Electrical Engineering Engineering Control Systems Time Response of Feedback Control System Notes
Electrical Engineering Engineering Control Systems Time Response of Feedback Control System Notes
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Control Systems
UNIT- 3
Introduction:
Time is used as an independent variable in most of the control systems. It is important to
analyze the response given by the system for the applied excitation, which is function of time.
Analysis of response means to see the variation of out put with respect to time. The output
behavior with respect to time should be within these specified limits to have satisfactory
performance of the systems. The stability analysis lies in the time response analysis that is when
the system is stable out put is finite
The system stability, system accuracy and complete evaluation is based on the time
response analysis on corresponding results.
Time Response:
The response given by the system which is function of the time, to the applied excitation is
called time response of a control system.
Practically, output of the system takes some finite time to reach to its final value.
This time varies from system to system and is dependent on different factors.
The factors like friction mass or inertia of moving elements some nonlinearities present etc.
Example: Measuring instruments like Voltmeter, Ammeter.
Classification:
Transient Response:
It is defined as the part of the response that goes to zero as time becomes very large. i,e,
Lim ct (t) = 0
t
A system in which the transient response do not decay as time progresses is an Unstable
system.
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C(t)
Ct (t) Css(t)
Step
ess
= study state
error
The time domain analysis essentially involves the evaluation of the transient and
Steady state response of the control system.
For the analysis point of view, the signals, which are most commonly used as reference
inputs, are defined as standard test inputs.
The performance of a system can be evaluated with respect to these test signals.
Based on the information obtained the design of control system is carried out.
The commonly used test signals are
1. Step Input signal.
2. Ramp Input Signals.
3. Parabolic Input Signal.
4. Impulse input signal.
r(t)
O t
When, A = 1, r(t) = u(t) = 1
The step is a signal who‘s value changes from 1 value (usually 0) to another level A in
Zero time.
In the Laplace Transform form R(s) = A / S
Mathematically r(t) = u(t)
= 1 for t > 0
= 0 for t < 0
t
O
The ramp is a signal, which starts at a value of zero and increases linearly with
time.
Mathematically r (t) = A t for t ≥ 0
= 0 for t≤ 0.
In LT form R(S) = A
S2
If A=1, it is called Unit Ramp Input
Mathematically
r(t) = t u(t)
{
In LT form R(S) = A = 1 t for t ≥ 0
=
S2 S2 0 for t ≤ 0
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In LT form R(S) = A
S3
If A = 1, a unit parabolic function is defined as r(t) = t2 u(t)
2
ie., r(t)
{
In LT for R(S) = 1 t2 for t ≥ 0
S3 = 2
0 for t ≤ 0
4. Impulse Input Signal :
It is the input applied instantaneously (for short duration of time) of very high amplitude
as shown in fig 2(d)
Eg: Sudden shocks i e, HV due lightening or short circuit.
It is the pulse whose magnitude is infinite while its width tends to zero.
r(t)
ie., t 0 (zero) applied
momentarily
A
O t
∆ t 0
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Control Systems
In LT form R(S) = 1 if A = 1
r(t) R(S)
Unit Step 1/S
Unit ramp 1/S2
Unit Parabolic 1/S3
Unit Impulse 1
The 1st order system is represent by the differential Eq:- a1 dc(t )+ao c (t) = bo r(t)------ (1)
dt
Where, e (t) = out put , r(t) = input, a0, a1 & b0 are constants.
Dividing Eq:- (1) by a0, then a1. d c(t ) + c(t) = bo.r (t)
a0 dt ao
Where, T=time const, has the dimensions of time = a1 & K= static sensitivity = b0
a0 a0
Taking for L.T. for the above Eq:- [ TS+1] C(S) = K.R(S)
R(S)+ 1 C(S)
TS
-
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3) The open loop T.F. of a unity feed back system is given by G(S) = K . where,
S(1+ST)
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Control Systems
T&K are constants having + ve values. By what factor (1) the amplitude gain be reduced so
that (a) The peak overshoot of unity step response of the system is reduced from 75% to 25%
(b) The damping ratio increases from 0.1 to 0.6.
