1)

% Modulating the single tone message signal.
Ts = 199;
K = 1;
a = 1s;
subplot(4,1,1);
t = -1:1/Ts:1;
m = cos(2*3.14*1000*t) + cos(2*3.14*2000*t);
plot(t,m);
title('2 tone Double side band - suppressed carrier modulation');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the carrier signal

subplot(4,1,2);
c = cos(2*3.14*5000*t);
plot(t,c);
grid on
zoom on

% plot of the DSB signal with Suppresed carrier intime domain

subplot(4,1,3);
d = (K + a*m).*c;
plot(t,d);
grid on
zoom on

% freq. domain of the DSB signal.

subplot(4,1,4);
fre = abs(fft(d));
f = (0:length(fre) - 1)'*4000/length(fre);
plot(f,fre);
%axis([0 1 -1 10]);
%axis([0 0.75 -2 2]);
grid on
zoom on
xlabel('Freq domain');
ylabel('Amplitude');
%axis([0 2000 0 205]);

2 tone 100% AM modulation with modulation index = 1

2
Amplitude

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 Time

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
5

-5
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
200
Amplitude

100

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Freq domain

C.50% AM modulation (modulation index = 0.5)

 2 tone 50% AM Modulation modulaton index = 0.5
2

Amplitude
0

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 Time

-1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2

-2
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
200
Amplitude

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Freq domain