__19 Design and Construction of Gravity Dams 19.1. Definition, etc. A gravity dam has been defined as a structure which is designed in such a way that its own weight resists the external forces. This type of a structure is most durable and solid, and/requires very little maintenance. Such a dam may be constructed of masonry or concrete. However, concrete gravity dams are preferred these days and mostly constructed, They can be constructed with ease on any dam site, where there eXists a natural foundation strong enough to bear the enormous weight of the dam. Such a dam is generally straight in plan, although sometimes, it may be slightly curve. The line of the upstream face of the dam, or‘the line of the crown of the dam if the upstream face in sloping, is taken as the reference line for layout purposes, etc, and is known as the Base line of the dam or the ‘Axis of the Dam’, When suitable conditions are available, such dams car be constructed up to great heights. The highest gravity dam in the world is Grand 6m fe Dixence Dam in Switzerland (284m), _pMoxwi. i followed by Bhakra dam in India (226 —*——“E-| m); both are of concrete gravity type. Upstream face The ratio of base width to height of all ay be vertical these structures is less than 1: 1. ing Drainage gallery Slanting face Vertical face 19.2, Typical Cross-section A typical cross-section of a con- crete gravity dam is shown in Fig. 19.1, The upstream face may by kept throughout vertical or partly slanting for some of its length, as shown. A drainage gallery is provided in order to relieve the uplift pressure exerted by the seeping water. Heel Fig. 19.1:,A typical cross-section of aconcrete gravity dam, 19.3. Forces Acting on Gravity Dam ‘The various external forces acting on a gravity dam may be: (1) Water Pressure (2) Uplift Pressure (8) Pressure due to earthquake forces (4) Silt Pressure (5) Wave Pressure (6) Ice Pressure (7) The stabilising force is the weight of the dam itself.756 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Shear stress at toe = Tp = Pu(toe) tan a = — 60.3 x 0.7 = - 42.21. kKN/m? ; which is < 420 (safe) stresses at heel remain critical in this 1st case. Casé IL. When the reservoir is full Horizontal earthquake moving towards the reservoir causing upstream ac- celeration, and thus producing horizontal forces towards downstream is considered, as it is the worst case for this condition. Similarly, a vertical earthquake moving downward and thus, producing forces upward, iv. subtractive to the weight of the dam is considered. ‘The uplift coefficient C is taken as equal to 0.6, as given in the equation, and thus uplift pressure diagram as shown in Fig. 19.20 (c), is developed. > 2 a6oKnim} 450) I 60kN/m 60thexB60~ > |kNIm>| 60% x60 516 kNIm2 uz cn = 36KN/m? -——_—_—2>—_. Fig. 19.20 (c) Reservoir full case, ‘The various forces acting in this case are : (i) Hydrostatic pressures P and P’. (ii) Hydrodynamic pressure P,. (P,’ is neglocted as it is very small and neglec- tion is on conservative side.) (iii) Uplift forces U; and Up (iv) Weight of the dam, Wy, Wo and W3. (v) Horizontal inertial earthquake forces acting towards downstream, equal to 0.1 Wy, 0.1 We and 0.1 Ws at cgs. of these weights W;, Wo and W, respectively. (vi) A vertical force equal to 0.05 W or (0.05 EVj) acting upward. Calculation of P, P, and the moment due to this hydrodynamic force is calculated, and then all the forces and their moments are tabulated in Table 19.2 (6).pose AND CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVITY DAMS 753 Total width By required is known from Equuition [19.29 (b)] and the increase required on u/s (X) is also known from equation |19.30 (b)]. The increase required on d/s can be worked out as equal to (By - By ~ X3). All the remaining strips are designed in this way till the base of the dam is reached. Example 19.2. Fig. 19.20 (a) shows the section of a gravity dam MW. built of concrete. Examine the stability of this section at the baSe. The earthquake forces may be