Directed Numbers H

SERIES

Directed
Numbers

Curriculum Ready

www.mathletics.com
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ISBN 978-1-921861-38-3 

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 Numbers come in all sizes and forms. They can be positive or negative, whole numbers,
fractions or decimals and rational or irrational.

Before you start, investigate these terms and write a brief description about them in the boxes.

Positive and negative numbers:

Whole numbers, fractions and decimals:

Rational and irrational numbers:

is a go!
Give th

Q Calculate the value of: (- 2) 3 + {- 2 + [2 # (2 + 2)]}

Work through the book for a great way to solve this

Directed Numbers H 4 1
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Types of numbers

Natural numbers are all the positive counting numbers "1, 2, 3, ... , .

Integers are all the positive (+) and negative (-) whole numbers (including zero).

Circle all the numbers below that belong to the family known as integers.
(psst!: some of them need to be simplified by calculating their value first)

1 0.42 7
2
13 - 5.0
-1 - 10
5
41
0 2
4
4 5 - 2

- 9
1.19284750219...
5 4 - 16
9.86
- 8
3
36 8
10
- 0.3o -1 3
30
3

Place each of these numbers into their correct group below to classify them.
Irrational numbers can’t be written as a fraction

Rational numbers can be written as a fraction

Integers: the positive and negative whole rational numbers including 0.

Put the special
-1 types of rational
numbers into their
correct group
Natural numbers: the counting rational numbers (not including 0).

2 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 How does it work? Directed Numbers

Measuring instruments and integers

There are many applications for directed numbers.

Thermometers are a great example because the temperature can go below zero.
The temperature at midday was 20 degrees Celsius. During the afternoon, the temperature rose 4
degrees before falling 9 degrees in the late afternoon.

(i) Shade in the thermometer showing the late afternoon temperature.

Starting at 20cC , temperature changed + 4cC then- 9cC rose =+ and falling =-

25o
24o
23o
22o + 4cC
21o
Temperature at midday 20cC 20o
19o - 9cC
18o
17o
16o
Temperature by late afternoon 15cC 15
14o
13o
12o
11o
10o
9o
8o
7o
6o
5o
4o
3o
2o
1o
0o

Centigrade
o
C

(ii) What directed number gives the overall change in temperature between the two readings?
Overall change = + 4cC - 9cC
= - 5cC

Digital scales need to use directed numbers to calculate changes in mass.

Use this information to calculate the mass of olives purchased by Maria at her local Deli:

Maria asked for 500 g of olives.

After first weighing 575 g of olives, the Deli owner took out 98 g and then put back 46 g.

The directed number sentence for this is: + 575 g - 98 g + 46 g Increase = + and decrease = -

` Maria purchased + 575 g - 98 g + 46 g = 523 g of olives

If the first term is positive, we usually don't write in the plus sign.

Directed Numbers H 4 3
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Measuring instruments and integers

1 Shade in each thermometer below to accurately display these temperatures:

(i) 11cC (ii) - 5cC (iii) 6cC (iv) 0cC (v) 8cC above zero (vi) 2cC below zero

20o 20o 20o 20o 20o 20o

15o 15o 15o 15o 15o 15o

10o 10o 10o 10o 10o 10o

5o 5o 5o 5o 5o 5o

0o 0o 0o 0o 0o 0o

-5o -5o -5o -5o -5o -5o

-10o -10o -10o -10o -10o -10o

Centigrade Centigrade Centigrade Centigrade Centigrade Centigrade

o
C o
C o
C o
C o
C o
C

2 This thermometer shows a reading of 12cC at the start.

Write the new readings that would be displayed after each of
these changes in temperature: 12 cC
(i) Increases by 3cC cC
30o

25o
(ii) Becomes 8cC cooler cC
20o (iii) Decreases by 13cC cC
cC
15o
(iv) Warms up by 9cC
10o

5o
(v) Rose by 22cC cC
0o
(vi) Dropped 28cC cC
-5o (vii) Decrease by 7cC then increase by 12cC cC
-10o
(viii) Warms by 3cC and then a further 9cC cC
Centigrade

cC
o
C
(ix) Cools 15cC before warming by 19cC

(x) Changes to 0cC before dropping 4cC cC

4 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

INSTRUM
G
Measuring instruments and integers

MEASURIN

EN
TS AND
3 The mass of a glass container with some water in it is shown below:
..../...../20...
IN
TEGERS *

0402 grams

Write down the new reading on the scales after any one of the following changes occurred.

(i) 320 g of water poured into the glass grams

(ii) 212 g of water was spilled out of the glass grams

(iii) 88 g of flavour syrup was stirred in and then 250 g was drunk grams

(iv) A similar glass with the same amount of water was placed on grams
the scales next to this one.

(v) A cup filled with 216 g of water was emptied into the glass and grams
during the day, 7 g evaporated away because the room was hot.

Try this tricky one!

4 A glass container holding cold water below was placed on the digital scales after being moved from
a 24cC room into a 32cC room.
The glass had collected 3 grams of water (through a process called condensation) on the outside for
every 2 degree rise in room temperature.
What was the original mass of the water filled glass if 24 grams of water was spilt during the move?

60o

55o

40o

30o 32cC
20o

10o

0o

Centigrade
o
C
0583 grams

Directed Numbers H 4 5
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Directed Numbers

Magnitude and direction of integers

Integers are positive (+) and negative (-) whole numbers, including zeros.
They tell us the size (magnitude) and direction of values associated with change.

It is important to first decide what will be the positive direction.

+3
-1 • If up ( ) is positive, then the opposite direction down ( ) is negative
• If right ( ) is positive, then the opposite direction left ( ) is negative
• If hotter is positive (+), then the opposite colder is negative (-)
G
EAST, ROW, F INK, REVERSE
SHR ,
TH, OR , BE
R WA ST LO
NO R WE
D,

W,
R,

,
TH
ME

AB

CL
OU
AR

OV

OSE
E, COOLER, S
INCREASE, W

E,

R, LESS, SLOW
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
FURTHER,

EAS
ER,

MOR

CR

ER
OV

E,

DE

,
R,

RE
FA

ST DU
,

E R
GH ER DE CE
EXT HI , DES UN ,
, R,
RA, ASCEND CEND, LOWE

These are some other words usually associated with positive and negative directed numbers

Only negative numbers must have the sign written in front.