Solution: G(S) = K .
S(1+ST)
Let the value of damping ratio is, when peak overshoot is 75% & when peak
overshoot is 25%
Mp =
e 1- 2
ln 0. 75 = . 0.0916 = .
1- 2 1- 2
K/( S + S2 T ) .
w.k.t. T.F. = G(S) = 1+ K . .= K
1+ G(S) . H(S) ( S + S2 T ) S + S2 T+K
T.F. = K / T .
S2 + S + K .
T T
Wn = K. , 2 Wn = 1 .
T T
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0.091 = K2 . K2 . = 0.0508
0.4037 K1 K1
K2 = 0.0508 K1
4) Find all the time domain specification for a unity feed back control system whose open loop
T.F. is given by
G(S) = 25 .
S(S+6)
Solution:
25 .
G(S) = 25 . G(S) . = S(S+6) .
S(S+6) 1 + G(S) .H(S) 1 + 25 .
S(S+6)
= 25 .
2
S + ( 6S+25 )
W2 n = 25 , Wn = 5, 2 Wn = 6 = 6 . = 0.6
2x5
Wd = Wn 1- 2 = 5 1- (0.6)2 = 4
tr = - , = tan-1 Wd = Wn = 0.6 x 5 = 3
Wd
= tan-1 ( 4/3 ) = 0.927 rad.
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5) The closed loop T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by
Solution:
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(S) = 150 .
R(S) S2 + 10S + 15O
2Wn = 10 = 10 . = 0.408.
2 x 12.25
7) Fig shows a mechanical system and the response when 10N of force is applied to the system.
Determine the values of M, F, K,.
x(t)inmt
K
f(t) 0.00193
The T.F. of the mechanical system is ,
0.02
X(S) = 1 .
M F(S) 2
MS + FS = K
f(t) = Md2 X + F dX + KX
F x dt2 dt
F(S) = (MS2 + FS + K) x (S)
1 2 3 4 5
Given :- F(S) = 10
S.
X(S) = 10 .
2
S(MS + FS + K)
SX (S) = 10 .
2
MS + FS + K
Mp =
e 1- 2
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0.744 = . 0.5539 = 2 .
1 - 2 1 - 2
0.5539 – 0.5539 2 = 2
= 0.597 = 0.6
tp = = .
Wd Wn 1 – 2
S x(S) = 10/ M .
2
(S + F S + K )
M M
Solution:
C(t) = 1+0.2e-60t –1.2e-10t
Taking L.T., C(S) = 1 . + 0.2 . – 1.2 .
S S+60 S+10
C(S) . = 600 / S .
2
S + 70S + + 600
C(S) . = 600 / S .
2
R(S) S + 70S + + 600
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2 Wn =
70, = 70 . = 1.428
2 x 24.4
K1 1 . R + C
S(1+S)
K2S
C . = K1 .
R S2 + ( 1 + K 2 ) S + K 1
Wn2 = K1 Wn = K1
2Wn = 1 + K2 = 1 + K2
2 K1
Wd = Wn 1 -
2
Wn = 9.5 . 10.96 rad/Sec
1 – 0.52
K1 = (10.96)2 = 120.34
2Wn = 1 + K 2 , K2 = 9.97
Mp =
e 1- 2
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Mp = 16.3%
Ts = 4 . = 4 . = 0.729 sec
Wn 0.5 x 10.97
G(S)
R(S) E(S) C(S)
H(S)
The closed loop T.F is given by (1). The T.F. b/w the actuating error signal e(t) and the
i/p signal r(t) is,
= 1 .
1 + G(S) . H(S)
Where e(t) = Difference b/w the i/p signal and the feed back signal
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Eq :- (2) Shows that the steady state error depends upon the i/p R(S) and the forward T.F.
G(S) and loop T.F G(S) . H(S).
The expression for steady state errors for various types of standard test signals are
derived below;
1) Steady state error due to step i/p or position error constant (Kp ):-
lt G(S) . H(S) = Kp
(S O )
Where Kp = proportional error constant or position error const.
ess = 1 .