taken as equivalent to 0.1 g for horizontal forces and 0.05 g for vertical forces. The uplift may be taken as equal to the hydrostatic pressure at the either ends and is considered to act over 60% of the area of the section. A tail water depth of 6 m is assumed to be present when the reservoir is full and there is no tail water when the reservoir is empty. tm) Ee 69, Also indicate the values of ™ various kinds of stresses that. are Fig. 19.20(a) developed at heel and toe. Assume the unit wt. of concrete as 24 kN/m® ; and unit wt. of water = 10 kN/m3. Solution. The stability analysis shall be carried out for both the cases, i.e. (1) Reservoir Empty, and (2) Reservoir Full. Case (1) Reservoir Empty. Consider 1 m longth of the dam. When the reservoir is empty, the various forces are worked out in Table 19.2 (a) with reference to Fig. 19.20 (b). Horizontal earthquake forces acting towards pe 30m Earth quake X inertia torce kW LW, Fig. 19.20 (b). Reservoir empty case.740 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Assume weight of concrete = 23.5 kN/m’; and unit length of dam, Allowable stress in concrete may be taken 2500 kN/m? Solution, Assuming y, = 9.81 kN/m? : ; the various forces acting on the dam are drawn in Fig, 19.12 (6), ope é 4m b— 7848 Ftp Sem20 ———] $8 9m? s008bnim4 [EES Eid nts a ‘ TT geive= TuH=9-81x60 Us, Tall Stu HYwH) 58:9kN/m* = TRGB KN/mn™ 186 =981[6 + $(80- 6)]=300-8 kn/m? KN|m? Fig. 19.12 () Consider 1 m length of the dam. ‘The various forces and their moments about the toe are then calculated and tabulated in Table 19.1. From this table, we have Distance of resultant from the toe =M _7,77,639 kN +m . @)= Sy = 43050 KN = 18:06 m Becentricity =e = 59 - 18.06 = 28 - 18.06 =9.94 m Vertical stress p, is given as : ZVI, Se Pore [: * | 43,050 KN[, , 6x 9.94 Po=" 56m 56 68.8 (1 + 1.065)Pasion AND CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVITY DAMS 739 ‘The equation for , derived above for the element at the toe is also applicable to the element at the heel. The equation at the heel is, therefore, given as : 1 = Cat heel = Py * Sec? — (p + p,) tan? > (19.19) where @ is the angle which the u/s face makes with vertical. But at the heel, the pressure of water p is always more than a, and hence, p will be the minor principal stress at the heel. Shear stress on the horizontal plane near the toe. A shear stress t will act on the face CA on which the vertical stress is acting. Resolving all the forces (Fig. 19.11 (6)) in the horizontal direction, we get o-drsina-p'-ds-cosa=ty-db or 6 (db « cos @) sin & ~p’ (dd - sin a) cos 0 =) + db or 6 - sin 0 cos a—p' sin a. cos «= 't9 or To =(0-p’) sin a cos @ Substituting the value of o from equation (19.17), we get to =[ By S60" =p tan? G~p']sin a cos a t= [po sec” a —p’ (1 + tan? 2) | sin cos a= [we =p’) sec” a] sin ct cos @ or = [ey =p’) sec? a sin a - cos a or 1=()—p)) tana (19.20) Neglecting tail water, shear stress is given by To=py tana su [19.20 (a)] If the effect of hydrodynamic pressure produced. by an earthquake moving towards the reservoir, is also considered, the equation for shear stress.on a horizon- tal plane near the toe becomes, ~ t0=[Po- @' ~pe)] tan a -(19.21) Similarly, shear stress at heel = 0 heel) = [Pu ~ (@ + P¢)] tan 6 ~ve sign shows that the direction is reversed. Example 19.1. Fig. 19.12 (a) shows the section of a gravity dam (non-overflow por- tion) built of concrete. Calculate (neglecting earthquake effects) @ The maximum vertical stresses at the heel and toe of the dam. (ii) The major principal stressiat the toe of the dam: RL+205.0._ (iit) The intensity of shear stress on a horizontal plane near the toe. , Tail water RL=21-0- Fig. 19.12 (a)\ DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVITY DAMS . pass through the inner third point when the Yeservoir is empty and no tension will develop at toe. . Design of II Strip. It shall be designed on the same lines on which 1st strip has been designed. . 