Write down the directed number for each of these statements:

(i) 5 degrees below the zero: = - 5c The magnitude of the temperature is 5 degrees

(ii) 30 degrees above the zero: = + 30c The magnitude of the temperature is 30 degrees
= 30c

The positive sign (+) can be hidden

(iii) $12 extra money: = + $12 The magnitude of the money is $12
= $12

The directed number of an amount left after some changes represents the overall change.
One day Matt started with no money and was given $40. He spent $14 of it downloading music.
What is his overall change of money on this day?

The change in money for Matt during this day was: $0 + $40 - $14 = $26 left

` the overall change in money for Matt on this day is +$26 The final directed value = overall change

6 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers
AND DIRE
E

CT
NITUD
Magnitude and direction of integers

ION OF I
MAG
1 For each of these statements, write down:
(i) the directed number that matches it and, (ii) the magnitude of the directed number. ..../...../20...
NT
EGERS *

a The tree in Jamie’s yard grew 3 metres in one year.

(i) Directed number: (ii) Magnitude of the tree’s growth:
The same tree was then trimmed which reduced the height of the tree by 4 metres.
(iii) Directed number: (iv) Magnitude of the reduction in height:

b Aki walked 250 m West from her starting point.

(i) Directed number: (ii) Magnitude of the distance Aki walked:
Aki then turned around and walked another 600 m East
(iii) Directed number: (iv) Magnitude of this distance walked by Aki:

c Sean’s bank account balance earned interest and increased by $4.

(i) Directed number: (ii) Magnitude of Sean's bank balance increase:
Sean’s bank account balance then changed due to being charged $3 in bank fees.
(iii) Directed number: (iv) Magnitude of the change in Sean's bank balance:

2 Think carefully for each of these statements and write down the directed number that matches
the overall change.

a Pip was given $24 and then spent $15 on a dress the same day.
Directed number for the overall change in money that day: +$9
b The temperature initially increased by 6 degrees and then increased by a further 4 degrees.
Directed number for the overall change in temperature:
c Nigel went down 6 rungs on a ladder and then up 2 rungs.
Directed number for the overall change in ladder rungs:
d Cameron's coolness rose by 4 points when he played guitar, and a further 20 points
when he did maths.
Directed number for the overall change in Cameron's coolness after doing both activities:
e Shiromee hiked 12 km North, 2 km East and then 19 km South. North is the positive direction.
Directed number for the overall change in Shiromee's North-South movement:
f Adele's hair grew from 20 cm to 30 cm long at the back. After a hair cut it was only 17 cm long.
Directed number for the overall change in Adele's hair length from the initial 20 cm:

Directed Numbers H 4 7
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Directed Numbers

Ascending and descending order

When comparing directed numbers, it often helps to arrange them into numerical order.

De
sce
ng ndi
endi ng
Asc

Ascending order = lowest to highest Descending order = highest to lowest

Don’t be tricked by the magnitude of a number.

Which of these two values is higher?
4

2cC - 10cC 2cC

3
2
1

- 10cC represents a very cold temperature (below/less than 0cC ) 0

-1

2cC is a cold temperature, however it is (above/greater than 0cC ) -2

-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

` 2cC is a higher value than - 10cC -8

-9

-10cC -10
-11
-12

-10 is a bigger number in magnitude than 2, however the negative sign makes it lower in value Centigrade
o
C

Let’s look at an ascending and descending order example.

For the numbers - 4 , 0 , 14.5 , - 6 , 5.2 , 3 , - 10 , 5.4 :

(i) Arrange them into ascending order

- 10 , - 6 , - 4 , 0 , 3 , 5.2 , 5.4 , 14.5
Lowest negative Highest positive

(ii) Arrange them into descending order

14.5 , 5.4 , 5.2 , 3 , 0 , - 4 , - 6 , - 10 Order is opposite to ascending
Highest positive Lowest negative

8 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

NG AND D
DI E
Ascending and descending order

ASCEN

SC
END
1 Circle the word that represents the order of the values in these statements: ..../...../20.
..
IN
G ORDER *

a Shortest to Tallest Ascending Descending

b Longest to shortest Ascending Descending

c Closest to farthest Ascending Descending

d Warmest to Coolest Ascending Descending

e Heaviest to lightest Ascending Descending

f Thinnest to widest Ascending Descending

2 Arrange the following groups of numbers into ascending order (lowest to highest).

a 14 , 0 , 17 , 3 , , ,

b 21 , 25 , 20 , 19 , 22 , , , ,

c - 10 , - 8 , - 12 , - 4 , - 16 , , , ,

d 2.2 , 2.4 , - 2.6 , 0 , - 2 , , , ,

e - 1 , 11 , 1 , - 1.5 , 1 , 1 , , , , ,
5 4

3 Arrange the following groups of numbers into descending order (highest to lowest).

a 2 , 16 , 5 , 8 , , ,

b 40 , 31 , 32 , 38 , 29 , , , ,

c - 19 , - 11 , - 16 , - 18 , - 13 , , , ,

d 1.6 , 1.9 , - 1.3 , - 1.0 , 1.2 , , , ,

e 0 , - 1 , - 2 1 , - 2.1 , 1.2 , - 30 , , , , ,
4 2

Directed Numbers H 4 9
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Ascending and descending order

Combo Time!

4 Elevator Riding

A department store elevator operator started work on the 3rd floor of the 15 storey building.
For the first 15 minutes of work, the operator travelled to the following floors in the order written:

12 th floor
13 14 15 8 th floor
Ground floor
10 11 12
2nd floor
7 8 9
Ground floor
4 5 6 15 th floor
1 2 3 4 th floor
G >|< >|< 10 th floor
5 th floor

a If up is positive and down is negative, write numbers that represent the movement of the
elevator operator during the first 15 minutes of work.

, , , , , , , ,

b Arrange the directed movements into descending order.

