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PLSQL 1 3 SG

This document provides an overview and examples of PL/SQL blocks, including anonymous and named blocks. It explains the basic structure of a PL/SQL block which includes an optional header, declaration, executable, and exception section. The executable section is mandatory. It provides examples of anonymous blocks both with and without a declaration section. Students will learn more about nested blocks, recompiling stored programs, and privileges later in the course. Key PL/SQL concepts like anonymous blocks, compilers, subprograms, procedures, and functions are also defined.

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Senthilkumar Muthusamy
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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42 views

PLSQL 1 3 SG

This document provides an overview and examples of PL/SQL blocks, including anonymous and named blocks. It explains the basic structure of a PL/SQL block which includes an optional header, declaration, executable, and exception section. The executable section is mandatory. It provides examples of anonymous blocks both with and without a declaration section. Students will learn more about nested blocks, recompiling stored programs, and privileges later in the course. Key PL/SQL concepts like anonymous blocks, compilers, subprograms, procedures, and functions are also defined.

Uploaded by

Senthilkumar Muthusamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Release Date: August, 2015

Updates:

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Students will learn about nested blocks later in the course.

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DECLARE is not needed if no variables, constants, cursors or user-defined exceptions are required. But
nearly all real-life blocks will need variables and/or cursors, therefore nearly all real-life blocks will need a
DECLARE section.

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Students will learn later that we can recompile stored subprograms (procedures, functions and packages)
on demand by (for example): ALTER PROCEDURE procedure_name COMPILE;

Students will learn more about the needed privileges in Section 8.

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DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE is explained at the end of this lesson.

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If students ask “what is TOO_MANY_ROWS ?”, tell them it means that a SELECT statement fetched more
than one row from the database; in this example, it would mean that the COUNTRIES table contains at least
two rows whose country_id = 'CA'.

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Every language has a syntax, a vocabulary, and a character set. You have to learn the rules that govern its usage. PL/SQL is made up of many
BLOCKS of code. A PL/SQL block has up to four sections, only one is mandatory.
Header - optional
Declaration section – DECLARE identifiers - optional
Executable section – BEGIN…END; - mandatory
Exception - Error Handling – optional
Named Program:
PROCEDURE name (Header, Optional)
IS
DECLARE (Optional)
Variables, cursors, user- defined exceptions
BEGIN ( Executable, start, Mandatory)
- SQL statements
- PL/SQL statements
EXCEPTION (Optional)
Actions to perform when errors occur
END; (Executable, end, Mandatory)
Anonymous Block with a declaration section:
/*Declaration section program*/
DECLARE
words varchar2(15) := ‘Hello World’;
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(words);
END;
Anonymous Block without a declaration section:
/*No Declaration section program*/
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Hello’ || ‘ World’);
END;

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No instructor notes for this slide. Note that this slide is providing an example of a procedure and a function
merely for you to compare and contrast, not necessarily for you or the students to execute.

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The slide shows an example of a PL/SQL anonymous block in SQL Commands. The following is an example
of a SQL Script, containing two SQL statements and one anonymous PL/SQL block. Note that in a script,
anonymous PL/SQL blocks must be followed by a forward slash (/). This is not needed in SQL Commands
(although it can be used).

SELECT count(*) FROM employees; -- SQL statement

DECLARE -- PL/SQL block


v_count NUMBER(6,0);
BEGIN
SELECT count(*) INTO v_count FROM departments;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_count);
END;
/
SELECT sysdate FROM dual;

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The second call in the slide shows that number values (v_emp_count) can be displayed by DBMS_OUTPUT.
In this example, the Oracle server has performed an implicit datatype conversion
(TO_CHAR(v_emp_count)) to convert the number to a character string for concatenation.

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Anonymous PL/SQL block – unnamed blocks of code not stored in the database and do not exist after they
are executed
Compiler – software that checks and translates programs written in high-level programming languages into
binary code to execute
Subprograms – named PL/SQL blocks that are stored in the database and can be declared as procedures or
functions
Procedures – programs that perform an action and may return values
Functions – programs that compute and return a single value

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