767 Corrected weight of 1st strip =24x1 [eee] + 3,8 = 1.2 x 117.53 x 3.8 = 5370 KN. Weight of water resting on the ws face of first strip =10- [asa x 0.87 + 3x 3.8 x oat] = 3.7 (88.2 + 1.9] = 383 kN Total corrected weight at the base of Ist strip W, = 61,670 + 5370 +383 = 67,423 KN. Say 67,420 kN. Depth of II strip =y2=4.0 m. Approximate base width Bg’ of the bottom of II strip 56.8 0.37 = 60.4 + oe x 404 55x 4.0 = 60.4 + 2.58 + 0.39 = 63.37 ; say 63.4 m. Approximate weight of II strip ~24 1 [S045 O84) 4 940 aN Approximate weight of water resting on the w/s face of II strip, if the u/s slope given to 1st strip is extended in the IT strip = [=a x 0.39| 10=370 kN Hence, the total approximate weight of dam and water at base of IL strip = Wg = 67,420 + 5940 +370 =78,7830kN The corrected base width Bg at bottom of II strip - HB f Awa By = \\10X005] , , 107 (96) \ 3000 4x (73,730)? = ¥2,949 (1 + 0.39) 4 V4,100 = 64.0 m. Now Xz is obtained from the equation [19.30 )I, ie. Yw "Ss -y2 2 [353 ~ B3 + 6Xq (By + Bg) + 2BoBs] Yw +X, Ta "H+ Hel (28g ~ 8X5] — Wwe 766 @ gol IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Weight of water resting on the ws face =10x1 fis *083+5 «88x 0.23 J = 10 x 0.38 x 20.5 = 67.7; say 68 KN. t of dam and water at top of 1st strip, ie. at base of small dam = Wy = 61,600 + 68 = 61,668 kN 3 Say.61670 kN Total approximate weight of dam and water at base of Ist strip We = 61,670 + App. weight of 1st strip 1,670 + 5320 = 66,990 kN. The correct base width Ba, ses within the allowable limits Total weight which shall keep the maximum compressive stres- is given by equation (19.29 (a)], ie. TH 7 wR Ye i f 4W3 By= where Hy = 92 m , Wo = 66,990 kN f= 3000 kN/m?, and y, = 10 kN/m3, Substituting, we get 3 ope Bo= 10 x (92) L+ 10° - (92) 3000 4x (66,990) = V2596 (1.4) = V3,634 = 60.4 m. Now let us find out the projection Xo of base By on the w/ side. It is given by equation [19.30 (a), ie. “S, woe [3BE-B3+ 6X (By + By) + 2B;B2] Xs Bo- eH a, Hl (28 ak) -W,] 2B where y; = 3.8m By =57.13m, By =60.4m Hy = 88.2 m, Hp=92m W, = 61,670 kN Substituting, we get 102-4358 15 (57.13)? - (60.4)? + 6Xp (67.18 + 60.4) +2. 57.18 x 604) - wx [88.2 + 92} [2 x 60.4 - 8X] - 61,670 S04 SELB xa] 0. or 3.8 (9,780 — 3,640 + 705X2 + 6,900] - 10X2[1,815 -— 45X9) ~ 61,670 (1.099) =0 or 4.960 + 268K, - 1,815X, + 45X3 - 6,720 + 6,167X =0 or 45X3 + 4,620Xp - 1,760 = 0 Solving this equation, we get Xp = 0.37 m (say). Hence, out of 60.4 m base width at base of 1st strip,’0.37 m shall be provided on ws side as shown in Fig. 19.21 (b). This will ensure that the resultant shallDESIGN AND CONSTRUGTION.OF GRAVITY DAMS ve & below the M.W.L. The section of this portion of dam is shown in Fig. 19.21 (a), RL of top=2030m 882m 633m RL. 118m) oasnrpt ——— | Fig. 19.21 (a). Low dam portion from RL. 260 to RL 111.8. Design of the Dam from RL 111.8 m to RL 100 m Let us divide this length of 11.8 m into 3 strips. Let the depth of the I strip be 3.8 m and the depths of I] and III strips be 4.0 m each, Design of the Ist strip Consider 1 m length of the dam. Weight of dam section up to RL 111.8 m. . weight of low dam) =24x1 [2 x 8.8 x 0.33 + 63.3 x 0.33 +}4+56.8x88.2+3%5.18 +7 809x5.18] = 24 [1.5 + 20.9 + 2,505 + 15.54 20.8) = 24 [2,563.7] = 61,600 kN. Approximate width of bottom of Ist strip (say By’) is obtained by drawing a horizontal line at RL 108 m and by producing the al- ready provided d/s face and ws face of low dam, as shown in Fig. RL=11-8m [It al 19.21 (6). RL=1080 56.8 loan —f2us Be =57.18 + 385 x38 fe ee a = Corrected = 97.13 + 245 =69.58m corrected Fig. . Approximate weight of Ist strip 'e- 19.21 (b) = 24x1 [Stszsose - eS 58). 3.8 = 24 x 58.35 x 3.8 = 5320 kN764 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Example 19.4. Design a concrete gravity dam for the following data : Maximum allowable compressive stress in concrete = 3000 kN/m*. 