, , , , , , , ,

c During the first 15 minutes, did the operator mostly ascend or descend in the elevator?
Explain you answer.

COMBO TI
*
ME
BO TIME

* COMB

../20...
..../...
OM

TI C
ME *

10 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 How does it work? Directed Numbers

The number line

Directed numbers can be plotted on a number line to instantly see their order of value.

Values decrease (descending) Values increase (ascending)

-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Lower numbers are further left and higher numbers are further right.
Display the numbers -4, -1, 7 on a number line.

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Use the plotted points to compare the values of:

Remember:
(i) -4, -1: -4 is further left than -1, ` - 4 1 - 1 1 means 'less than' and
2 means 'greater than'
(ii) -1, 7: -1 is further left than 7, ` -1 1 7

This example requests numbers to be plotted using a given rule.

Display all the even positive integers between -5 and 13 on a number line.
Even and positive

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Write these numbers in descending order. Read the numbers from right to left ( )

` The numbers in descending order are: 12 , 10 , 8 , 6 , 4 , 2

Half values are plotted by placing the dot half-way between the integers on either side.

Display the numbers 1, - 2, 4 1 , - 5.5, 9, 0 on a number line.

2

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-5.5 is half way between -5 and -6 4 1 is half way between 4 and 5

2

Write these numbers in ascending order. Read the numbers from left to right ( )

` The numbers in ascending order are: - 5.5 , - 2 , 0 , 1 , 4 1 , 9

2

Directed Numbers H 4 11
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 How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers
LINE
ER *

THE NUMB
The number line

THE NUMB
1 Insert the correct symbol 1 (less than) or 2 (greater than) for each of these.
ER..../...../20...
*
LINE
a 6 4 b 3 -12 c -5 4

d -11 -2 e 8 -8 f - 7 1 -7
2

g - 1 0 h 9 1 9.9 i -5.1 -5.8

2 2

j - 1.8 1.2 k -12.5 -21.5 l 11 1 11 1

2 3

2 List the numbers displayed below in ascending order

a
-15-14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

, , , ,

b
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

, , , ,

3 List the numbers displayed below in descending order

a
-18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

, , , ,

b
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

, , , ,

12 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

The number line

1 = 0.5
4 Display the following sets of numbers on a number line. 2
a - 5, 8, -1, 3, 6

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b - 8.5, 1.5, - 2, 7.5, 5

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

c 1 , 4, 6 1 , - 1 , 5
-4 2 2 2

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

d 1 , 0, 2 1 , 2
- 7, 7.5, 3 2 2

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5 Display the following sets of numbers on a number line.

a The first six odd integers above -8.

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b All the negative even integers less than 7 but greater than negative 8.

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

c All the multiples of 3 higher than 7 but lower than 18.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

d All the integers that are 3 or 7 whole numbers away from -2.

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Directed Numbers H 4 13
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 How does it work? Directed Numbers

Addition and subtraction using a number line

Starting from zero each time, calculations involving directed numbers can be made using a number line.

Negative direction Positive direction

Remember

Always start from 0 and move using each directed number one at a time.
Use a number line to calculate these:

(i) 8+4 +4

-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Start Finish
Starting at +8, 4 to the right finishes at 12 right (+12)
` 8 + 4 = 12
(ii) -6 - 7 -7

-18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Finish Start
Starting at -6, then 7 to the left finishes at 13 left (-13)
` - 6 - 7 = - 13

(iii) 3 + (-2) (iv) (-2) + 3 Same as (iii) but in different order

Negative numbers are often written inside parentheses

-2 +3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Finish Start Start Finish
Starting at +3 then 2 to the left finishes at 1 right (+1) Starting at -2, 3 to the right finishes at 1 right (+1)
` 3 + (- 2) = 1 ` (- 2) + 3 = 1

(v) 10 - 26+4 -26

+4
-18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Finish Start
Starting at +10, then 26 to the left followed by 4 to the right finishes at 12 left (-12)
` 10 - 26 + 4 = - 12

14 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Addition and subtraction using a number line

1 Show the calculation for each of these on a number line and write down the answer.

a 3+ 5 =

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b (- 4) + 8 =

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

c (- 3) - 1 =

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

d 7 - 15 =

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

e 14 - 6 + 3 =

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2 Write down the calculation to get the given answer shown on each of these number lines:

a = - 12

-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

b = -3

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

c =4

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Directed Numbers H 4 15
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 How does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Addition and subtraction using a number line

3 Show the calculation for each of these on a number line and state the answer.

a 1.5 + 2 1 = 4 +21
2 2

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Start Finish
b (- 2.5) - 4.5 =

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

c - 4 + 10.5 =

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

d 8 1 - 5.5 =
2

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

D SUBTRA
Try these trickier ones! AN C
N

TI
ADDITIO
4 Write down the calculation shown on each of these number lines:

ON
USING
..../..
.../20.
a =2
..
*

E
A
NU
MBER LIN
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

b = - 3.5

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

c =

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

d =

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

16 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Directed Numbers

The mysterious Dr Thermos!

Dr Thermos controls the temperature of his laboratory using large hot or cold spheres.

+ 1cC - 1cC
Hot Sphere Cold Sphere
Count the number of each sphere type to find the overall temperature of his laboratory.
Calculate the temperature of the laboratory for these sphere combinations:

(i) 7 hot spheres and 3 cold spheres

` + 7cC and - 3cC
` laboratory is + 4cC +7 and -3 combine to make +4

(ii) 2 hot spheres and 3 cold spheres

` + 2cC and - 3cC
` laboratory is - 1cC +2 and -3 combine to make -1

To change the temperature, Dr Thermos adds or removes spheres.

Show two ways Dr Thermos can raise the temperature by + 2cC for the combination of spheres below.