1 + Kp
(1 + Kp) ess = 1 Kp = 1 - ess
ess
2) Steady state error due to ramp i/p or static velocity error co-efficient (Kv) :-
The ess of the system with a unit ramp i/p or unit velocity i/p is given by,
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S O
ess = lt 1 . ess = 1 .
S O (S + Kv) Kv
Velocity error is not an error in velocity , but it is an error in position error due to a ramp
i/p
The steady state actuating error of the system with a unit parabolic i/p (acceleration i/p)
which is defined by r(t) + 1 . t2 Taking L.T. R(S)= 1 .
2 S3
ess = lt S . 1 . lt 1 .
S O 1 + G(S) . H(S) S3 S O S2 + S2 G(S) . H(S)
2
lt S G(S) . H(S) = Ka.
S O
ess = lt 1 . = 1 .
S O 2
S + Ka Ka
The open loop T.F. of a unity feed back system can be written in two std, forms;
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ess (Position) = 1 . = 1. = 1 .
1 + G(O) . H(O) 1 + K 1 + Kp
. .
. K
p = lt G(S) . H(S) = lt K . = K
S 0 S 0 S+1
ess (Velocity) = 1 . = 1 . =
Kv 0
Kv = lt G(S) . H(S) = lt S K . = 0.
S 0 S 0 S + 1
ess (acceleration) = 1 . = 1 . =
Ka 0
Ka = lt S2 G(S) . H(S) = lt S2 K . =0
S 0 S 0 S+1
ess (Position) = 1 . = O
1 +
Kp = lt G(S) . H(S) = lt K . =
S O
S 0 S( S + 1)
Kv = lt S K . = K
S 0
S(S+1)
ess (Velocity) = 1 .
K
ess (acceleration) = 1 . =
0
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Ka = lt S2 K . = 0.
S 0 S (S + 1)
3) Type 2 –System :- If, n = 2, the ess to various std, i/p, are , G(S) = K .
2
S (S + 1)
Kp = lt K . =
S 0 S2 (S + 1)
.
. . ess (Position)
= 1 . = 0
Kv = lt S K . =
S 0 S2 (S + 1)
.
. . ess (Velocity) = 1 . = 0
Ka = lt S2 K . = K.
S 0 S2 (S + 1)
.
. . ess (acceleration) = 1 .
K
The error co-efficient Kp, Kv, & Ka describes the ability of the system to eliminate the steady
state error therefore they are indicative of steady state performance. It is generally described to
increase the error co-efficient while maintaining the transient response within an acceptable
limit.
PROBLEMS;
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C(s) = 5 S(S+2)+2(S+2)-
S2 = 5 S2 +2S+2S+4—
2 S2(S+2)
2
= 10 (S+1) S2 (S+2)
Find the static error constant and the steady state error of the system when subjected to an i/p
given by the polynomial
R(t) = Po + p1t + P2 t2
2
G(s) = 100 position error co-efficient
S (S+10)
KP = lt G(s) = lt 100 =
S 0 S 0 S (S+10)
lt 100 x s2 = 0
S 0 S 0 S (S+10) Ka = lt S2 G(S)
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R1 R2
R3 + P0 P1
ess
= P2
+
+ +
Ess = 0+0.1 P1 + =
The error constants for a non unity feed back system is as follows
Kp = lt G(S) H(S) = (0+2)
lt (S+2) =
G(S).H(S) = 0(0+1) (0+10)
S(S+1) (S+10)
Ka = 0
Static Error:-
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4. A feed back C.S is described as G(S) = 50
H(S)=1/s.
S (S+2) (S+5)
For unit step i/p,cal steady state error constant and errors.
Kp = lt G(S) H(S) = 50
S 0 S 0
2
=
S (S+2) (S+5)
Kv = lt G(S) H(S) = lt 50 x S
S 0 S =
S2 (S+2) (S+5)
Ka = lt G(S) H(S) = lt S2 x 50 50
S 0 S = = 5
0 S2 (S+2) (S+5) 10
Kp = lt G(S) H(S) = lt 50
S 0 S 0 =
S2 (S+20) (S+30)
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Kv = lt S K
S 0 S2 (S+20) (S+30) =
Ka = lt S2 K K
2
S 0 S (S+20) (S+30) 600
The 1st order system is represent by the differential Eq:- a1 dc(t )+aoc (t) = bor(t)------ (1)
dt
Where, e (t) = out put , r(t) = input, a0, a1 & b0 are constants.