200.0 m. Maximum reservoir level RLL. of bottom of dam Specific gravity of concrete Unit wt. of water 0 Solution. The practical profile of dam will have a freeboard of about say 3 to 4% of dam height. Use 3 m as freeboard. The freeboard cannot be calculated as the wave height, ete. are not given. ‘The R.L. of the top of the dam = 200.0 + 3.0 = 203.0 m. ‘The height of the low gravity dam mee cea eas Bq. 19.26) In this question, f= 3000 KN/m? (i.c, 30 kg/em?) ‘Yw = 10 KN/m?® } S,=24 3000 _ E | Hy= Wp gary 82m < Height of dam. ‘Therefore, it is a high gravity dam. Hence, the dam from RL 200.0 m to RL 200 ~ 88.2 = 111.8 m shall be designed as a low gravity dam, and the remaining bottom height of the dam from RL 111.8 m to 100.0 m shall be designed on the principles of high gravity dam. Design of low dam between RL 200.0 m to RL 111.8 Assection for this dam can be chosen as per the provisions of Fig. 19.16. F nN ze 88.2 _ ‘Top width required =a=‘V5-og = Viggg = 126.9 = Base width required = 42 = 58-2 ~ 56.8 m. 18m ‘The upstream projection from the vertical face required a _5.18 = T6716 = 0-33 m (say) Total base width (Bj) provided = 56.8 + 0.33 = 57.13 m. ‘The ws. batter starts at a depth of 2a VS, = 2% 5.18 x V2.4 = 16.1 m. from below the M.W.L. and it'ends at a depth of 3.1a VS, =3.1x5.18 V2.4 = 24.9 m808 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Example 20.1. An earth dam made of a homogeneous material has the follow- ing data : Coefficient of permeability of dam material Level of top of dam Level of deepest river bed HLEL. of feservoir Width of the top of dam Upstream slope Downstream slope 5x10" 4 cm/sec. 200.0 m. 178.0 m 197.5 m. 45m. 8: =B Determine the phreatic line for this dam section and the discharge passing through the dam. Solution, Taking the focus (F) at the d/s toe of the dam as the origin, the equation of the base parabola is given by Vx? +y" =x +S O3HB=175m HL Ru=1975m_A 8 RL=2000m Be 114-5m. Fig. 20.17 where S is the distance of the point (x, y) from the directrix, called focal distance. Select the point A, in such a way that AB =0.3 HB or AB = 0.3 58.5 =17.5 m. Plot the point A at a distance 17.5 m from B (Fig. 20.17). This is the start-point of the parabola. Now the coordinates of the point A w.r.t. to F as origin are (73.5 m, 19.5 m), Substituting these ordinates in the equation of the base parabola, we get : (73.5) + (19.5) = 73.5 +8. or S=2.64 m. ‘The vertex (C) of the base parabola shall be situated at a distance equal to 5 oF 1.27 m from F, beyond the d/s toe of the dam, as shown in Fig. 20.17, | A few more coordinates of the base parabola at known distances (x) are worked out in table 20.4 using, ' Payton? + 8? 4 2x8 or y = S74 2x8OL 770 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Portion of dam shown in 11g19-210) RL 8m, S713 — RL.108-0m [}-O'37M st strip + 604m 045m IInd strip RL1040m Fig. 19.21 (0) -~ CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVITY DAMS 19.11. Diversion Problem in Dams Construction Before the actual construction of a dam can start in a river channel, the water of the river channel must be temporarily diverted. It is advantageous to schedule the construction of the lower portion of the dam during normal periods of low flow so,as to minimise the diversion problem. The diversion of river water can be accomplished in either of the following two ways : __ @ Provision of a Diversion Tunnel. If geological and topographical condi- tidns are favourable, a diver- sion tunnel or a diversion open \ Biversion tunnel or channel maybe constructed to jversion, channel carry the entire flow around the dam site as shown in Fig. 19.22. The area in which con- struction work has to take place, is closed by coffer-dams. ‘The diversion tunnel or chan- nel will start from upstream of the upstream coffer-dam and ral i . U/S Cofferdam DJS Cotter-dam will join the river again on the PLAN downstream of the downstream coffer-dam, as Fig 2.22 shown in Fig, 19.22. Gi) By constructing the dam in two stages. The dam is sometimes con- structed in two stages. In such a case, the flow is, first of all, diverted and confined to one side of the channel by con- structing a semi-circular type of a ed tow coffer-dam