9 hot spheres and 6 cold spheres

` + 9cC and - 6cC
` laboratory is currently + 3cC +9 and -6 combine to make +3

(i) Dr Thermos could add two hot spheres

9 hot spheres +2 hot spheres and 6 cold spheres
` + 11cC and - 6cC
` laboratory is now + 5cC
` a change of + 2cC +11 and -6 combine to make +5

(ii) Dr Thermos could remove two cold spheres

9 hot spheres and 6 cold spheres -2 cold spheres
` + 9cC and - 4cC
` laboratory is now + 5cC
` a change of + 2cC +9 and -4 combine to make +5

Directed Numbers H 4 17
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers
S DR.THER
IOU M
R
The mysterious Dr Thermos!

OS
E
! THE MYST

! TH MYST
..../..

E
+ 1cC - 1cC .../20.
..

OS
RI

E
Hot Sphere Cold Sphere OU RM
S DR.THE
1 Write down the temperature of Dr Thermos’ laboratory for these sphere combinations:

a b

Laboratory temperature: cC Laboratory temperature: cC

c d

Laboratory temperature: cC Laboratory temperature: cC

2 Write the number and type of hot or cold spheres that would need to be added to the laboratory to
cause these changes in temperature.

a + 3cC b - 9cC

3 hot spheres
c - 6cC d + 20cC

3 Write the number and type of hot or cold spheres that would need to be removed from the
laboratory to cause these changes in temperature.

a - 7cC b + 2cC

c - 5cC d + 8cC

18 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

The mysterious Dr Thermos!

4 For each of these combinations of hot and cold spheres, explain two different ways Dr Thermos can
change the temperature of the laboratory to equal the amount given in the square brackets.

a [+ 4cC]
(i) First way:

(ii) Second way:

b [- 2cC]
(i) First way:

(ii) Second way:

Try these trickier ones!

5 If Dr Thermos could only use the spare spheres shown below each given combination, explain
two different ways he could change the temperature of the laboratory to equal the amount in the
square brackets.

You must use all of the spare spheres for at least one of the methods

a [+ 6cC]
(i) First way:

(ii) Second way:

Spare spheres: Using all the spare spheres

b [- 1cC]
(i) First way:

(ii) Second way:

Spare spheres: Using all the spare spheres

Directed Numbers H 4 19
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

The mysterious Dr Thermos!

Puzzle time!

6 Dr Thermos has a puzzle room at the entrance to his laboratory to keep his experiments secret. The
door will open when the display in the puzzle room reads - 2cC . The display currently reads + 3cC .
• Each hot (+ 1cC ) or cold (- 1cC ) step can be used only once.
• Only sideways ( ) or forward ( ) steps can be taken.
• Steps in the white section are switched on (added to the puzzle room).
• Steps in the grey section are switched off (removed from the puzzle room).

(i) Draw a pathway that will allow you to enter the laboratory of Dr Thermos.
(ii) See if you can find another path!

Finish anywhere along here

Start anywhere along here

20 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Directed Numbers

Adding and subtracting directed numbers

The exercises in Dr Thermos’ laboratory were examples of adding and subtracting directed numbers.

Here is what happened:

= + 1c C = - 1c C

When a was added, the temperature went up

Addition
When a was added, the temperature went down

When a was removed (Subtracted), the temperature went down

subtraction
When a was removed (Subtracted), the temperature went up

The rules for adding and subtracting represent the same thing.
Use the pattern above to calculate these:

= +1 and = -1

5+ = 5 + (+1) = 5 + 1 = 6 + + = + (Same signs together means plus)

Addition
5+ = 5 + (-1) = 5 - 1 = 4 + - = - (Opposite signs together means minus)

5- = 5 - (+1) = 5 - 1 = 4 - + = - (Opposite signs together means minus)

Subtraction
5- = 5 - (-1) = 5 + 1 = 6 - - = + (Same signs together means plus)

These rules work for all kinds of directed additions and subtractions
Calculate these additions and subtractions:

(i) 3 + (- 2) = 3 - 2 + - = - (ii) (- 2) + 3 = - 2 + 3 Same as (i) but in a different order

=1 =1

(iii) 6 - (- 2.5) = 6 + 2.5 - - = + (iv) (- 11) - (- 4) = - 11 + 4 - - = +

= 8.5 = -7

(v) 2 1 + (- 3) = 2 1 - 3 + - = - (vi) (- 12.2) + (- 5.2) = - 12.2 - 5.2 + - = -

2 2
= - 17.4
=- 1
2

(vii) 9.5 - (- 8.5) + 6 = 9.5 + 8.5 + 6 (viii) 4 1 + ^- 1h - `- 6 2 j = 4 1 - 1 + 6 2

3 3 3 3
= 24 = 10

Directed Numbers H 4 21
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers
SUBTRAC
ND

TI
Adding and subtracting directed numbers

NG
ADDING

DIREC
Calculate these additions and subtractions of integers without a calculator.
..../.....
/20...

*
1 a -5 + 3 b -4 + 7 c -4 - 4 ED

T
NUMBERS

d - 11 - 8 e 1 - 16 f 16 - 22

g 6 + (- 3) h 30 + (- 17) i 0 + (- 8)

j - 4 + (- 5) k - 10 + (- 19) l 13 - (- 5)

m 20 - (- 21) n - 18 - (- 6) o - 15 - (- 26)

2 a 4- 8+ 2 b -9 + 6 - 8

c -3 + 4 - 8 - 7 d - 7 + (- 4) + 13

e 2 - (- 6) - 7 f 5 + (- 1) - (- 14)

22 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Adding and subtracting directed numbers

Simplify these additions and subtractions:

Use the number line on the side if it helps.

-12 -11 -10 -9

3 a 5.5 - 8 b - 3 + 2.5 c - 2 - 7.5

d - 6 1 - 19 e 9.5 - 16 f 7.5 + (- 18)

2

-8
-7
-6
- 12 1 - (- 3 1 )

-5
g 0.5 + (- 5.5) h i 0 - (+ 8) - (- 6)
2 2

-4
-3
-2
-1
4 a - 2 - 7 + 3.5 b 1 + 0.5 - 6

0
1
2
3

c 2 + (- 3.5) + 1.5 d - 7 1 + ^- 9h - `- 2 1 j
4

2 2
5
6
7

- 8.5 - `- 6 1 j + 18 - 4 + ^- 4h - `- 4 1 j - 4 1
8

e f
2 4 4
9
10 11
12

Directed Numbers H 4 23
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Adding and subtracting directed numbers

For trickier questions, the calculator can be used.

