Embedded Systems Interfacing

Overview
„ DOS Data Structure
File I/O „ Sectors and Clusters
„ Master Boot Records/Boot Record
„ File Allocation Table
Embedded Systems Interfacing „ Root Directory
Interfacing
„ Subdirectory File
„ File IO Module

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Sectors and Clusters SD Card Map Structure

„ Sectors are hardware units with 512 bytes „ Partition Table (divides media into
per sector drives)
„ Cluster is an file system unit with 2nx512 „ Boot Record (divides drive into data
bytes per cluster structures)
„ Each cluster numbers start at a value of 2 at „ 16-Bit File Allocation Table 1 (FAT1)
start of the data space (see future slide)
„ 16-Bit File Allocation Table 2 (FAT2)
Each cluster is an allocation unit in the File
Root Directory (fixed number of files)
„
„
Allocation Table or FAT (see future slide)
„ Data Area (files and subdirectories)
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File System Layout 512 MB SD Card Map

Master Boot Record
(Partition Table)
• Cluster #1 used for Address Sector Cluster Description

Boot Record Disk Type 0:0000 0 N.A. Master Boot Record which contains the Partition table
1:DA00 0ED N.A Boot Record
FAT #1
•MBR, BR, FATs and 1:DC00 0EE N.A File Allocation Table 1 with 16-bit FAT entries

FAT #2 Root not covered by 2:CE00 167 N.A. File Allocation Table 2 with 16-bit FAT entries
3:C000 1E0 N.A. Root Directory with VFAT and directory entries
Root Directory FAT Cluster Numbers
4:0000 200 2 Bill of Right.txt

Cluster #2 •FAT-16 uses two 4:4000 220 3 MyFile.txt

bytes per cluster

Cluster #3
512 Bytes = 1 Sector1
Cluster #nnnn 1 Hardware Term
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Partition Table Image SD Card Partition Table

Offset Size Data Description

Contains 0x1BE 1 Byte 0x00 Not bootable media

Code for
0x01BF 1 Byte 0x03 Starting Head (Boot Record)

Bootable 0x1C0 6 Bits 0B110001 Starting Sector (Boot Record)

Media 0x1C0 10 Bits 0B000000000000 Staring Cylinder (Boot Record)

0x1C2 1 Byte 0x06 System ID: BIGDOS FAT16 partition

0x1C3 1 Byte 0x0F Ending Head

0x1C4 6 bits 0B111111 Ending Sector
0x1C4 10 bits 0B1101011011 Ending Cylinder
0x1C6 4 Bytes 0x000000ED Relative Sector
Read/Executed By B.I.O.S. 0x1CA 4 Bytes 0X000F1DA3 Total Sectors

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Go to LBA 0x000000ED for Boot Record 8

Boot Record Image SD Card Boot Record

Offset Size Data Description
0x0B 2 Bytes 0x200 Bytes per sector (512)
0x0D 1 Byte 0x20 Sectors per cluster (32)

Contains 0x0E 2 Bytes 0x0001 Reserved sectors

0x10 1 Byte 0x02 Number of File Allocation Tables
Code for 0x11 2 Bytes 0x0200 Root entries (512)
Bootable 0x13 2 Bytes 0x0000 Small sectors

Media
Standard Information in BIOS Parameter Block
• 512 Bytes/Sector
Read/Executed By B.I.O.S. • 32 Sectors/Cluster
• 1 Reserved Sector
• 2 FATs
• 200 Directory Entries (x 32 Bytes/Entry)
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SD Card Boot Record FAT Entry Reference

Offset Size Data Description

0x15 1 Byte 0xF8 Media type Entry Description

0x16 2 Bytes 0x0079 Sectors per File Allocation Table (121) 0x0000 Free cluster

0x18 2 Bytes 0x003F Sectors per track (63) 0x0001 Reserved cluster

0x0002 - 0xFFEF Used cluster; value points to next cluster

0x1A 2 Bytes 0x0010 Number of heads (16)
0xFFF0 - 0xFFF6 Reserved values
0x1C 4 Bytes 0x000000ED Hidden sectors (237)
0xFFF7 Bad cluster
0x20 4 Bytes 0x000F1DA3 Large sectors (990627)
0xFFF8 - 0xFFFF Last cluster in file
0x24 1 Bytes 0x80 Physical drive number