as shown in Fig. 19.23. wwe The construction work can be taken River, v/s Ss. up in the water- free zone. When Bi. Rese cet the work on the lower portion of the 4 Construction dam on half of its length in one side o of the channel gets completed, the Fig. 19.23DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVITY DAMS 7b, Hence, the total approximate weight of dam and water at base of IIT strip = Wy = 73,980 + 6280 + 442 = 80,620 kN The corrected base width B, at the bottom of III strip is given by where f= 3000 kN/m? Hy= 100m W, = 80,620 KN. B, = ¥10xa00)8], , 10” x (100)* 4 = 1+ 3 3000 4 x (80620) = ¥8,335 [1 + 0.385] = V3,385 (1.585) = V4,620 = 68.0 m. Now X; is obtained from the equation “S,- to 5e-73/ an} - BE + 6X, By + By) - 2B5B,] ae _ ip eta, 2x4)- We] 45 where y3 = 4.0m -a- By=64.0m, B, Hg=96m, -Hy=100m Ws ',390 tonnes, Substituting, we get 10x24 4.07 5 (64.0)2 - (68.0)? +6 X; (64.0 + 68.0) +2 64.0% 68.0] e ime [98 + 100) 268.0 - x4] 78,900 [seogeee -x- 0 or 4 [12,288 — 4,624 + 792K, + 8.704] - 10X412,220 - 49X4) ~ 73,900 [1.83 -X;] =0 or 65,470 + 3170X, ~ 22,200X, + 490X3 - 98,530 + 73,900X, = 0 or 6,547 + B17x4 ~ 2,220X, + 49X4 - 9,853 + 7,390X,=0 or 49X] + 5,487X, — 3,406 = 0 or X} + 112X,- 69.5 =0 Solving, we get X4 = 0.62 m: Hence, out of base width of 68.0 m, at the base of II strip, 0.62 m shall be provided on the w/s side, and the remaining shall be provided on Ws side as shown in Fig. 19.21 (c). The design of all the bottom strips is shown in Fig. 19.21 (c).Ave IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 0:4m, Bz=64.0m Hy=92m, H3=96m Wo = 6,742 tonnes, and y,, = 10 kN/m® Substituting, we get 7 10xedx 40/5 (60.4)? - (64.0)? + 6 - X3 (60.4 + 64.0) +2 + 60.4x 64.0] - a [92 +96] [264.0 - ax,]-67,420 [seozses = x| =0 0.4 [10,920 ~ 4,100 +747 Xg + 7,750] - Xg12010 - 47Xg] = 6,742 [1.20 — X3] = 0. or 5,828 + 299X, ~ 2,010Xs + 47X3 ~ 8,091 + 6,742X, =0 or ATX3 + 5,031X3 — 2,263 = 0 or X3 + 107X, -48.2=0 Solving this equation, we get, Xj = 0.45 m Hence, out of 64.2 m of base width the the base of II strip, 0.45 m shall be provided on v/s side as shown in Fig. 19.21 (c). Design of last, i.e. third strip Corrected weight of II strip 60.4 + 64, 2 =24x1 4.0 5960 10 Weight of water resting on the w/s face of II strip = ro[o2 KOAB YEA x o45)- 500 KN. Total corrected weight at the base of II strip We = 67,420 + 5980 + 500 = 78,000 kN Depth of IIT strip = 4.0 m. Approximate base width B,’ at the bottom of III strip 56.8 _ = 64.0 + FP 4.0 + 0.45 = 64.0 + 2.58 + 0:45 = 67.03 m. Approximate weight of III strip = 24x 1 [4958708 4.0 020 kN Approximate weight of water resting on the ws face of III strip if the u/s slope given to II strip is extended in III strip =10 me x oa] 442. KN826 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Horizontal foree Pz acting on the portion of downstre steady seepage is given by equation (20.35) as : am dam (RTS) during ph? °),, Pye tan? 45°- 5+ Yo a 15 the weighted density at the centre of the whore Yp 3s the Whar shoulder R7S and given by equation (20.36) as : Youd ha + Yay ( ~ ha) h 12 x 12.5 + 18 x (22.0 - 12.5) 22. .0 = = 14.6 KN/m® 2 Pg= SOE tan? 450-2 +961 2250 - 2200 kN = 148 : Shear resistance Rg of the d/s slope portion of dam developed at base 7S is. given as: Ry=C+Wtand ‘The area A, of the dry soil within the A RTS above the seepage line ~ 300 sq. m (from graph or planimeter). The total area of the ARTS =1x 44 x22 = 484 m? z. Area of submerged soil Ag 484 ~ 300 = 184 sq.m Ra=cBa+ [Vary Ar + Youn Aa] tan ¢ = 24 x 44.0 + [18 x 300 + 12 x 184] tan 25° = 4604 kN, F-S. against horizontal shear along base under d/s slope Average shear induced at base _ Pa _ 2200 “By 44 Maximum shear stress induced = 50 kN/m? Tnax = 1.4 x 50 = 70 KN/m* ‘The maximum shear stress is developed at a point 0.6 By = 0.6 x 44 = 26.4 m away from'toe ‘This unit shear resistance developed at this point p= 0+ 0.6h You tan > (assuming the entire height as submerged as it will give safer results) = 24 + 0.6 x 22 x 12 tan 25° = 97.9 kN/m2 Fs, =f 919 maz 70 7p = 140>13N DAMS AND ROCK FILL DAMS 825 Horizontal force (P,,) acting on the AGMN is given by equation (20.27) as : 2 Yate an? hy 2 [sa 45-9) where y, = the weighted density at the centre of tri- angular shoulder upstream (AGMN) and is given by equation (20.28) as : Youd * 1 + Vary (h hy) n= h = 12x 13.9 + 18 (22.0 ~ 13.9) 22.0 =14.7kN/m? 2 0" 3. MAT 02." tan? 45° -23"|+9.81 G82). 