Use the ( – ) button to change between positive and negative when entering numbers into the calculator.

Sometimes the button may look like

- 29.3 - (- 42.9) + (- 19.6) = - 29.3 + 42.9 - 19.6 Simplify using the rules

( – ) 2 9 . 3 + 4 2 . 9 – 1 9 . 6 = Enter into calculator

= -6

Use your calculator (only if you need to) for these:

5 a 53 - 89 b - 43 + 94 c 34 + (- 51)

d - 25 + (- 94) e - 94 - (- 28) f - 16 + (- 87) - (- 41)

g - 2.6 + 10.4 h - 0.5 - 6.7 i - 10.3 + (- 5.6)

j 66 - 34.6 + (- 24.4) k 1.06 + 4.5 - 9.7 l - 0.23 + 1.76

m (- 71.23) + (- 52.38) n - 1.204 - (- 5.093) o 98.23 - (- 13.8) - 112.3

p - 29 1 + 51 q - 30 1 - `- 66 1 j r 100 + `- 54 1 j - 46 1
3 3 2 2 4

24 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Where does it work? Directed Numbers

Multiplying and dividing directed numbers

The rules for multiplying and dividing are similar to adding and subtracting:
Positive # Positive = Positive + # + = + (Same signs mean answer is positive)

Multiplication Positive # Negative = Negative + # - = - (Opposite signs mean answer is negative)

Negative # Positive = Negative - # + = - (Opposite signs mean answer is negative)
Negative # Negative = Positive - # - = + (Same signs mean answer is positive)

Division The exact same rules apply because division is the opposite operation to multiplication!
These rules always apply to all multiplication and division calculations.
Calculate these multiplications and divisions:

(i) - 4 # 3 = - 12 - # + = - (ii) - 14 ' 2 = - 7 - '+ = -

(iii) 12 # (- 1.5) = - 18 + # - = - (iv) 24 ' (- 4.8) = - 5 + '- = -

(v) - 8 # (- 3) = 24 - # - = + (vi) - 46.8 ' (- 18) = 2.6 - '- = +

(vii) - 3 1 #6 = - 21 - # + = - (viii) - 32 ' `- 3 1 j = 10 - '- = +

2 5
Be careful squaring (or cubing) directed numbers as parentheses affect the question.
2
(ix) (- 3) 2 = (- 3) # (- 3) = 9 (x) - 3 = - (3 # 3) = - 9

If more than two terms are multiplied or divided, simplify by calculating in order from left to right.
Simplify these mixed questions:

(i) 6 # (- 3) ' 9 = - 18 ' 9 Calculate 6 # (- 3) first + # - = -

= -2 - '+ = -

(ii) (- 2) ' 0.5 # (- 3) = - 4 # (- 3) Calculate (- 2) ' 0.5 first - '+ = -

= 12 - # - = +

(iii) (- 1) 3 = (- 1) # (- 1) # (- 1)
= 1 # (- 1) Calculate (- 1) # (- 1) first - '- = +
= -1 Calculate 1 # (- 1) next + '- = -

(iv) 8 4 # 5 ' (- 2) ' (- 11) = 44 ' (- 2) ' (- 11) Calculate 8 4 # 5 first + # + = +

5 5
= - 22 ' (- 11) Calculate 44 ' (- 2) next + '- = -
=2 - '- = +

Directed Numbers H 4 25
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Multiplying and dividing directed numbers

1 Simplify these without using a calculator:

a 3 # (- 7) b -6 # 8 c - 36 ' 12

d 48 ' (- 4) e - 16 # (- 1) f - 2 # (- 2)

g - 12 ' (- 12) h 21 ' (- 21) i 3 # (- 4) ' 6

2 Simplify these without using a calculator:

a - 24 ' 3 ' (- 8) b - 18 ' (- 6) # 4 c - 5 # 2 # (- 1) # 2

d - 52 e (- 4) 2 f (- 3) 3

g - 23 h (- 2) 2 ' 4 i (- 3) 2 # - 3

j 63 ' (- 2) k 24 '- 42 l 92 '- 32 # (3)

26 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
Where does it work? Your Turn Directed Numbers
AND DIVI
NG

DI
MUL PLYI
Multiplying and dividing directed numbers

NG
TI

DIREC
3 Simplify these using a calculator:
..../...../20...

TE
* D
NUMBERS
a 27 # (- 4) b - 21 # 13 c - 4 # 29

d - 95 ' (- 19) e 125 # (- 49) f - 162 ' 18

g - 53 # 16 h (- 391) ' (- 23) i - 15 # 15 ' (- 3)

4 Use your calculator to simplify these:

a - 25 # 13 ' (- 65) b - 500 ' (- 5) ' 25 c - 552 ' (- 23) # (- 8)

d 21 # (- 6) ' 5 e 12.5 # 25 ' (- 0.25) f - 1 2 ' (- 14) # 5 # (- 2)

2 5

g - 4 # 3.6 # 22 ' 7.92 h - 3404.7 ' (- 3.6) ' 1 1 ' 9.7 i 260 ' (- 26) # 2 3 ' 0.26
2 5

j (- 7) 3 k - 210 l (- 8) 3

- 343 - 1024

m (- 9) 4 n - (- 6) 3 o - (- 1.5) 5

Directed Numbers H 4 27
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 What else can you do? Directed Numbers

Combining the basic operations

Questions that mix multiplying/dividing with adding/subtracting need to be done in a certain order.

