Chapter 3 Multiple Particle Systems

3.1 Settling of a Suspension of Particles (slurry)

Hindered Settling
입자가 모여 있으면 서로의 영향이 침강에 미친다. 이를 간섭침강이라 한다.

Effective viscosity of suspension

μ
μ =
ε e f( )

Effective density of suspension

ε
ρ a ve = f+ (1- ) p

Force balance
   
           


     

    
 

Substituting  and 

     
                ≡    


Corrected terminal settling velocity

U p , U f : actual(interstitial) velocity of particles and fluid, respectively

U ps , U fs : superficial velocity

ε U ps = U p ( 1 - )

ε U fs = U f

ε where : voidage or void fraction

pa r ticle volu me
ε ∴1 - = = volu me con cen tr a tion of pa r ticles = c v
su spen sion volu me

∴ U ps and U fs: volume flux of particles and fluid

3 3
( ms ⋅ m flu3 id or pa r ticles = m flu
id or pa r ticles
2 )
m su spen sion m su spen sion ⋅ s

☞ U ps 와 U fs 는 superficial velocity임과 동시에 부피 flux 임!

 3.2 Batch Settling
(1) Settling Flux as a Function of Suspension Concnetration
Because of no net flow
U ps + U fs = 0

ε U p( 1 - ) + U f = 0

ε ∴ U p( 1 - )+ [U p- U r el T ] = U p (1- )+ [U p- U T f( )] = 0

ε ∴ U p = U T 2f ( )

Richardson and Zaki(1954)

n
ε Up= UT

[ ( ) ]
0.27
4.8 - n x
where = 0.043 Ar 0.57 1 - 2.4
n - 2.4 D

      

  Archimedes number


Superficial solid velocity or volumetric solid flux(m/s)

2
ε U ps = U p ( 1 - ) = U T f( )( 1 - )
n
ε = U T (1- )

ε Settling flux curve ( U ps vs. C v( = 1 - ) ): Figure 2.1

(2) Sharp Interfaces in Sedimentation

Up1

C1

Uint C2

Up2

Material Balance over the interface

Since no mass accumulation at the interface
( U p1 - U in t ) C 1 = ( U p2 - U in t ) C 2

ε where C =1 - , solids fraction

 U ps - U ps2
∴U in t =
1

C 1- C 2

Δ As C →0 ,
dU ps
U=
dC

where U: the velocity of layer of concentration C

Slope=velocity of layer of
concentration C4

Ups

Slope=Uint, 12

Slope=Uint, 23
C1=0 C4 C2 C3

Worked Example 2.2

(3) Batch Settling

Supplying all the informations for the design of a thickener

Type I Settling
 Type II Settling

A descending layer or interface will only appear if it falls faster than and gets away from the more dilute layers
descending from above them...

Worked Example 2.3

Recommended web site :

http://www.aem.umn.edu/Solid-Liquid_Flows/video.html

(4) Relationship between the height-time curve and the flux plot
Height of AB interface vs. time
 Interface between clear liquid and  at h and t
Velocity of interface or   , the velocity of the particles at the interface
   
    
 
The velocity at which a plane of concentration, c has risen a distance h from

the base is 


The velocity of the particles relative to the plane


  


The volume of the particles which have passed through the plane
The total volume of the particles in the test


          

 
 
∴  


* This gives   vs.  (batch flux plot)

Worked Example 2.1

3.3 Continuous Settling

(1) Settling of a Suspension in a Flowing Fluid
Thickener vs. Clarifier Figure 2.11
- Downward flow
ε Q(1- ) 2
ε U = + U f( )
ps A T

Total Flux Flux

solid due to due to
flux bulk flow settling

ε Define C v≡1 - , particle volume concentration

Figure 2.12:
 Feed concentration, CF → Mean bottom section
concentration, CB

- Upward flow
ε - Q(1- ) 2
ε U = + U f( )
ps A T

Figure 2.13:

Feed concentration, CF → Mean top section

concentration, CT

(2) Real Thickener

Feed
F, CF
V, CV

CT

CB

Underflow
L, CL
 Feed/ Under(down)flow/ up(over)flow:
F(CF) L(CL) V(CV)

Below feed
ε L(1- ) 2
ε U = + U f( )
ps A T

Above feed
ε - V(1- ) 2
ε U = + U f( )
ps A T

* Critical concentration: C cr it≡ C at U p, u pwa r d = 0

(3) Critically Loaded Thickener

C F = C cr it

∴ U p, u pwa r d = 0 , C B = C F , C T = C V = 0 and

FC F LC L
U ps, down flow = =
A A
(4) Underloaded Thickener
C F < C c r it

∴ U p, u pwa r d = 0 , C B < C F and C T = C V = 0

FC F LC L
U ps, downflow = =
A A
 (5) Overloaded Thickener
C F > C c r it

FC F
∴ U p, u pwar d =
A
-U ps, downflow , C B = C F and C T > C V ≠ 0

LC L
U ps, down flow = A

2
ω * Centrifugal Sedimentation r instead of g
* When minimum total flux appears... ☞ Figure 2.18 and 2.19

Worked Example 2.4