2391 KN Py Shear resistance R,, of the ws slope portion of dam developed at the base | GN is given by equation (20.29) as : R,=C+Wtang =e (By x 1) + (igus 2 By, h) tan ; neglecting the small dry soil area © Bu 2) (hous 3 Buh) tan 0 is very small and this neglection is on a safer side. B,=66m Ry, = 24 x 66 + (12 - 3 - 66 - 22.0) tan 25° = 1584 + 4062 = 5646 kN Factor of safety against horizontal shear along base under u/s slope Ry _ 564¢ . = B= pgai = 236? 20 (+. safe) Horizontal shear stress induced in the ws slope portion of dam at base. Py _ 2391 22 2 oo = Bex T = 6B WN/? = 96.23 N/m ‘max = Maximum shear A Tqy = Ld x 36.23 = 50.72 N/m? ok ‘The maximum shear is developed at a point 0.6 By = 0.6 x 66 = 39.6 m away from point G ‘The unit shear resistance developed at this point y=c + 0.6 Yeup tan > = 24 + 0.6 x 22.0 x 12 tan 26° = 97.9 kN/m? rs, --t =193>1 (o. safe) Tas 50.72 (3) Stability of d/s portion of dam. Horizontal shear along base under the d/s slope of dam. : Draw a vertical through the d/s extremity of the top width of dam (i.e. point R) to cut the base at point T (Fig. 20.29 (a)]. Let this vertical cut the seepage line in a point, the height of which from the base is measured as /ty = 12.5 m.824 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES RL 2000 RL 1975 A 8 ute ' RL. 1780 2 ah hy-Be| Em Gio ‘Le ML i V; (Pt of max shear) 145m Fig. 20.29 (a) 2 The total area of dam section = (114.5 + 4.5) ot = 1,409 sq.m ‘The area above the seépage line is measured and is approximately found to be * 80 m®, (In the absence of a planimeter, graph can be used). .. Area below the seepage line = 1,409 - 380 = 1,029 sq. m Now Weight of the dry portion of the dam section = (880 m? x 1m x 18 KN/m® = 6830 KN. Weight of the submerged portion of the dam section = 1029 m?x 1 mx 12 kN/m! = 12,350 kN ‘Total weight of dam (called average weight) ~ = 6,830 + 12,350 = 19,180 kN Shear resistance of the dam at the base =C+Wtano where C= Total cohesive strength of the soil at the base = cxBx1=(24x 114.5 x I) kN B= Total base width = 114.5 m W tan 6 = 19,180 tan 25° . Shear resistance’at base, R= 24% 114.5 x 1+ 19180 tan 25° = 11690 kN Horizontal force = Horizontal pressure of water. =P=ly,h?=}-9.81 (19.5)? = 1865 kN Factor of safety against failure due to horizontal shear at base 11690 _ . = [ag 7 :27> 1.3 (/. Safe) (2) Stability of the u/s slope portion of dam (Under sudden drawdown) horizontal shear along the base under the u/s slope of dam Draw a vertical through the w/s.extremity of the top width of dam [ie. point M, Fig. 20.29 (a)] so as to cut the base of the dam at point N. This vertical MN cuts the seepage line at a point, the height of which is measured as h, = 13.6 m above the base of the dam.& EARTHEN DAMS AND ROCK FILL DAMS ee Hence, overall factor of safety = ea : (20.47) a ‘This should be greater than 1.5. ‘The factor of safety at the point of maximum shear (i.e. the point V;) must also be calculated as below : The unit shear resistance at this point Vy = Tmax) = Cf + Y4 (hig + 0.6h) tan of where 74 is the equivalent weight of soil in dam and foundation and is given by _ px Ag + Yam (0.6 ) “= aE) TOR) (20,48) The dry or submerged unit weights may be used as explained earlier, in the above equation. FS. = Factor of safety at the point of maximum shear y = een (20.49) This should be greater than unity. Example 20.4. An earthen dam made of homogeneous material has the follow- ing data : Level of the top of the dam Level of deepest river bed 200.00 m 178.0 HLEL. of reservoir - = 197.5 m Width of top of dam 4.5m Upstream slope 1 Downstream slope =2:1 