Multiplication or division operations are ranked the highest and therefore must be completed first.
Calculate these combined operations questions:

(i) -2 + 3 # 5
- 2 + 3 # 5 = - 2 + 15
Do this first = 13 Add -2 and 15

(ii) 35 ' (- 5) - 1
35 ' (- 5) - 1 = - 7 - 1
Do this first = -8 Subtract 1 from -7

If more than one multiply/divide sign, work left to right. Do the same for addition/subtraction.
Calculate these combined operations questions:

(i) - 28 ' 7 # 3 + 6
- 28 ' 7 # 3 + 6 = - 4 # 3 + 6
Do this first = - 12 + 6 Multiply -12 by 3
= -6 Add -12 and 6

(ii) 17 - 4 - (- 10) # 2
17 - 4 - (- 10) # 2 = 17 - 4 - (- 20)
Do this first = 13 - (- 20) Subtract 4 from 17
= 33 Subtract -20 from 13 ( = 13 + 20 )

(iii) 24 ' 3 + (- 5) # 4
24 ' 3 + (- 5) # 4 = 8 + (- 5) # 4
Do this first = 8 + (- 20) Multiply -5 by 4
= - 12 Add 8 and -20

(iv) 6 # (- 3) - 210 ' 30 # (- 2)

6 # (- 3) - 210 ' 30 # (- 2) = - 18 - 210 ' 30 # (- 2)
Do this first = - 18 - 7 # (- 2) Divide -210 by 30
= - 18 + 14 Multiply -7 by -2
= -4 Add -18 and 14

28 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
What else can you do? Your Turn Directed Numbers

G THE
IN
Combining the basic operations

COMBIN

BA
SIC OP
1 Simplify these combined operations without a calculator:

a b 6 # (- 8) - 12
..../...../20...
ER

*
- 4 + 16 ' 8 ATIONS

c 50 ' (- 25) + 10 d -8 - 5 # 4

e 5 + 7 # (- 6) f - 11 # - 2 + 18

g 22 - 39 ' (- 3) h - 10 - 4 # 15

2 Simplify these combined operations without a calculator:

a 4 # (- 2) + 18 - 11 b -3 # 6 ' 9 + 3

c - 9 + 48 ' (- 12) + 13 d 32 ' 4 - 3 # (- 4)

3 Use a calculator to simplify these combined operations:

a 28 ' (- 4) + 13 # 7 b 120 ' (- 15) # 24 - 8

c - 25 # 6 - 224 ' (- 32) d 30 # (- 15) - 35 ' 4 # (- 16)

Directed Numbers H 4 29
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 What else can you do? Directed Numbers

Order of operations

For more complex calculations involving parentheses and exponents, we use a similar convention:

P E D M A S
Parentheses Exponents Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction
Do these first Then do these Do these last

Simplify these directed number calculations using the correct order of operations:

(i) (12 - 8) # 7
(12 - 8) # 7 = 4 # 7 Subtract 8 from 12 inside the parentheses
= 28 Multiply 4 and 7

(ii) - 21 ' (2 + 5) + 3
- 21 ' (2 + 5) + 3 = - 21 ' 7 + 3 Add 2 and 5 inside the parentheses
= -3 + 3 Divide -21 by 7
=0 Add -3 and 3

(iii) (- 4) 2 ' (8 - 6)
(- 4) 2 ' (8 - 6) = (- 4) 2 ' 2 Subtract 6 from 8 inside the parentheses
= 16 ' 2 Square -4
=8 Divide 16 by 2

(iv) 15 # (- 5 + 3) 3 - 20
15 # (- 5 + 3) 3 - 20 = 15 # (- 2) 3 - 20 Add -3 and 5 inside the parentheses
= 15 # (- 8) - 20 Cube -2
= - 120 - 20 Multiply 15 by -8
= - 140 Subtract 20 from -120

(v) 29 - (13 - 4 # 5) + 32
29 - (13 - 4 # 5) + 32 = 29 - (13 - 20) + 32 Multiply -4 by 5 inside the parentheses
= 29 - (- 7) + 32 Subtract 20 from 13 inside the parentheses
= 29 - (- 7) + 9 Square 3
= 36 + 9 Subtract -7 from 29
= 45 Add 36 and 9

30 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
What else can you do? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Order of operations
1 Simplify these directed number calculations using the correct order of operations without a calculator:

a (16 - 10) # 4 b 34 ' (6 + (- 8))

c - 5 # (27 ' 9) d (- 13 - (- 19)) # 3

e - 5 # (14 - 9) - 5 f 4 # (36 ' 2) - (- 4)

g 18 + (16 ' 4 + 10) h (18 ' 2 - (- 4)) - 7

2 Simplify these calculations containing exponents using the correct order of operations without a calculator:

a (- 2) 2 ' (- 2) b (- 7 - 5) # (- 1) 3

c (8 - 14) 2 - 16 d (33 - 43) ' 8

Directed Numbers H 4 31
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 What else can you do? Your Turn Directed Numbers

TI
PERA ONS
Order of operations O

*
ER OF

ORD
3 Try simplify these trickier ones using the correct order of operations:

ER OF
ORD
a 26 ' (14 + 2 # 6) + (- 1) 2 ..../...../20...
OP

*
ERA ONS
TI

b - 100 # (12 - 32 ' (- 4)) ' 40

c (11 # 23 - 10) ' 39 + 8

d 9 # ((- 8) - 8 ' 4 + 16) - 43

e 200 ' (- 4) # (- 3) ' (16 - 14 # (- 1) 3)

32 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 What else can you do? Directed Numbers

Order of operations with grouping symbols

For questions containing multiple pairs of grouping symbols, complete each pair separately.

Grouping symbol names: ( ) = parentheses [ ] = square brackets { } = braces

Simplify these combined operations questions containing multiple brackets:

(i) (10 # 2) ' (- 7 - 3)

(10 # 2) ' (- 7 - 3) = 20 ' (- 10) Simplify the parentheses

= -2 Divide 20 by -10

10 # 2 = (10 # 2) ' (- 7 - 3)
-7 - 3
The same question numerator = (numerator) ' (denominator)
can be written as a denominator
fraction.