Dividing Eq:- (1) by a0, then a1. d c(t ) + c(t) = bo.r (t)
a0 dt ao
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Where, T=time const, has the dimensions of time = a1 & K= static sensitivity = b0
a0 a0
Taking for L.T. for the above Eq:- [ TS+1] C(S) = K.R(S)
R(S)+ 1 C(S)
TS
-
C(S) = 1 . 1. = 1 . T . -----------------
(2) 1+TS S S TS+1
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T
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C(S) = Wn 2 . X R (S) = 2
Wn .
= 1 . (S2 +2 W
2
n S+ Wn ) (S +2 Wn S+ Wn )
2 2
S
C(S) = 1 . S+2 Wn .
S S2 +2 Wn S+ Wn2
C(S) = 1 . S+ Wn . . Wd .
(S+ Wn ) + Wd 1- (S+ Wn ) + Wd
2 2 2 2 2
S
Taking ILT, C(t) = 1-e-Wnt COS Wdt + . Sin Wdt ------------ (6)
1- 2
The error signal for this system is the difference b/w the I/p & o/p.
If the damping ratio = O, the response becomes undamped & oscillations continues
indefinitely.
The response C(t) for the zero damping case is ,
c(t) =1-1(COS wnt ) =1- COS wnt ; t > O --------------------- (8)
From Eq:- (8) , we see that the Wn represents the undamped natural frequency of the system. If
the linear system has any amount of damping the undamped natural frequency cannot be
observed experimentally. The frequency, which may be observed, is the damped natural
frequency.
Wd =wn 1 2 This frequency is always lower than the undamped natural frequency. An
increase in would reduce the damped natural frequency W d . If is increased beyond unity,
the response over damped & will not oscillate.
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If the two poles of C(S) are nearly equal, the system may be approximated by a
R(S)
Critically damped one.
C(S) = Wn2 . 1 .
S +2 Wn S+ Wn2
2
S
= 1 . 1 . Wn .
2
S (S + Wn ) ( S+ Wn )
= 1 . Wn 2 .
S ( S + Wn )2 S
Taking I.L.T.,
If this case, the two poles of C(S) are negative, real and unequal.
R(S)
For a unit step I/p R(S) = 1/S , then,
2
C(S) = Wn .
(S+ Wn + Wn 2 - 1 ) ( S+ Wn - Wn 2 – 1)
1 . e ( + ( 2 – 1)) Wn t.
S ( 2 – 1 )[( + ( 2 – 1)]
-S t
C(t) = 1+ Wn . e-S1 t . - e 2 . ;t>O
S 2 – 1 S1 S2
Where S1 = ( + 2 – 1) Wn
S2 = ( - 2 – 1) Wn
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Response curve
3) Peak time (tp)
4) Max over shoot (Mp)
5) Settling time (ts)
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S- Plane
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Peak time can be obtained by differentiating C(t) W.r.t. t and equating that
derivative to zero.
dc = O = Sin Wdtp Wn . e-Wntp
dt t = t p 1- 2
Since the peak time corresponds to the 1 st peak over shoot.
Wdtp = = tp = .
Wd
The peak time tp corresponds to one half cycle of the frequency of damped oscillation.
Settling time :- (ts)
An approximate value of ts can be obtained for the system O < <1 by using the
envelope of the damped sinusoidal waveform.
PROBLEMS:
(1) Consider the 2nd order control system, where = 0.6 & Wn = 5 rad / sec, obtain the
rise time tr, peak time tp, max overshoot Mp and settling time ts When the system is subject
to a unit step i/p.,
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Wd = Wn 1- 2 = 5 1-(0.6) 2 = 4
= Wn = 0.6 x 5 = 3.
MP = e (3/4) x 3.14
= 0.094 x 100 = 9.4%
(2) A unity feed back system has on open loop T.F. G(S) = K .