Length of the horizontal filter from d/s toe, inwards = 25 m Cohesion of soil of dam =24kN/ m? 54 kN/ m? Cohesion of soil of foundation Angle of internal friction of soil in the dam = 25° Angle of internal friction of soil in the foundation = 12° Dry weight of the soil in the dam = 18 kN/m? Submerged weight of the soil in the dam 12 kN/m Dry unit weight of the foundation soil = 18.3 kN/m? Coefficient of permeability of soil in the dam = 5 x 10~§ m/sec. The foundation soil consists of 8 m thick layer of clay, having negligible coeffi- cient of permeability. Check the stability of the dam and its foundations. Solution. (1) Overall stability of the dam section as a whole . We will consider 1 m length of the dam. The section of the dam and the phreatic line is first of all drawn, as given in example 20.3 and shown in Fig. 20.29 (a). The dam section, ete. is generally drawn on a graph sheet so as to facilitate in measur- ing the areas above and below the seepage line, if planimeter is not available.oe Irrigation Engineering Exams 18.2 (a) Draw uplift pressure diagram for a dam holding 50 m water depth oy upstream vertical face, top and botiom width 10 m and 30m respectively. Uplift may be considereg to be acting on 60% of the area of section. Tail water depth is 5 m. (b) Also if there is a drainage gallery at 6 m from face. Solution. (a) Uplift at heel = 50 x 0.6 = 30 m Uplift at toe = 5 x 0.6 = 3.0 m’ Pressure diagram is shown in Fig. 18.20. 10, i 30.9] Fig. 18.20, Uplift pressure diagram, Fig. 18.20(0) Uplift pressure visgram with drainage gale (b) Uplift at drainage gallery line = 3.0 + 1/3 (30.0 - 3.0) = 12.0 m. Pressure diagram is indicated in Fig. 18.20(a). Exampce 18.3 Determine free board for a dam holding a reservoir with FRL 146.3 m, maximum wind velocity 140 kar/h. D 735° HEL ‘contour G.L.112.00 Dancin cine Fig. 18.21 Computation of effective fetch (F) and average depth (D).gravity Dams 583 Solution... Referring to Fig. 18.21. Maximum reservoir fetch (CD) is 11 km. 2, Select a line AB, with A on dam axis and B on FRL contour in Fig. 18.21 to cover the naximom reservoir water spread area within 42° angle on either sides of ine AB. Assume maximum wind velocity acting along BA. Draw 7 rays at 6° interval on either side of AB aid compute effective fetch, as under: Computation of fetch of water along Calculation of effective fetch fetch line C-D SI.No. FRL(m) GL (m) Depth (m) a cosa 2 (km) x) cos @ 1 146.3 1463 0 20783 Aa =30 223 2 146.3, 140.0 63 36 "0.809 Ab = 485 3.92 3 146.3 135.0 13 30 0.866 Ac =365 3.16 4 146.3, 130.0 163 24 0914 Ad =480 439 5 146.3 0 213 18 0951 Ac =550 5.23 6 1463 1200 © 263 12 0978 Af =590 5.7 7 146.3 150313, 6 0995 Ag =60 597 8 Atdam 1120343 0 090 AB =450 4.50 6 0.995 Ag’ =470 4.68 47.1 a a : 12 0978 ar 5.18 Average depth = 147.1/8 = 18.3 m ie Goa ie 4 2% 0914 Ad’ =5.25 4.80 Ex, cosa 68.28 Skm. 30 0.866 Ac’ = 6.20 5,37 Effective fetch = ———— =.= 36 0,809 Ab’ = 655 5.30 oe oe 420.743 Aa’ = 5.10 3.79 03 at = 5103.79 | Ecos a= 13.512 Exy cos 0 = 68.28 3. Wind velocity over water = 140 x 1.27 = 175 km/hr (Refer Table 16.1). 4. Significant wave height (H,) = 2.8 m (From Fig. 16.8). 5. Design wave height (H) = 1.27 x H, = 1.27 x 2.8 = 3.6 m (From Table below). Percentage of waves exceeding specific wave neightH 0.4 2 4 § 43 Ratio = sp. height/significant ht. = (H/Hs) 1.67 1.40 1.27 1.12 1.00 6. W id setup = V"F/6200 D = [(175)? x 11]/62000 x 18.3 = 0.3 m, 7. Computed free board = 1.33 (step 5) + (step 6) = 4.8 + 0.3 = 5.1m 8. Similar calculations are done with reference to MWL for 2/3 wind velocity. 