(ii) 34 - 3 # 4
22 ' (- 2)
34 - 3 # 4 = (34 - 3 # 4) ' (22 ' (- 2)) Re-write with parentheses
22 ' (- 2)
= 22 ' (- 11) Simplify the parentheses
= -2 Divide 22 by -11

When questions contain brackets within other brackets, work from the inside to the outside.
Simplify these combined operations questions containing multiple brackets:

(i) 3 # 6(1 - 6) ' 5 @

3 # 6(1 - 6) ' 5 @ = 3 # 6- 5 ' 5 @ Simplify the parentheses first

= 3 #-1 Simplify the square brackets
= -3 Multiply 3 by -1

(ii) 30 - "18 - 626 ' (2 2 - 17) @,

30 - "18 - 626 ' (2 2 - 17) @, = 30 - "18 + 626 ' (4 - 17) @, Simplify the parentheses

= 30 - "18 + 626 ' (- 13) @,

= 30 - "18 + - 2 , Simplify the square brackets

= 30 - 16 Simplify the braces

= 14 Subtract 16 from 30

Directed Numbers H 4 33
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 What else can you do? Your Turn Directed Numbers
NS WI
ATIO T
R
Order of operations with grouping symbols

H
E
OF OP

GRO ING
Simplify these questions:

UP
1

20...

ER
/
..../.....

D
a (16 + 9) + (14 - 7) b (1 - 9) - (3 - 8) SY

R
MBO O
LS *

c (7 - 11) # (4 + 2) d (18 - 3) ' (- 12 - (- 7))

e 46 - 19 f - 2 # 10
5- 2 48 ' 12
= (46 - 19) ' (5 - 2)
= 27 ' 3
=9
g (50 + 54 ' 9) ' (- 24 ' 3) h 8 # 5 - 12
42 ' (- 6)

2 Simplify these questions with multiple grouping symbols:

a - 12 ' 6(7 + 11) ' 9 @ b 610 + (- 14 ' 2) @ # 8

c 6- 6 # (13 - (- 7)) @ ' 4 d 5 # 6(22 - 9) # 3 @

34 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
What else can you do? Your Turn Directed Numbers

Order of operations with grouping symbols

3 Simplify these:

a {[12 + (6 # 8)] ' 3} - 25

b (- 2) 3 + {- 2 + [2 # (2 + 2)]} er m e?
Rememb

4 Give these three tricky ones a go to earn an awesome stamp.

* AWE
2 3
(14 - 8) # (- 1)

SO
a
15 - (- 3)

ME *
E*
/20...
..../.....
OM
* AWES

b - 4 # {- 72 + (- 6) 2 ' [(4 # (- 5)) - (- 2)]}

c - 3 # {[(- 3 - (- 3)) 2 + (- 3) 2] ' 3 # (- 3)}

Directed Numbers H 4 35
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Cheat Sheet Directed Numbers

Here is a summary of the important things to remember for directed numbers

Types of numbers
• Positive and negative numbers are numbers that have both size and direction.
Eg: + 2 or - 3
• Rational numbers can be written as a fraction. They include whole numbers and terminating or
recurring decimals. Eg: 8, 2.3, 4.5o , 1 , 4 .
2
• Irrational numbers cannot be written as a fraction. These include decimals that keep going
without following a pattern, and roots of numbers that are not perfect squares/cubes etc.
Eg: 3 , 1.2938164928..., r.
• Integers are whole numbers only. They are rational and have no decimal or fraction parts.
Eg: 3, - 4, 100.

Magnitude and direction of numbers

• Directed numbers are positive (+) or negative (-) whole numbers.
• They show both the size (magnitude) and direction of values associated with change.
• It is important to first decide what will be the positive direction.

Ascending and descending order

Ascending order = lowest to highest Descending order = highest to lowest

Adding and subtracting directed numbers

+ + = + (Same signs together means plus)
Addition
+ - = - (Opposite signs together means minus)
- + = - (Opposite signs together means minus)
Subtraction
- - = + (Same signs together means plus)

Multiplying and dividing direct numbers

Positive # Positive = Positive + # + = + (Same signs mean answer is positive)

Multiplication Positive # Negative = Negative + # - = - (Opposite signs mean answer is negative)

Negative # Positive = Negative - # + = - (Opposite signs mean answer is negative)
Negative # Negative = Positive - # - = + (Same signs mean answer is positive)

Division The exact same rules apply because division is the opposite operation to multiplication!

Order of operations
The word PEDMAS helps to remember the order in which we need to perform calculations.
P E D M A S
Parentheses Exponents Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction
Do these first Then do these Do these last

36 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Answers Directed Numbers

Types of Numbers Measuring instruments and integers

1 0.42 7
2 1. (iv) (v) (vi)
13 - 5.0
-1 41 - 10 20o 20o 20o
5
0 2
4
4 5 - 2 15o 15o 15o

1.19284750219... - 9
5 4 - 16 10o 10o 10o
- 8 9.86
3
8
36 -1 10 5o 5o 5o
3
- 0.3o 3
30
0o 0o 0o

Irrational numbers can’t be written as a fraction

3
- 2 7 30 - 8 5 -5o -5o -5o

1.19284750219...
-10o -10o -10o

Centigrade Centigrade Centigrade

Rational numbers can be written as a fraction o
C o
C o
C
1 41 -1 4
2
9.86
2 3 - 0.3o 0.42 5

Integers: the positive and negative whole 2. (i) 15 oC (ii) 7 oC (iii) -6 oC

rational numbers including 0.
(iv) 3 oC (v) 25 oC (vi) -3 oC
-1 - 16 - 5.0 - 9 - 10 0
5 (vii) 2 oC (viii) 14 oC (ix) 18 oC
Natural numbers: the counting rational (x) -4 oC
numbers (not including 0).
3
4 13 36 10 8 4
3. (i) 722 g (ii) 190 g (iii) 240 g
(iv) 804 g (v) 611 g
Measuring instruments and integers
4. Original mass of water = 583 - 12 = 571 grams
1. (i) (ii) (iii)

20o 20o 20o

Magnitude and direction of integers
15o 15o 15o
1. a (i) +3 m b (i) -250 m c (i) +$4
10o 10o 10o (ii) 3 m (ii) 250 m (ii) $4
(iii) -4 m (iii) +600 m (iii) -$3
5o 5o 5o
(iv) 4 m (iv) 600 m (iv) $3

0o 0o 0o

2. a +$9 b +10o c -4 rungs

-5o -5o -5o
d +24 points e -7 km f +3 cm
-10o -10o -10o

Centigrade Centigrade Centigrade

o
C o
C o
C

Directed Numbers H 4 37
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Answers Directed Numbers