S ( S+10)
Determine the value of K so that the system has a damping factors of 0.5 For this value of K
determine settling time, peak over shoot & time for peak over shoot for unit step i/p
LCS
The error co-efficient Kp, Kv, & Ka describes the ability of the system to eliminate the steady
state error therefore they are indicative of steady state performance. It is generally described to
increase the error co-efficient while maintaining the transient response within an acceptable
limit.
PROBLEMS;
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C(s) = 5 S(S+2)+2(S+2)-
S 2
= 5 S2 +2S+2S+4—
3 S2(S+2)
2
= 10 (S+1) S2 (S+2)
Find the static error constant and the steady state error of the system when subjected to an i/p
given by the polynomial
R(t) = Po + p1t + P2 t2
2
G(s) = 100 position error co-efficient
S (S+10)
KP = lt G(s) = lt 100 =
S 0 S 0 S (S+10)
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lt 100 x s2 = 0
S 0 S 0 S (S+10) Ka = lt S2 G(S)
R1 R2 R3
+ + ess P0 P1 P2
1+ 10 0 + = +
1+ 10 0
Ess = 0+0.1 P1 + =
The error constants for a non unity feed back system is as follows
(S+2)
G(S).H(S) =
S(S+1) (S+10)
Ka = 0
Static Error:-
50
4. A feed back C.S is described as G(S) =
H(S)=1/s. S (S+2) (S+5)
For unit step i/p,calculate steady state error constant and errors.
Kp = lt G(S) H(S) = 50
lt =
2
S (S+2) (S+5)
Kv = lt G(S) H(S) = 50 x S
lt =
2
S (S+2) (S+5)
Ka = lt G(S) H(S) = lt S2 x 50 50
S 0 S = = 5 Page 79
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Control Systems
Determine steady state error co-efficient and also determine the value of K to limit the steady to
10 units due to i/p r(t) = 1 + 10 + t 20/2 t2.
Kp = lt G(S) H(S) = lt 50
S 0 S =
2
0 S (S+20) (S+30)
Kv = lt S K
S 0 S2 (S+20) (S+30) =
Ka = lt S2 K K
2
S 0 S (S+20) (S+30) 600
3) The open loop T.F. of a unity feed back system is given by G(S) = K . where,
S(1+ST)
T&K are constants having + Ve values.By what factor (1) the amplitude gain be reduced so
that (a) The peak overshoot of unity step response of the system is reduced from 75% to 25%
(b) The damping ratio increases from 0.1 to 0.6.
Solution: G(S) = K .
S(1+ST)
Let the value of damping ratio is, when peak overshoot is 75% & when peak
overshoot is 25%
Mp = .
e 1- 2
ln 0. 75 = . 0.0916 = .
1- 2 1- 2
k .
2
S+S T .
w.k.t. T.F. = G(S) = 1+ K . = K .
1+ G(S) . H(S) S + S2 T 2
S + S T+K
T.F. = K / T .
2
S + S + K.
T T
Wn = K . , 2 Wn = 1 .
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T T
Let the value of K = K 1 When = 1 & K = K 2 When = 2.
Since 2 Wn = 1 . , = 1 . = 1 .
T 2TWn 2 KT
1 .
1 . = 2 K1T = K2 .
2 1 K1
2
K2T
0.091 = K2 . K2 . = 0.0508
0.4037 K1 K1
K2 = 0.0508 K1
4) Find all the time domain specification for a unity feed back control system whose open loop
T.F. is given by
G(S) = 25 .
S(S+6)
Solution:
25 .
G(S) = 25 . G(S) . = S(S+6) .
S(S+6) 1 + G(S) .H(S) 1 + 25 .
S(S+6)
= 25 .
2
S + ( 6S+25 )
W2 n = 25 , Wn = 5, 2 Wn = 6 = 6 . = 0.6
2x5
Wd = Wn 1- 2 = 5 1- (0.6)2 = 4
tr = - , = tan-1 Wd = Wn = 0.6 x 5 = 3
Wd
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5) The closed loop T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by
Solution:
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2Wn = 10 = 10 . = 0.408.
2 x 12.25
7) Fig shows a mechanical system and the response when 10N of force is applied to the system.