9. Minimum free board, above MWL = 1.0 1a. 10, Top of dam is the height of FRL. + 3.0, MWL + step 8 and MWL + step 9. Out of free board computed 1 m may be provided'as solid parapet. ExampLe 18.4 A concrete gravity dam has maximum water level 305.0 m, bed level 225.0 m, "RL. of dam 309.0 m, dis face slope starts at R.L. 300.0 m, dis slope 2 : 3, tail water is nil ‘ostream face of dam is vertical, centre line of drainage gallery is 8 m d/s of ws face. uplift | Pressure is 100% at heel, 50% at line of gallery and zero at toe, weight of concrete | 24 vin’, Considering only weight, water pressure and uplifi, determine (i) Mavimum vertical esses at the toe and heel of dam, (ii) Major principal stresses at toe of dam, and (ii) Intensity j:% shear stress on a horizontal plane near the toe. Solution. +, Height of dam = 309.0 - 225.0 = 84 m », Depth of water = 305.0- 225.0 = 80myo 828 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Shear resistance of the foundation soil below the d/s slope portion of dam Unit shear resistance ty, below the toe at point Sy = lep+y¥pX hg tan od =54+18.3 x 8x tan 12° ES = 85.1 kKN/m? Unit shear resistance y, at point 7; = ef +g (h + hg) tan oy Yeub for dam X he + Yary for dam X(t ~ ha) + pha, where y= Hh er Pa He fi dan 0 Pe) 8 _ 12x 12.5 + aes 9.5+18.3%8 15 6 EN /m? 2 44, = 54 + 15.6 (22 + 8) x tan 12° = 153.5 kN/m The average unit shear resistance developed at foundation level in a length equal to TS} = 44 m, is given by AT _ 85.1415: camo) 2 Over all F.S. against shear = 119.3 kN/m? (Hence, unsafe) The foundation soil is thus weaker to carry the load and hence the d/s slope will have to be flattened. Shear resistance at the point of maximum shear, i.e. at point V; is given as : Pmax =2p+ (06h +g) Y4 tan oy ; 12 x 4.5 + 18 (0.6 x 22 - 4.5) + 18.3x8 y= PB Xo TA 5) +183 x8 _ 16.5 uN/m? (Pmax = 54 + (0.6 x 22 + 8] 16.8 tan 12° = 129.8 kN/m? Fg. = lAmax _ 129.8 oP tae” 180.4 The foundation shear and F.S. can also be-calculated' below the w/s portion of dam soil, in the same manner as has been done for.d/s slope portion, if required. Example 20.5. Check the stability of the d/s slope of the earthen dam section, given in example 20.4, on a possible slip circle. Determine the factor of safety available against such a slip. Also determine the net factor of safety that will be available, if by some,how, the soil in the d/s triangular shoulder gets fully sub. merged. Also compare this net factor of safety with the factor of safety that can be obtained for similar conditions if the analysis was done by shear force determination at the base of the d/s slope. Solution. The dam section and phreatic line is first of all drawn as shown in Fig, 20.29 (6) and-as given in previous example. The points P and @ are located for Fellenius construction such.as explained earlier ; the line PQ represents the locus of the critical stiprcircle. A possible slip circular are passing through the tes of the dam is then drawn with centre at 0. The soil mass is then divided ints slices of 5 metre width. It is found by chance that full 9 slices of 5 m width are 0.995 < 1.0 (Hence, Unsafe)RTHEN DAMS AND ROCK FILL DAMS 827 ‘ (4) Stability of the foundation soil = ‘Average compressive stress on foundation soil _ Weight of dar Base area on which it acts Since the compressive stress is maximum when the entire dam soil is dry, erefore, we will first calculate the dry weight of the dam. Area of section of dam = 1,409 sq, m (calculated earlier) Dry weight of dam section = 18 x 1,409 = 25,362 kN Average compressive stress at base 25362 =Fhag = 221.5 N/m? shear stress induced at base The total horizontal shear force (P) under the d/s slope of the dam (which. is ithe worst case, i.e. the steepest slope) is given by equation (20.39) as : 2 a? P=%eq [rtgtonet * ‘a. 4s [= («» - a where Yoq_ is the equivalent weight of dry soil in foun- dation and dam _ 18h + 18.3 hg Yea = HF Iig (-." Unit wt. of foundation soil of thickness hg = 18.3 KN/m5] where h = 22m hg= 8m. _ 18x 22+ 18.3x8 i 22+8 61 is given by equation (20.41) as : f+ Yoq (It + hg) tan dy 4 + 18.1 (22 + 8) tan 12° = 18.1 kN/m® or tan $1 = 0.312 or = 17.3° ur 2 _ ogy? P3181 [ 22+ 8-6) | [tan? (45° - 8.65°)] 381 (900 — 64) (0.737)") = 4100 kN Average shear stress induced at base of d/s slope 4100 _ ‘i AO 8 93.2 te /m Maximum shear stress induced at 0.6 x 44 = 26.4 m away from the d/s toe inwards at point V; is given by imax = 1.4 x 93.2 = 130.4 kKN/m?