0x25 1 Byte 0x00 Current head

0x26 1 Byte 0x29 Signature Maximum of 65520 Clusters in FAT-16

0x27 4 bytes 0x63343362 Volume serial number

0x2B 11 Bytes "NO NAME " Volumn label

Cluster is Software (OS) Term
0x36 8 Bytes "FAT16 " System ID
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FAT1 Image FAT2 Image

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Root Directory Image Bill of Rights Directory

Offset Size Data Description

•VFAT entries 0x00

0x08
8 Bytes
3 Bytes
"BILLOF~1
"TXT
8.3 Filename.
8.3 File extension
•Directory entries 0x0B 1 Byte 0x20 Attribute
0x0C 1 Byte 0x00 Reserved
0x0D 1 Byte 0x68 Creation time milliseconds
0x0E 2 Bytes 0x4209 Creation time in hours, minutes and seconds
0x10 2 Bytes 0x3574 Creation date in years since 1980, months, and day.
0x12 2 Bytes 0x3574 Last accessed date
0x14 2 Bytes 0x0000 EA-index
0x16 2 Bytes 0x42EF Last modified time
0x18 2 Bytes 0x3571 Last modified date
0x1A 2 Bytes 0x0002 First cluster
0x1C 4 Bytes 0x00000F23 File size in bytes.

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First (and only) Sector of

Long File Reference (VFAT) Bill of Rights

Offset Size Data Description

0x00 1 Byte 01 Sequence number

0x01 10 Bytes "Bill " Name characters as five UTF-16 characters

0x0B 1 Byte 0x0F Attribute

0x0C 1 Byte 0x00 Reserved

0x0D 1 Byte 0x2A Checksum of DOS file name

0x0E 12 Bytes "of Right" Name characters as six UTF-16 characters

0x1A 2 Bytes First cluster which is always 0x0000

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File Allocation Table FAT and Directory Interaction

„ FAT12 used for floppy disk
„ Dreamed up by Bill Gates over a weekend
„ Very cryptic and atypical of other OS allocation
methods
„
FF 00 10 0FF 100

„ FAT16 used for small hard drives and SD

Cards
„ FAT32 used for large hard drives

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Get Out Calculator Get Out Calculator

Find Partition Table 0? Find Root Directory?
Sector 0, Offset 1BE 0x176 + Sector/FATBR = 0x00000001E0
Find Boot Record? Data Area?
0 + (1C6)DWORD = 0x000000ED 0x1E0 + Root EntriesBR*(Bytes/Entry)std/(Bytes/Sec)BR
= 0x0000000200
Find FAT 1?
0x000000ED + ReservedBR = 0x000000EE Cluster n

Find FAT 2? 0x200 + (n-2)FAT *Sector/ClusterBR

0xEE + Sec/FATBR = 0x00000176 0x200 + (3-2)FAT *0x20 = 0x220
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Get Out Calculator Structure Review

First Cluster of File? „ Template of memory
„ struct structTag {
0x200+(File EntryDirectory Entry-2)* Sector/ClusterBR dataType variable name;
Next Cluster of File?
●●●
};
0x200 + (n)FAT* Sector/ClusterBR „ Example
struct myStructTag{
int myNum;
char myLetter[4];
int * myPointer;
}

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Structure Review Structure Review

Access Array Element
„ Declaration „
ch=myStruct.myLetter[3];
struct structTag structureName; ch=myStructPtr->myLetter[3];
„ Access Scalar
„ Examples num=myStruct.myNum;
num=myStructPtr->myNumber;
struct myStructTag myStruct = „ Access Pointer
{34512,’A’,’Y’,’8’,9,&Buffer[0]}; ptr=myStruct.myPointer;
ptr=myStructPtr->myPointer;
struct myStructTag * myStructPtr; „ Access Data Pointer To
ch=*(myStruct.(myPointer+5));
ch=*(myStruct->(myPointer+5));