Determine the values of M, F, K,.
x(t)inmt
K
f(t) 0.00193
The T.F. of the mechanical system is ,
0.02
X(S) = 1 .
M F(S) MS2 + FS = K
f(t) = Md2 X + F dX + KX
F x dt2 dt
2
F(S) = (MS + FS + K) x (S)
1 2 3 4 5
Given :- F(S) = 10
S.
X(S) = 10 .
S(MS2 + FS + K)
SX (S) = 10 .
MS2 + FS + K
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0.744 = . 0.5539 = 2 .
1 - 2 1 - 2
0.5539 – 0.5539 2 = 2
= 0.597 = 0.6
tp = = .
Wd Wn( 1 – )
2
Sx(S) = 10/ M .
(S2 + F S + K )
M M
Solution:
C(t) = 1+0.2e-60t –1.2e-10t
Taking L.T., C(S) = 1 . + 0.2 . – 1.2 .
S S+60 S+10
C(S) . = 600 / S .
S2 + 70S + + 600
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C(S) . = 600 / S .
R(S) S2 + 70S + + 600
10) The C.S. shown in the fig employs proportional plus error rate control. Determine the
value of error rate const. Ke, so the damping ratio is 0.6 . Determine the value of settling
time, max overshoot and steady state error, if the i/p is unit ramp, what will be the value
of steady state
K1 1 . + C
S(1+S)
K2S
C . = K1 .
2
R S + ( 1 + K2 ) S + K1
Wn2 = K1 Wn = K1
2Wn = 1 + K 2 = 1 + K 2
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2 K1
Wd = Wn (1 - 2 ) Wn = 9.5 . = 10.96 rad/Sec
(1 – 0.52 )
K1 = (10.96)2 = 120.34
2Wn = 1 + K2 , K2 = 9.97
MP = . = 16.3%
e (1 - 2 )
ts = 4 . = 4 . = 0.729 sec
Wn 0.5 x 10.97
The open loop T.F. of a unity feed back system can be written in two std, forms;
ess (Position) = 1 . = 1. = 1 .
1 + G(O) . H(O) 1 + K 1 + Kp
. .
. Kp = lt G(S) . H(S) = lt
K . = K S 0 S
0 S+1
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ess (Velocity) = 1 . = 1 . =
Kv 0
Kv = lt G(S) . H(S) = lt S K . =0
S 0 S0 S+1
ess (acceleration) = 1 . = 1 . =
Ka 0
Ka = lt S2 G(S) . H(S) = lt S2 K . = 0.
S 0
S 0 S+1
ess (Position) = 1 . = 0
1 +
Kp = lt G(S) . H(S) = lt K . =
S 0 S 0 S( S + 1)
Kv = lt S K. = K
S 0 S(S+1)
ess (Velocity) = 1 .
K
ess (acceleration) = 1 . = 1 . =
0 0
Ka = lt S2 K . = O.
S 0 S (S + 1)
3) Type 2 –System :- If, n = 2, the ess to various std, i/p, are , G(S) = K .
S2 (S + 1)
Kp = lt K . =
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Control Systems
S O S2 (S + 1)
.
. . ess (Position)
= 1 . = O
Kv = lt S K . =
S O S2 (S + 1)
.
. . ess (Velocity) = 1 . = O
2
Ka = lt S K . = K.
S O S2 (S + 1)
.
. . ess (acceleration) = 1 .
K
Recommended Questions
1. Define and classify time response of a system.
2. Mention the Standard Test Input Signals and its Laplace transform
3. The open loop T.F. of a unity feed back system is given by G(S) = K . Where,
S(1+ST)
T&K are constants having + Ve values.By what factor (1) the amplitude gain be reduced so that
(a) The peak overshoot of unity step response of the system is reduced from 75% to 25% (b)
The damping ratio increases from 0.1 to 0.6.
4. Find all the time domain specification for a unity feed back control system whose open loop
T.F. is given by
G(S) = 25 .
S(S+6)
5. The closed loop T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by
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Control Systems
R
K1 1 . + C
S(1+S)
K2S
Page 90