Ascending and descending order The Number Line

1. a Ascending b Descending c Ascending 3. a -17 , -8 , -2 , 10 , 11 ,

d Descending e Descending f Ascending b -8.5 , -7 , -0.5 , 2.5 , 7 ,

2. a 0 , 3 , 14 , 17 4. a

b 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 25 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b
c -16 , -12 , -10 , -8 , -4
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

d -2.6 , -2 , 0 , 2.2 , 2.4 c

1 1
e -1.5 , -1 , 5 , 4 , 1 , 11 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3. a 16 , 8 , 5 , 2 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b 40 , 38 , 32 , 31 , 29
5. a
c -11 , -13 , -16 , -18 , -19
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

b
d 1.9 , 1.6 , 1.2 , -1.0 , -1.2
1 1
1.2 , 0 , - 4 , -2.1 , - 2 2 , -30
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
e
c

4. a +9 , -4 , -8 , +2 , -2 , +15 , -11 , +6 , -5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

d
b +15 , +9 , +6 , +2 , -2 , -4 , -5 , -7 , -11
c The operator mostly ascended in the first 15 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
minutes as the total floors travelled ascending
are 2 more than the total floors travelled
Addition and subtraction using a number line
descending.
1. a 3 + 5 = 8
+5
The Number Line
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. a 2 b 2 c 1 d 1
Start Finish

e 2 f 1 g 1 h 1 b (-4) + 8 = 4
+8
i 2 j 1 k 2 l 2
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Start Finish
2. a -13 , -7 , -2 , 6 , 11 , c (-3) - 1 = -4
b -9 , -3.5 , 0 , 1 , 3.5 , -1

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Finish Start

38 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Answers Directed Numbers

Addition and subtraction using a number line Addition and subtraction using a number line

1. d 7 - 15 = -8 4. a -3 - 1.5 + 6.5 = 2
-15 +6.5
-1.5
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Finish Start
Start Finish
e 14 - 6 + 3 = 11
-6 b
+3 -2.5 + 6.5 - 7.5 = -3.5
-7.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 +6.5

Finish Start
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Finish Start

2. a -3 - 9 = -12
-9 c 6.5 - 3.5 - 7 = -4
-7
-3.5
-15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Finish Start -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Finish Start
b -3 - 9 = -12
-7
d -5.5 - 3 + 13.5 = 5
+13.5
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -3
Finish Start
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
c -3 - 9 = -12 Start Finish
+9
-2

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The mysterious Dr Thermos

Start Finish

1. a +2 oC b -4 oC c +5 oC d -8 oC
1
3. a 1.5 + 2 2 = 4 oC 1
+2 2
2. a 3 hot spheres added b 9 cold spheres added
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 c 6 cold spheres added d 20 hot spheres added
Start Finish

b (-2.5) - 4.5 = -7 3. a 7 hot spheres removed

-4.5
b 2 cold spheres removed
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
c 5 hot spheres removed
Finish Start

d 8 cold spheres removed

c -4 + 10.5 = +6.5
+10.5

4. a (i) First way: Add four hot spheres

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Start Finish (ii) Second way: Remove the four cold spheres
d 8 21 - 5.5 = 3 b (i) First way: Add two cold spheres
-5.5
(ii) Second way: Remove two of the hot spheres
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Finish Start

Directed Numbers H 4 39
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Answers Directed Numbers

The mysterious Dr Thermos Adding and subtracting directed numbers

5. a (i) First way: 1. a -2 b 3 c -8 d -19

Remove four of the cold spheres
e -15 f -6 g 3 h 13
OR
Remove all five of the cold spheres and add i -8 j -9 k -29 l 18
one of the spare hot spheres
m 41 n -12 o 11
(ii) Second way:
Remove three of the cold spheres and add
2. a -2 b -11 c -14
both of the spare hot spheres
(using all spare spheres) d 2 e 1 f 18
b (i) First way:
Remove five of the hot spheres 3. a -2.5 b -0.5 c -9.5
OR
d -25.5 e -6.5 f -10.5
Remove four of the hot spheres and add one
of the spare cold spheres g -5 h -9 i -2
(ii) Second way:
Remove three of the hot spheres and add 4. a -5.5 b -4.5 c 0
both of the spare cold spheres
d -14 e 16 f -8
(using all spare spheres)

5. a -36 b 51 c -17 d -119

6. (i) & (ii) Two possible paths:
e -66 f -62 g 7.8 h -7.2
i -15.9 j 7 k -4.14 l 1.53
m -123.61 n 3.889 o -0.27 p 21
2
3
q 36 61 r -
3
4

Multiplying and dividing directed numbers

1. a -21 b -48 c -3
d -12 e 16 f 4
g 1 h -1 i -2

2. a 1 b 12 c 20 d -25
e 16 f -27 g -8 h 1
i -27 j 108 k -1 l -27

3. a -108 b -273 c -116

Path (i) Path(ii)
d 5 e -6125 f -9
g -848 h 17 i 75

40 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
Answers Directed Numbers

Multiplying and dividing directed numbers

4. a 5 b 4 c -192 d -3
e -1250 f -1 g -40 h 65
i -100 j -343 k -1024 -512l

m 6561 n 216 o -7.59375 or

243
32

Combining the basic operations

1. a -2 b -60 c 8 d -28
e -37 f 40 g 35 h -70

2. a -1 b 1 c 0 d 20

3. a 84 b -200 c -143 d -310

Order of operations

1. a 24 b -17 c -15 d 18
e -30 f 76 g 32 h 6

2. a -2 b 12 c 20 d -2

3. a 2 b -50 c 10
d -10 e 5

Order of operations with grouping symbols

1. a 32 b -3 c -24 d -3
e 9 f -5 g -7 h -4

2. a -6 b 24 c -30 d -75

3. a -5 b -2

4. a -2 b -8 c 27

Directed Numbers H 4 41
Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd SERIES TOPIC
 Directed Numbers Notes

42 H 4 Directed Numbers
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
 Directed Numbers H
SERIES

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