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Data types Partition Information

struct PARTITIONINFO {
BYTE bootid; /* bootable? 0=no, 128=yes */
typedef unsigned char BYTE;
BYTE beghead; /* beginning head number */
typedef unsigned int WORD; BYTE begsect; /* beginning sector number */
typedef unsigned long DWORD; BYTE begcyl; /* 10 bit nmbr, with high 2 bits put in begsect */
BYTE systid; /* Operating System type indicator code */
enum BOOL {TRUE=0,FALSE=1}; BYTE endhead; /* ending head number */
BYTE endsect; /* ending sector number */
BYTE endcyl; /* also a 10 bit nmbr, with same high 2 bit trick */
DWORD relsect; /* first sector relative to start of disk */
DWORD numsect; /* number of sectors in partition */
};
How much space allocated?
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Master Boot Record Access MBR Data

struct MBR{ struct MBR * p=(struct MBR *)&buffer[0];
BYTE codes[446];
BYTE BOOTID,BEGHEAD,BEGSECT,SYSTID,ENDHEAD,ENDSECT;
struct PARTITIONINFO partition[4]; WORD BEGCYL,ENDCYL,SIGNATURE;
WORD mbrid; DWORD RELSECT,NUMSECT;
};
BOOTID=p->partition[0].bootid;
BEGHEAD=p->partition[0].beghead;
BEGSECT=(p->partition[0].begsect)&0x3F;
How much space allocated? BEGCYL=(((p->partition[0].begsect)&0xC0)<<8)+p->partition[0].begcyl;
SYSTID=p->partition[0].systid;
ENDHEAD=p->partition[0].endhead;
ENDSECT=(p->partition[0].endsect)&0x3F;
ENDCYL=(((p->partition[0].endsect)&0xC0)<<8)+p->partition[0].endcyl;
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Access MBR Data MEDIA Structure

typedef unsigned long LBA;
RELSECT=p->partition[0].relsect;
NUMSECT=p->partition[0].numsect; typedef struct {
SIGNATURE=p->mbrid; LBA fat;
LBA root;
LBA data;
unsigned maxroot;
unsigned maxcls;
unsigned fatsize;
unsigned char fatcopy;
unsigned char sxc;
} MEDIA;
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MFILE Structure MFILE Structure

typedef struct { unsigned time; // last update time
MEDIA * mda; // media structure pointer unsigned date; // last update date
unsigned char * buffer; // sector buffer char name[11]; // file name
unsigned cluster; // first cluster char chk; // checksum = ~( entry + name[0])
unsigned ccls; // current cluster in file unsigned entry; // entry position in cur directory
unsigned sec; // sector in current cluster char mode; // mode 'r', 'w'
unsigned pos; // position in current sector } MFILE;
unsigned top; // number of data bytes in the buffer
long seek; // position in the file
long size; // file size

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Directory Entries Directory Entries

„ Filename @ 0x00 for 8 bytes „ Reserved @ 0x0C for 1 byte
0x00 Unused
„
„ Time Created @ 0x0D for 3 bytes
„ 0xE5 erased entry
„ 0x2E Dot entry (. or ..) „ Dated Created @ 0x10 for 2 bytes
„ File extension @ 0x08 for 3 bytes, padded „ Date Last Accessed @ 0x12 for 2 bytes
with spaces „ Extended Attribute @ 0x14 for 2 bytes
File Attribute @ 0x0B for 1 byte
Last Modify Time @ 0x16 for 2 bytes
„
„
„ VFAT has read only, hidden, system and volumn
label or 0x0F attribute „ Last Modify Date @ 0x18 for 2 bytes
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 Embedded Systems Interfacing

Directory Entries FAT Tread

„ First Cluster in FAT-16 @ 0x1B for 2 „ Get current cluster, ccls
bytes „ Determine FAT sector p=ccls>>8
„ File Size in bytes @ 0x1C for 4 bytes „ Check if cached
„ Should be 0 for Volume label or „ Else read FAT sector
subdirectory
„ Get LBA of next FAT entry
„ Long File Name overlays directory entry
„ See web

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File I/O Support File I/O Support

„ Fileio.h contains: „ Function Prototypes
readDIR
Error Codes
„
„
„ writeDIR
„ Media Structure „ newDIR
„ Mfile Structure „ mount
„ File Attributes „ unmount
„ fopenM
„ Function Prototypes „ freadM
„ nextFAT „ fwriteM
„ newFAT „ fcloseM

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File I/O Support Homework

„ Fileio.c contains: „ Chapter 14 Handout
„ Offset values for items in: „ Exercise 1: LBA of Boot Record, FAT1,
Master Boot Record
„
FAT2, Root Directory, Data Area.
„ Partition Table
„ Directroy Entries „ Exercise 2: Given Directory and FAT find
„ Global Vasiables LBA of file sectors.
„ FERROR „ Exercise 3: Write structure for decoding
Media Structure Instance
„
directory entry
„ Code for Prototypes in fileio.h
„ Code for helper functions

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